From landscape urbanism to ecological urbanism:Origin and development

Based on the origin and development of landscape urbanism,with several representative cases,this paper introduces the origin of ecological urbanism,as well as the main concepts and strategies,and then compared the changes from Landscape Urbanism to Ecological Urbanism.At last,this paper discusses its enlightenment on China’s urban construction and landscape development with the focus on the actual situation in China.

Emergence of Water Urbanism for Water Born “Can Tho”

Growing from water, Can Tho is a region on delta area of Southern Vietnam carved up by the currents of Mekong’s tributary, where settlements and water are closely interact. Being an important city, Can Tho puts in high expectations for investment calls that activate the growth of the city towards a new direction of urbanism. This trend seems to neglect its nature way of coping with water. In this connection, the intention of the research is to understand the urbanism in delta area of Can Tho, its confidences and fears the region has to experience and deal with. The intensive field work reveals an evaluation towards Can Tho’s spatial quality and major water problems. As a closing, the last section has share thoughts that different strategies of urban design to retrieve back the wisdom of living with water which are required for future urbanity of Can Tho region.

DEVELOPMENT, TERRITORIAL DIFFERENCE AND SPATIAL EVOLUTION OF TOWNS IN CHINA ──A DISCUSSION ON THE VIEWS OF ANTI-URBANISM IN CHINA

Growth of Chinese small towns is a continuing process of urbanization.By analyzing regional disparity and comprehensive development level of Chinese smalltowns, it is considered that town development depends mainly on the regional agriculture and social development level. Their spatial distribution is restricted by population distribution and regional economic development level. Chinese urbanization, justthe same as urbanization in developed countries, is a sign of socio--economic vigourand prosperity, and is not related to social and political systems. Thus, it is worth todiscuss China's anti--urbanism with abroad scholars:

Three Urbanisms in One City: Accommodating the Paces of Change

In current times urban developments can no longer be seen as straightforward building of the required number of houses, industries and parking spaces. Instead, the problems in many cities are of different nature: urban conurbations may shrink, or climate impacts cause a serious disaster. These problems all have a different pace of development. The fast development must be combined with slower development pace fitting with shrinking cities and the sudden change climatic impacts requires. Therefore, in this article three types of urbanisms are proposed, which each care for an increase of resilience in the city. Fast urbanism accommodates the growth of the city in a calculated way in periods of economic prosperity;slow urbanism designs spaces for slowly developing uses such as ecology or food in times of shrinkage;and suddenism anticipates future climate impacts through designing spaces for temporary use.

Making Public Space in High-density Environment: Strategy and Methodology of Landscape Urbanism

High concentration of population and other elements brought by high urbanization has pushed the future construction of urban public spaces to be both "compact" and "ecological". Theory and methodology of landscape urbanism provides a new perspective for the construction of public spaces in high-density urban environment. Based on the concept and basic standpoints of landscape urbanism, this paper elaborated its potential value in spatial connection, functional integration and vitality promotion, and also analyzed practical strategies of landscape urbanism from three perspectives of structure, fold and stage by combining with typical cases, so as to provide references for designing urban public spaces in high-density environment.

Role Definition and Development of Landscape Designer in Landscape Urbanism

Landscape urbanism has attracted the attention from scholars of human settlement science, and landscape designers have also grown in the development process of landscape urbanism and their identification has been broken through. Moreover, they are faced with new challenges in the age of big data and computer. The paper explored role definition of landscape designer in landscape urbanism and analyzed the trend of landscape urbanism, providing theoretical reference to forecast career development of landscape designer.

Musical Urbanism between Radicalism and Tradition： A Reflection on the Architectural Discourse of the 1920s

In the aftermath of the First World War, various compositions emerged that explored the phenomenon of the modem city by translating the clamorous sounds of urban environments and reflecting them artistically in the medium of music. With the rendering of poetic and esoteric moods unrelated to practical life considered outdated, musical preoccupation with modem architecture mostly concemed social aspects, such as people＇s circumstances, their emotional rootedness to bygone conditions and the search for orientation in an environment characterized by technology. There is a parallel here with contemporary architectural debates in which tension between modernism and traditionalism also played a key role.

