The Application of Multiple Evaluating Methods on the Comprehensive Evaluation of Urban-rural Interaction and Conjunctional Development of China

Urban-rural interaction and conjunctionaldevelopment is the effective way of harmonizingurban-rural relationship and promoting urban-ruraldevelopment. However, there are differences in thelevel of urban-rural interaction and conjunctionaldevelopment of China. How to measure and reflectthe difference properly is a decision-makingfoundation for optimizing urban-rural developmentof different regions. The paper employs multiplemethods to evaluate and order the urban-ruralinteraction and conjunctional development of 31provinces (municipalities) in China. Kendall’s Wconsistency coefficient is employed to give a consistenttest for the evaluation result series, and the resultsof multiple methods are aggregated as the finalevaluation value. The results reflect the level ofregional urban-rural interaction and conjunctionaldevelopment in China.

A new approach towards the sustainability of urban-rural integration:The development strategy for central villages in the Abbasiya District of Iraq using GIS techniques

The development of rural areas usually has a positive impact on the urban-rural integration. This study explores an innovative approach to stimulate rural development by proposing qualified villages as central villages that can provide basic urban services for their residents and residents of neighboring villages. This approach can contribute to overcoming the various problems that rural areas faced at the social, economic, and environmental levels. It seeks to achieve spatial sustainability of rural areas, representing a new approach by integrating urban development methods to revitalize rural villages. The study analyzed 15 villages belonging to Abbasiya District of AL Kufa City in the Najaf Governorate of Iraq. Based on the GIS techniques and the analysis of urban service indicators(village population, percentage of urban building materials used in villages, distance between village and health centers, distance between village and main roads, nature of economic activity, distance between village and educational institutions, distance between village and drinking water sources, number of communication towers, and distance between village and urban administrative center), this study proposed that Abu Gharb and Albu Ghraib can served as central villages in Abbasiya District in the future. This study establishes a new rural spatial structure to achieve rural sustainable development, improves the development status of rural areas, and provides a theoretical basis for the government and relevant institutions to use urban service indicators, achieving rural sustainable development and formulating relevant development policies in Abbasiya District.

Development Path of Urban-rural Integration

The urban and rural areas are regarded as two major components of the regional economic system. Only through joint balanced development of the two can we achieve overall economic optimization and social welfare maximization. But the great social division of labor has separated urban areas from rural areas,which casts the shadow of city-oriented theory on cooperative relations between urban and rural areas. Mutual separation between urban and rural settlements and independent development trigger off a range of social problems. We must undertake guidance through rational development path of urban-rural integration,to eliminate the phenomenon of urban-rural dual structure,and promote the sustainable development of population,resources and environment in urban and rural areas as soon as possible.

Chinese Rural labors Transfer under the Coordination of Urban-Rural Development

The strategic significance of Chinese rural labor transfer is expounded.It is conducive to solving the three agricultural problems concerning agriculture,rural areas,and farmers and coordinating the urban and rural development;promoting the rational distribution of human resources and realizing the growth of national economy;restructuring industrial structure and improving Chinese market competitiveness.The problems in the transfer of Chinese rural labors are analyzed,which include the low overall cultural level of rural labors;imperfect organization developmental;weak management mechanism and imperfect supporting measures.The rational paths for Chinese rural labor transfer are pointed out,including break the urban and rural dual structure and realize the free move of rural labors;strengthen the organization construction to provide high-quality socialized service for rural labor transfer;perfect security system to foster favorable social environment for rural labor transfer;establish scientific management mechanism to realize the sustainable rural labor transfer.

On the modes of urban-rural networking development in China

This essay tries to reveal the developmental regularity of urban-rural networking manifested by urbanization. The urban-rural networking is a reality and an inexorable trend of development. As a physical existence, the urban-rural networking reflects a result of the interaction between cities and rural areas; it is a necessary and sufficient condition for sustaining progress of cities and rural areas. As an objective developmental tendency, it reflects an urban-rural regional economic process. The author briefly analyzes two contradictory urban-rural developmental views, and puts forward a concept of the mode of urban-rural networking development. The author also analyzes the mode from the perspectives of economics and philosophy.

Overall Planning of Development of Urban-Rural Areas:A Policy Mechanism for Urban-Rural Coordinated Growth

While analyzing overall planning and coordinated development of urban-rural areas, this paper shows that overall planning for the development of urban-rural areas is a requirement for the best use of productive forces. It means the setting up of a policy mechanism for coordinated growth. Recognizing this, the government should set up a way to lead and manage a unified program to increase service and decrease controlling administration power, while safeguarding and fulfilling the farmers' ownership to the means of production.

