The threshold effect of the urban-rural income disparity on real economic growth in China

鉴于我国的城乡二元结构，本文使用泰尔指数度量和刻画我国的城乡收入差距及其变化特征。同时，本文设定了非线性阈值协整模型，以揭示我国改革开放以来城乡收入差距与实际经济增长的长期非线性关系。结果表明，长期非线性闽值关系在泰尔指数为0．100（阈值）处发生机制转移：1978—1991年，我国城乡收入差距对实际增长的长期效应为正；1992—1999年，收入差距对实际增长的效应由正向负平滑转换；1999年后，我国城乡收入差距对实际经济增长产生阻滞作用，且负效应呈逐年增加趋势。

The Approaches to Narrowing Urban-Rural Income Gap——From the Perspective of Rural Social Security

From the situations about the incomes and life quality of the urban and rural residents,the thesis briefly introduces the status quo of the urban-rural income gap and explores the impact of the income gap on social economy:firstly,it hampers economic development;secondly,it is detrimental to the social development.Then the thesis analyzes the role of a sound social security in narrowing urban-rural income gap:at first,it broadens the institutional environment of improving the agricultural efficiency;secondly,it eliminates the uncertainties influencing the farmers' income;thirdly,it improves the farmers' capacity to increase income;at last,it enhances the farmers' consciousness of wealth.Next the thesis inquires into the problems existing in the system of rural social security:the first problem is more obviously fragmented system;the second is inadequate security projects and narrower coverage;the third is an obvious lack of equality in urban and rural security;the fourth is even less sound management system;the last is the lagging of legislation.Afterwards the thesis proposes the countermeasures and suggestions to improve the system of rural social security and narrow urban-rural income gap:firstly,to integrate the social security system in rural areas;secondly,to perfect security projects and enhance the security system;thirdly,to integrate the administrative management of social security;at last,to enforce the legal system.

Comparative Research on Prediction Model of China's Urban-rural Residents' Income Gap

By using the data concerning China's urban-rural residents' income gap from 1978 to 2010,this paper mainly researches the application of several kinds of models in predicting China's urban-rural residents' income gap.By conducting empirical analysis,we establish ARIMA prediction model,grey prediction model and quadratic-polynomial prediction model and conduct accuracy comparison.The results show that quadratic-polynomial prediction model has excellent fitting effect.By using quadratic-polynomial prediction model,this paper conducts prediction on trend of China's urban-rural residents' income gap from 2011 to 2013,and the prediction value of income gap of urban-rural residents in China from 2011 to 2013 is 14 173.20,15 212.92 and 16 289.67 yuan respectively.Finally,on the basis of analysis,corresponding countermeasures are put forward,in order to provide scientific basis for energy planning and policy formulation:first,strengthen government's function of public service,coordinate resources,and strive to provide an equal opportunity of development for social members,so as to promote people's welfare and promote social equality;second,breach industrial monopoly and bridge income gap between employees in monopoly industry and general industry;last but not the least,support,encourage and call for government to establish social relief fund,adjust residents' income distribution from the non-governmental perspective,and endeavor to promote the income level of low-income class.

Granger Causality Test of Urban-rural Income Gap and Employment of Rural Labor Forces——A Case Study of Shouguang City

Taking Shouguang City in Shandong Province as an example, this article researches the mutual relationship between urban-rural income and employment of rural labor forces, and conducting cointegration test and Granger causality test on the variable sequences using statistical data. The results show that the average annual income of rural labor forces influences the income per capita of rural residents, and there is a Granger causality relationship between the income per capita of rural residents and urban employees' average wage. Engaging in production concerning agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery makes the total income per capita in rural areas of Shouguang City higher than the average wage of urban residents in Shouguang City, even in Weifang City. The comparative advantage in terms of income causes the city to loose attraction to rural residents in Shouguang City. The comparative advantage drives more rural labor forces in Shouguang City to engage in primary industry, thereby greatly reducing the pressure of employment and transfer of rural labor forces. Finally important following measures are put forward to promote employment and on-the-spot transfer of rural labor forces: vigorously propel agricultural industrialization; increase rural residents' income; improve the living conditions for rural residents.