Bioclimatic Urbanism and Regional Design in Portugal： The Atlantic and the Mediterranean Contexts

The subject of the present work is the study of the relationship between the city shape and its geographical and climatic context. This is a very important feature of the Portuguese city. The Iberian Peninsula comprised by Spain and Portugal belongs to very different environments： the Atlantic and Mediterranean sea. This position is responsible for a series of highly contrasted regions. The external forces presented in each region, influence the shape, location and orientation, not only of individual buildings but of whole villages in such a way that we can identify pattems of construction in different natural regions. There is in fact, a remarkable correspondence between climate and urban type which is useful to identify for planning the different regions. The legacy of industrial city, as in other parts of the world, has changed this close connection between geography and architecture, with consequences not only in environment but especially for the identity of urban spaces. Bioclimatic urbanism is not just a question of sustainability or survival. It is also a question of local identity and variety. There is in fact a relationship between cultural process and environment responsive which we can learn from the structures of the past -- the pre-industrial city. We believe that the reinterpretation of the traditional city pattems forms a language which can be used as a design process for recovering urban landscape.

The Everyday （in） Urbanism： What＇s New on the Spot

The paper aims at measuring the influence that the everyday theme has exercised in the formation of the idea of space that is permeating the thought of many contemporary urban planners. Through the investigation of two recent approaches, the Italian and the American ones, the complex relationships between daily practices and urban spaces, in the continuous redefinition of the concepts of public and private sphere, are described. In this context, the Everyday Urbanists＇ work had the merit to reveal and investigate the social possibilities offered by the patterns of everyday life. They were among the first to speak about a citizenship redefinition, process which has been increasingly debated by many scholars. Citizenship is thus turning to be less formal, while becoming more substantive and insurgent. The paper demonstrates that, according to this crucial change, new and meaningful relations between citizenship and planning can be established and that these are able to open planning practice up to the present ethnographical possibilities of the urban space, and to its tactical and polysemic dimensions.

The Development of the New Urbanism Theory and Reflections on its Application at Florida's Seaside

This article reviews the background,preparation,development and birth stage,and the main content and framework of the new urbanism theory,then understands new urbanism from a historical perspective and then discusses how the seaside project in Florida developed a smalltown community with a strong community atmosphere and a beautiful environment,guided by the theory of New Urbanism.This is followed by an in-depth analysis of the high construction and maintenance costs ofNew Urbanism in practice,the impact on the privacy of residents9 lives,the relative reduction of community ties,and other problems,and finally,it gives opinions on the sustainable development of the New Urbanism theory in the future.

SUSTAINABILITY ON THE URBAN SCALE:‘GREEN URBANISM’—MARK Ⅱ

In the essay entitled‘Towards a Sustainable City Centre’(published in JGB Summer 2006),the author reflected on principles how to best integrate ecologically sustainable development(ESD)into urban design.This second paper reports on his continuing research in the area of‘Green Urbanism’.1 Among the most significant environmental challenges of our time are global climate change,excessive fossil fuel de-pendency and the growing demand for energy—all likely to be major challenges of the 21st century and one of the great-est problems facing humanity.In this context,urban design and the fundamental principles of how to shape our cities has barely featured in the greenhouse debate.Much of the debate in related areas has so far circled around ideas about active technology for‘eco-buildings’.This is surprising,since almost half the energy consumed is used in cities and urban built-up areas,and given that avoiding mistakes in urban design at early stages could genuinely lead to more sustain-able cities and less greenhouse gas emission.This article reflects upon practical strategies focused on increasing sustain-ability beyond and within the scope of individual buildings.The paper deals with cross-cutting issues in architecture and urban design and addresses the question of how we can best cohesively integrate all aspects of energy systems,transport systems,waste and water management,passive and active strategies,climatisation and so on,into contemporary urban design and improved environmental performance of our cities.It provides a context for a general debate about the regeneration of the city centre,and discusses how urbanism is affected(and can be expected to be even more affected in future)by the paradigms of ecology.The significance of the research is found in the pressing need for an integration of sustainability principles in the urban design process of cities in South East Asia and the general need for a sustainable city development.It will be of particular relevance to the rapid urban growth of developing cities that have,in the past,frequently been poorly man-aged.Research in sustainable urban design recommends increased harnessing of the energies manifested in the existing fabrics—for instance,through the adaptive re-use of former industrial(brownfield)sites and the upgrade and extension of existing building structures.It is less environmentally damaging to stimulate growth within the established city cen-tre rather than sprawling into new,formerly un-built areas.Two recent examples for the application of such urban de-sign principles are the author’s proposals for the Australian city of Newcastle:the‘City Campus’and‘Port City’projects.