Comparative Research on the Reform and Exploration of Balancing Urban-Rural Development

Balancing urban and rural comprehensive reform is the major reform and developmental strategy of China. On the basis of the concept and theory of balancing rural and urban reform, the two national pilot cities Chengdu, Chongqing and several provincial pilot cities including Ningbo, Yangzhou, Shaoxing and Zigong are compared. The experiences and connotation of balancing urban and rural areas are concluded from the following four aspects. Firstly, scientific plan is a prerequisite; secondly, promoting "three collections" is the core; thirdly, developing people's livelihood is the basis; fourthly, organization security is the key.

A Comparative Study of Development and Reform of Urban-Rural Integration in Chengdu and Chongqing Based on System Theory

Chengdu and Chongqing,as two core cities in the Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle,have always been in the front rank of development and reform of urban-rural integration in China.But due to different basic conditions,ideas and priorities are different in the two cities.This paper establishes an analysis framework based on system theory,conducts a systematic comparison on the development and reform of urban-rural integration in the two cities to achieve a comprehensive comparison study and finds out that:(a) Owing to different basic conditions,Chengdu and Chongqing have adopted different reform ideas and measures.Chengdu places more emphasis on systematic advancement,while Chongqing attaches more importance to key breakthroughs.(b) Chengdu’s high level shows that in the practice of urban-rural integration,independent policies and measures in local areas have limited effects.System efficiency can surpass the sum of local areas’ efficiencies only if a systematic method is adopted to comprehensively promote policies and measures for institutional innovations in various fields.

Spatial pattern of urban-rural integration in China and the impact of geography

Urban-rural integration (URI) is a global challenge that is highly related to inequalities, poverty, economic growth, and other Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Existing research has evaluated the extent of URI and explored its influencing factors, but urban-rural linkages are seldom incorporated in evaluation systems, and geographical factors are rarely recognized as the influencing factors. We construct a URI framework including regional economy, rural development, urban-rural linkage, and urban-rural gap. Based on a dataset consisting of 1,669 counties in China in 2020, we reveal the spatial pattern of URI and find a high correlation between the spatial pattern of URI and the relief degree of land surface (RDLS). Using structural equation modeling, we discover that topography has direct ( − 0.18, p < 0.001) and indirect ( − 0.17, p < 0.001) effects on URI. The indirect negative effects are mediated through the infrastructure, and the combination of localized advantages and modern technical conditions could mitigate the negative impact of topography. Finally, we identify 742 counties as lagging regions in URI, which can be clustered into eight types. Our findings could facilitate policy designing for those countries striving for integrated and sustainable development of urban and rural areas.

Circulation of Development Factors Promoted by Innovation of Land Management Under Background of Rural Vitalization:A Case Study of Tengtou Village in Zhejiang Province,China

Land is the space carrier for the existence and flow of other development factors.Activating rural land and promoting the circulation of other development factors through land management innovation is necessary to realize rural vitalization.This paper identifies the connotation of factor flow in the rural vitalization context,the action mechanism of land management innovation to boost the flow of development factors,the issues and obstacles restricting factor circulation,and the realization mechanism of the flow of development factors in rural vitalization.Based on the analytic paradigm constructed in the paper,the successful practice of promoting the flow of development factors through innovative land management in a model village is examined.The results show that:1)the unreasonable systems characterized by the land use system in rural areas are the main obstacles causing circulation issues in development factors.It is essential to engage in comprehensive reform to break down these long-lasting obstacles to the smooth flow of development factors.2)The land should play a leading role in the circulation of development factors in the background of rural vitalization;the main purpose of land management innovation is to activate the land factor,thereby promoting the circulation of other factors.3)The activated land factor will act as a‘trigger’to promote capital and technology in rural settings and use capital and technology to attract the inflow of talents and the return of migrant workers,whereby the population factor will act as a‘catalyst’for the cultivation of rural culture,bringing about the integration of various development factors.4)The innovation of land use and management,increased funding,and new technologies have brought multiple talents to Tengtou Village.The high-frequency mutual feedback between the village’s own and the external development factors resulted in its successful integration of industrial development.

The Development of Successive Conjunctions of Chinese

The paper explored the development of successive conjunctions from Archaic Chinese to Contemporary Chinese from a macroscopic perspective.Data statistics and diachronic study method were adopted in this paper,and the results indicated that a quantity of new successive conjunctions have been produced both in Archaic Chinese and Mid-ancient Chinese,and at the same time a very large proportion of the old successive conjunctions were superseded by the new.Those which appeared in very few types of corpus and have low frequency of use are more likely to be eliminated.In Contemporary Chinese,the successive conjunction system tends to be stable and concise.