Research on the Impact of Rural Labour Forces Transfer on the Urban-rural Income Based on Economics of Discrimination

On the basis of the analytical frame of discrimination, the thesis establishes a model of transfer of rural labour forces into city, and researches the impact of rural labour forces transfer on urban-rural income. The results show that the transfer of rural labour forces into city can increase urban-rural income and bridge the income gap between city and village to a certain extent. However, the capital stock of city in China is greatly more than that of the village, so the rural labour forces transfer cannot eliminate the urban-rural income gap completely. In order to elevate the rural income level in China and narrow urban-rural income gap, the government should paint a picture with two brushes at the same time: on one hand, the government should promote the transfer of rural labour forces into city, and change the status quo of dual urban-rural labour forces market structure; on the other hand, the government should increase the input in rural areas and promote the increase of rural capital stock so as to further increase rural residents' income in the process of labour forces transfer.

Cross-country income disparity and its effect on carbon emissions

This study is motivated by the interesting relationship between the income Kuznets curve and the carbon Kuznets curve.This paper focuses on the interaction effects of income distribution and income per capita on CO_2 emissions using country group panel data over the period of 1980 to 2006 by employing fixed effects(FE),random effects(RE)and feasible generalized least squares(FGLS)estimation methods.The main findings are as follows.(1)There exists an inverted-U relationship between CO_2 emissions per capita and income per capita in all sample countries and high-income groups.(2)The cross-country income disparity has a negative effect on the average level of CO_2 emissions but a positive effect on the aggregate income elasticity of CO_2 emissions.(3)This negative effect of income disparity on the average level of CO_2emissions decreases along with the growth of per capita income.Thus,economic growth contributes to the reduction of this negative impact.

Influence of RMB exchange rate fluctuation on urban-rural income from the perspective of transmission asymmetry

Based on time series data of RMB exchange rate and urban-rural income, this paper makes an empirical study for the influence of RMB exchange rate fluctuation on urban-rural income by utilizing rolling regression model through direct and indirect transmission mechanisms. According to the results, the transmission effect of RMB exchange rate fluctuation on urban-rural income has features of incompleteness and asymmetry. Moreover, RMB appreciation will help to reduce the urban-rural income gap. Therefore, this paper suggests that the Chinese economy should accelerate the course of transforming mode, adjusting structure and promoting development under the new normal. Meanwhile, reform of RMB exchange rate mechanism should be promoted, living standard of residents must be improved, and the urban-rural income gap should be reduced.

Effect of Digital Economy Development on Rural-Urban Income Disparity: Evidence from China

Promoting income equality between urban and rural residents is one of the main goals of China’s social progress and economic development.It is also a necessary means to achieve“common prosperity.”Digital economy can effectively promote economic development,the adjustment of industry structure and industry upgrading,as well as increase the disposable income of urban and rural residents,which is theoretically beneficial to rural-urban income disparity.An empirical analysis is conducted based on the data of 30 provinces,municipalities,and autonomous regions in China from 2013 to 2020.The findings demonstrate that the growth of digital economy helps lessen rural-urban income disparity and has a significant effect in East China and North China.

The Impact of the Upgrading of Industrial Structure in the Yangtze River Delta on the Urban-Rural Income Gap

Firstly,this paper conducts theoretical analysis and current situation analysis,and then proposes research hypotheses.Secondly,using spatial Dubin model and partial differential method,it empirically studies the impact of industrial structure advancement and rationalization on the urban-rural income gap.The results show that:(1)Both industrial structure and urban-rural income gap have significant spatial dependence;(2)The increase in the industrial structure rationalization will narrow the urban-rural income gap in local region,while its spillover effect on neighboring areas is not obvious.(3)The impact of the industrial structure advancement on the urban-rural income gap is not linear.It is first expanded and then narrowed.The industrial structure advancement in the Yangtze River Delta will generally narrow the urban-rural income gap at this stage.Finally,this paper put forward relevant suggestions.

Inclusive Finance,Income Gaps and Common Prosperity

According to the Report to the 20^(th) CPC National Congress,delivering common prosperity for all the people is an intrinsic requirement of Chinese modernization.Based on China Household Finance Survey(CHFS)data from 2015 to 2019,this study examines the effects of inclusive finance on China’s household income disparities and demonstrates how inclusive finance contributes to shared prosperity.Our empirical research reveals that inclusive finance has significantly decreased the income disparities between Chinese households.Inclusive finance has significantly increased the income levels of households below the 40^(th) percentile,making it more likely for them to move above the 40^(th) percentile of incomes,which is conducive to delivering common prosperity.Our analysis indicates that inclusive finance will reduce income disparities by assisting low-income households in starting a business and by promoting rural household employment.Reflecting its inclusive nature,further investigation reveals that inclusive finance has a greater positive impact on the income level of vulnerable households.Our research offers new evidence for comprehending the role of inclusive finance and a new interpretation of income disparities,with policy implications for accelerating Chinese modernization.