AN OVERVIEW ON THE URBAN-RURAL INTERACTION IN THE PAST 50 YEARS IN CHINA

China is a country with a long history of agricultural development,the tr adition of bureaucratic administra-tion and economic management system s for the social development.In its t ransition from traditional society to modern soci-ety during the past 50years,the rela tions between rural areas and urban a reas have been kept abnormal if considered from the point of view of the modernized co untries.Today,China still has its more than 70percent of population,bu t limited capital,lower technology and underdeveloped culture,in the rural areas.This unbalance forms not only the o bstacles to China’s modernization of social development,but also the barriers to th e society,economy and environment sustainable devel-opment.This paper focuses on the dis cussion about the coordinate develo pment of the relations between rural and urban in the past 50years,and the authors hold that only has the abnormal relation between the two areas been corrected,could China’s future development of natio nal economy be successful.

Exploring detailed urban-rural development under intersecting population growth and food production scenarios: Trajectories for China’s most populous agricultural province to 2030

Henan,China,is likely the most populous agricultural province worldwide.It is China’s major grain-producing area,with a continuously increasing population(96 million),which is greater than 93%of countries worldwide.However,this province has been experiencing unprecedented urbanization recently due to national policies and measures,such as a plan to build the capital city of Henan into a national center,resulting in severe conflicts in land use that endanger food security regionally and globally.To facilitate decision-making on this problem,we explored the detailed urban-rural development of Henan by modeling these land-use conflicts.Conventional modeling of a region’s urban-rural development is to navigate trade-offs(a)solely between different land-use types(b)by assuming that each type provides a single service(e.g.,croplands produce all the food),and(c)under a polynomial regression-based projection of population.In contrast,we considered both land-use type and intensity,resulting in a detailed land system for Henan.By introducing the concept of land system services(e.g.,food production),we established a many-to-many relationship between land system classes and services.These allowed us to carry out the most comprehensive modeling of Henan’s urban-rural development under eighteen combined scenarios of population growth and land-use policies on food production.The modeling results of these scenarios provide a solid basis for making decisions regarding Henan’s urban-rural development.We also revealed the influence mechanism of population growth,land-use policies,and their combinations,highlighting the benefits of securing food production by agricultural intensification rather than merely expanding the area of cropland.

Income Gap Between Urban and Rural Residents in Guangxi on the Impact of Agricultural Development

The gap between urban and rural incomes in Guangxi is increasing year by year in a rising tendency,which resulted in agricultural development impact cannot be ignored.Such impact on agricultural development was analyzed from three aspects:agricultural development fund,farmland and food problems and labor force flow.The following problems were found:capitals flew to non-agricultural industry,which resulted in deficiency of agricultural development fund;farmland reduced and the problem of food supply was highlighted;labor force in rural areas emigrated,the price of agricultural products rose up.Related policies were offered:to strengthen the financial support;to speed up utilization of abundant labor force;to motivate farmers' enthusiasm in food production;to increase investment in farmers' endowment insurance and retirement pension in rural areas.

Urban Rural Disparity in Westernization Related Cancers and the Increasing Incidence in Parallel with Socioeconomic Development and Urbanization from 2000-2015 among a Rural Chinese Population: An Observational Study

Abstract China used to have great urban rural disparity in socioeconomic development. Since the late 1980s, rapid socioeconomic development and urbanization have been taking place in rural settings. It is epidemiologically established that cancer scale and profile will transit as economy prospers and urbanization develops. However, there are few published studies reporting what changes are undergoing in cancer pattern in Chinese rural settings. Population-based tumor registration data collected by us in urban Shijiazhuang city (available for 2,374,827 people in 2012) and in rural Shexian County (available for 408,995 people since 2000) were used for urban rural comparison of age standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of westernization-related cancers in 2012, and the trend of biennial ASIR of these cancers for 2000-2015 in Shexian County was examined following a decade of rapid socioeconomic development and urbanization. From 1988-2015, the Gross Domestic Product per Capita (GDP) in rural Shexian County increased from 860 to 3000 US$, and urbanization rate from 22.4% to 54.8%. The biennial ASIRs of lung, colorectal, gallbladder cancer and leukemia in both sexes, and that of breast, ovary, thyroid, and kidney cancer in women increased significantly from 2000 - 2015. The increase from 2000-2001 to 2014-2015 in man and women for lung cancer was from 15.9 to 34.7 per 105 (P = 0.05) and 9.6 to 16.7 (P = 0.00), for colorectal cancer from 6.6 to 15.9 (P = 0.00) and 4.0 to 11.7 (P = 0.00), for gallbladder cancer from 0.1 to 2.4 (P = 0.00) and 0.3 to 2.7 (P = 0.00), for leukemia from 2.8 to 7.7 (P = 0.00) and 2.3 to 6.2 (P = 0.00);and in women for cancer of breast from 2.8 to 17.3 (P = 0.00), kidney from 0.2 to 2.4 (P = 0.00), ovary from 0.2 to 4.3 (P = 0.00), and thyroid from 0.2 to 4.2 (P = 0.00). Notwithstanding these increases, their ASIRs in 2012 in Shexian County were still significantly lower than that in Shijiazhuang city. Westernization-related cancer is increasing rapidly in rural China. Comprehensive measures are needed to strengthen prevention to ensure sustainable development.