The relationship between rural surplus labor transfer,urbanization and income gap

Based on the time series data of Shandong province from 2001 to 2018,a VAR model consisting of three variables,namely,rural surplus labor transfer,urbanization and urban-rural income gap,was constructed,and the interaction among the three variables and their characteristics were empirically analyzed.The results show that urbanization and rural surplus labor transfer are Granger causation to each other,and there is a positive correlation between urban-rural income gap and rural surplus labor force in long-term equilibrium,while there is a negative correlation between urban-rural income gap and rural surplus labor force transfer.Therefore,it is necessary to fully recognize the relationship between the transfer of rural surplus labor,urbanization and urban-rural income gap,accelerate the urbanization construction,promote the rural surplus labor to gather in cities,and gradually narrow the urban-rural income gap.

Urban Rural Disparity in Westernization Related Cancers and the Increasing Incidence in Parallel with Socioeconomic Development and Urbanization from 2000-2015 among a Rural Chinese Population: An Observational Study

Abstract China used to have great urban rural disparity in socioeconomic development. Since the late 1980s, rapid socioeconomic development and urbanization have been taking place in rural settings. It is epidemiologically established that cancer scale and profile will transit as economy prospers and urbanization develops. However, there are few published studies reporting what changes are undergoing in cancer pattern in Chinese rural settings. Population-based tumor registration data collected by us in urban Shijiazhuang city (available for 2,374,827 people in 2012) and in rural Shexian County (available for 408,995 people since 2000) were used for urban rural comparison of age standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of westernization-related cancers in 2012, and the trend of biennial ASIR of these cancers for 2000-2015 in Shexian County was examined following a decade of rapid socioeconomic development and urbanization. From 1988-2015, the Gross Domestic Product per Capita (GDP) in rural Shexian County increased from 860 to 3000 US$, and urbanization rate from 22.4% to 54.8%. The biennial ASIRs of lung, colorectal, gallbladder cancer and leukemia in both sexes, and that of breast, ovary, thyroid, and kidney cancer in women increased significantly from 2000 - 2015. The increase from 2000-2001 to 2014-2015 in man and women for lung cancer was from 15.9 to 34.7 per 105 (P = 0.05) and 9.6 to 16.7 (P = 0.00), for colorectal cancer from 6.6 to 15.9 (P = 0.00) and 4.0 to 11.7 (P = 0.00), for gallbladder cancer from 0.1 to 2.4 (P = 0.00) and 0.3 to 2.7 (P = 0.00), for leukemia from 2.8 to 7.7 (P = 0.00) and 2.3 to 6.2 (P = 0.00);and in women for cancer of breast from 2.8 to 17.3 (P = 0.00), kidney from 0.2 to 2.4 (P = 0.00), ovary from 0.2 to 4.3 (P = 0.00), and thyroid from 0.2 to 4.2 (P = 0.00). Notwithstanding these increases, their ASIRs in 2012 in Shexian County were still significantly lower than that in Shijiazhuang city. Westernization-related cancer is increasing rapidly in rural China. Comprehensive measures are needed to strengthen prevention to ensure sustainable development.

共同富裕背景下基本医疗保险的受益公平性研究——基于CHARLS数据的实证分析

基于“中国健康与养老追踪调查”(CHARLS)2011—2018年四期数据,研究两类基本医疗保险参保者的城乡身份、所在地区与收入水平对基本医疗保险受益的影响及其公平性,发现城镇职工医疗保险的覆盖率较低,而城乡居民医疗保险的实际覆盖率超过政策覆盖率;城镇和东部地区、高收入参保者的受益水平较高;医疗自付费用对低收入人群形成较大负担;随着时间的推移,参保者在不同维度的受益水平和公平性有所改善。模型分析结果还表明,在城镇职工医保内部,地区差距显著,东部、中部、西部、东北地区的住院费用水平依次递减,西部地区参保人员的健康水平显著低于东部地区;在城乡居民医保内部,城镇居民的受益水平显著高于农村居民和进城农民,东部地区居民的健康水平最高,而西部地区最低;参保者收入越低则住院费用越少,健康水平也越差。上述发现与结论对于进一步缩小不同城乡、地区和收入身份特征的参保者的受益差距,促进社会公平公正,推动共同富裕,具有一定的政策启示。

碳交易能否缩小城乡收入差距?