整体智治视角下黄河流域生态环境治理路径探析

黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展是优化生态安全和区域协同发展整体格局的重要战略。整体智治强调数据驱动、组织整合、公众需求回应,与黄河流域生态环境治理在技术、结构和目标方面相契合,是实现流域生态环境有效治理的新理念、新模式。当前黄河流域生态环境治理存在着行政分割、数据壁垒、监管缺位、伦理失范的困境。在整体智治理念下,通过统筹推进区域联动开放、以强化数据共享构建多元主体协同共治格局、制度与技术双重供给保障监督落实到位以及通过价值引领进行技术祛魅等4个方面,推动黄河流域生态环境有效治理。

Differentiation regularity of urban-rural equalized development at prefecture-level city in China

The urban-rural equalized development （URED） as a definite measure and operating model is beneficial to gradually eliminating the dual-track structure of urban-rural development, bridging the gap of urban-rural development, and creating harmonious urban-rural interactions. This paper aims to explore the status quo of URED in China at prefecture level, and to reveal the spatio-temporal patterns of URED and its differentiation regularity. The results show that： （1） China＇s URED level can be categorized into two parts, i.e., the eastern and the western, according to the ＂HU Huanyong Line＂, presenting a pattern of ＂east high and west low＂ and the URED level improves on the whole with the increase of distance from the line; （2） China＇s URED level can also be categorized into the northern and the southern parts according to ＂Kunlun-Qinling-Huaihe Line＂, presenting a pattern of ＂north high and south low＂, and the URED level reduces on the whole with the increase of distance from the line; （3） At the national level, China＇s URED has a significant trend of spatial agglomeration, the high and low URED regions tend to be adjacent, namely, the URED level presents obvious regional unbalance; （4） The five sub-dimension indicators of the URED level in the geographical space also reveal similar regional differentiation pattern, and in the aspect of space a decreasing trend is found in the URED level from the eastern （northern coast, eastern coast and southern coast）, the northeastern, the central （the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River） to the western （northwest and southwest）; and （5） China＇s URED at prefecture-level city can be divided into five types of differentiation areas. This study contributes to promoting the integrative cognition of the status quo of China＇s URED and can serve as a scientific ref- erence concerning the decision-making of coordinating urban-rural development and of pushing forward new-type urbanization strategy in China.

Investigating the urban-rural integrated town development strategy on the basis of the study of rural forms in Nantong,China

Urban-rural integrated development is the priority task of China due to the wide development gap between cities and villages caused by the most rapid economic growth in history.In the province-city-town-village administrative system of China,town,as the smallest urban form,is the social,economic,and cultural center of a rural area and becomes the key to many development problems.An improved township enhances living standards and creates numerous jobs in rural areas,and it will provide opportunities for urban-rural sustainable integration.This paper introduces three typical rural forms in Nantong and demonstrates the objective fact that rural form is an important manifestation of residents,living habits,historical context,and the regional characteristics of rural areas.Then,this study aims to find the close inner relationship between rural form and town development through a comparative study of morphological indicators.Therefore,on the basis of full understanding of rural forms,this study proposes that town development from the perspective of serving the countryside,improving the quality of life of rural residents,and protecting the rural landscape texture with regional characteristics is the development mode conforming to the spirit of sustainable development.

The Mechanism of Internet Promoting Balanced Urban-Rural Development and China’s Practice

The Internet,the booster of the modern industrial revolution and an important support of the modern lifestyle,has the characteristics of spanning time and space,and it is profoundly affecting the economic and social development of China.There are some disputes on whether in theory or in practice that Internet can narrow the gap between urban and rural development.Based on e-commerce,this paper analyzes the mechanism of using the Internet to narrow the urban-rural gap,and uses the macro and micro data of China’s practice to carry out empirical verifi cation.The fi ndings show that the Internet is a positive force to eliminate the urban-rural gap as it has effectively alleviated the imbalance.

Chengdu Urban-Rural Integration Exploration and Lessons–Book Review of Coordinating Urban and Rural Development in China: Learning from Chengdu

Coordinating Urban and Rural Development in China:Learning from Chengdu Authors:Ye Yumin,Richard Le Gates Year:2013Publisher:Edward Elgar Publishing ISBN:9781781952023(424 pages,in English)Urban and rural integration,i.e.,how to deal with the issues of urban and rural disparities,urban and rural development,farmers,agriculture,migrant workers(or urban,industrial new immigrants),