如何缩小城乡收入差距是实现全体人民共同富裕的重大挑战。基于碳交易影响城乡收入差距的内在逻辑,运用中国2010-2019年208个样本城市数据,采用双重差分法实证检验碳交易对城乡收入差距的影响及作用机制。研究发现:碳交易能显著缩小城乡收入差距,该影响主要通过提高农村居民收入实现;碳交易缩小城乡收入差距的作用在不同类型的城市具有显著的异质性,对碳排放强度高、城市化水平低和煤炭依赖度高的城市缩小效应更为明显。研究将碳交易与城乡收入差距纳入统一框架,提出碳交易的收入分配效应,为实现“双碳战略”与共同富裕两大目标提供证据支持和建议参考。

数字普惠金融与房价β收敛:作用机制及影响效果

采用2011—2020年中国286个地级市的面板数据,就数字普惠金融对房价β收敛的作用机制与影响效果进行了实证研究。结果发现:以286个地级市为样本的中国城市房价不存在β绝对收敛但存在稳定的β条件收敛,平均收敛速度为0.300%。基准回归和稳健性检验表明数字普惠金融的发展能显著地提高房价的收敛速度,具体而言数字普惠金融总指数每提高1%,房价的条件收敛速度会加快0.040%。与此同时,机制检验和异质性检验发现数字普惠金融对房价收敛的影响还具有显著的内部差异、区域差异和时段差异。

返乡创业质量与农民共同富裕

本文在高质量发展和共同富裕目标背景下,基于2019年和2022年返乡创业企业调查数据,实证检验了返乡创业质量对农民收入的影响及作用机制,进而回答返乡创业高质量发展对实现农民共同富裕的影响。研究发现,返乡创业质量显著提高了农民收入,返乡创业质量每提高1个标准差,农民收入增加1.111%。调节效应表明,营商环境强化了返乡创业质量对农民增收的影响,且这一效应在第三产业和中部、西部地区更强。进一步研究发现,返乡创业质量显著促进了低收入群体增收,并提高其进入中高收入群体的概率,缩小了农民内部收入差距和城乡收入差距。本文结论为全面认识返乡创业行为的影响效应提供新证据,对促进企业高质量发展和实现农民共同富裕具有政策启示。

收入分配、商业医疗保险和医药创新--基于美国的经验分析

本文探讨了收入分配对医药创新发展的影响,并阐释了商业医疗保险的影响机制。基于2013—2020年美国51个州和地区的面板数据,通过门槛效应模型和机制检验程序进行实证检验。研究发现:(1)收入分配与医药创新之间存在着倒“N”型非线性的影响关系。(2)在收入分配影响医药创新的路径中,商业医疗保险的发展是影响机制之一。(3)不同的收入水平对医药创新的作用不同,表现出门槛效应:过大的收入差距抑制医药创新,跨过第一个门槛后,适度的收入差距将该效应由负转正;经过第二个门槛后,收入差距过小也将对医药创新产生负面影响。这是由于收入差距对商业医疗保险的影响也存在着相似的两个门槛。研究结论经过内生性分析和稳健性检验后依然成立。研究结论可以为防止收入差距扩大、扩大中等收入群体比重以实现对商业医疗保险的购买,形成创新药物的有效需求等政策制定提供证据支撑,对推进医药创新在我国的发展具有一定的启示意义。

Does Chinese Environmental Policy Affect Income Inequality? Evidence from the Central Environmental Protection Inspection

This paper investigates the effect of environmental policy on income inequality.It focuses on the central environmental protection inspection led by the central government in China.Using a diference-in-diferences approach,it finds evidence that environmental regulation decreased the per capita income and enlarged the gap between urban and rural income while showing an insignificant effect on employment.Although the policy can reduce pollution levels and bring environmental benefits in aggregate,the findings of this study suggest that the regulations appear to have reduced the proportion of manufacturing industry and hindered general innovation and investment from entrepreneurs,which resulted in greater inequality.Rural residents suffered more from environmental regulation due to relatively high migration costs and their disadvantaged human resources on the aspects of health,education level,and skills.The local government's execution incentive can also play a key role in the effectiveness of environmental policy.Regions with lower GDP growth targets and younger government leaders were affected significantly with regard to the income growth of local residents and the urban-rural income gap.

共同富裕视域下区域经济差距对刑事犯罪影响的研究

在共同富裕视域下,以2018-2020年全国31个省(自治区、直辖市)共232个地区(州)的城乡收入、区域经济差距、犯罪类型、犯罪率等为调查对象,构建面板数据回归模型,得出城乡收入差距、区域经济差距与刑事犯罪间的定量关系。刑事犯罪与城市化水平、失业率、受教育水平均显著相关,提出共同富裕目标推进过程中有效预防和控制刑事犯罪发生的对策建议。