American New Urbanism as a Gesture Spread out through Europe

The Charter of New American Urbanism signed in 1996 represents a gesture that was spread out through Europe intended as the basis to the Charter of New European Urbanism,2003.In this manuscript the new urbanism(NU),is considered a movement whose aims are to recover values of traditional cities,concerning the neighborhood patterns and the land mixed use.Looking to design the region,city,town,neighborhood,district and the in-fill projects,set out on garden-city principles the NU concerns also the urban sprawl,natural resources economy and to maximize the transit system.Doing so,this movement could be settled in the role of disciplines concerned to sustainability,as explained by the place chosen to welcome the meeting where the Charter of Stockholm was signed.

EMERGING FORMS OF SUSTAINABLE URBANISM: CASE STUDIES OF VAUBAN FREIBURG AND SOLARCITY LINZ

This study is an ongoing interdisciplinary collaboration, which discusses possible emerging forms of sustainable urbanismin the 21st century. The idea of sustainable urbanism is examined in this paper in more than environmental andecological aspects, to highlight the emergent forms of urbanism based on new paradigms that inform on the shape ofcities to come. The two case studies discussed embody complex topics of design, dwelling, community in space, buildingtechnologies, environmental strategies, as well as models of affordability. At the same time, new trajectories in thedevelopment of sustainable urban housing are explored. It is based on the following case studies:Case Study 1: The new city district of Vauban Freiburg, in Germany, describes the guiding principles and theirimplementation in the planning and design of this new major development: Vauban comprises 2,000 homes to house5,000 people, as well as business units to provide about 500 to 600 jobs.Case Study 2: solarCity Linz, in Austria, currently comprises about 1,300 homes and 3,000 inhabitants. It wasdesigned as a fl agship development for renewable energies in urban design and includes projects by architects likeFoster and Partners, Richard Rogers, and Thomas Herzog. Construction time of the nucleus of solarCity took placefrom 1995 to 2005.

Strengthening Alexandria Urban Fabric by Planning Urbanism’s Walkable Area

Nowadays city of Alexandria has a very wide range of urban development projects;some of them have a major influence on the physical being of the city meanwhile others just have a small interpretation to its characteristics.The rapid growth of Alexandria city in the nineteenth century led to calls for parks to be provided for the health of all categories in the society.This could be seen as an early precedent to highlight the role of open spaces in supporting what we now call sustainable development.This paper proposes an urban development project which makes a replacement of an urban crawl in Alexandria city into unique open space through presenting a comprehensive approach for assessing this suggested project to create a walkability area based on a combination of its conceptual and applicable aspects.Discussion of the sustainability modules to this new urban development project in Alexandria will be accomplished,by the aim of investigating its ability to stand against the future challenges.It is concluded that a significant attribute of urban design achieves continuity of the urban fabric and streets,because this facilitates flows.Wherever movements occur,there is vitality and flow creates eyes on the street producing spontaneous surveillance.Also,comparison of contextual and neighbourhood before and after the project revealed the positive impact of the suggested project either on the built(physical)environment’s or health and social well-being.

REGENERATIVE FRENCH URBANISM:SUSTAINABLE PLANNING STRATEGIES IN LILLE,LYON,AND MONTPELLIER

Sustainability engages a complex and nuanced spectrum of issues when it shifts from the realm of architecture to that of urbanism.Individual building compliance is typically measured by objective physical design traits and performance criteria.By contrast,sustainable urban design must respond to historical,political and cultural contexts while simultaneously addressing overarching concerns such as land use and energy efficiency.The resulting urban mandate is neither formulaic nor nostalgic.Rather,it is grounded in the natural alignment of established urban design criteria—emphasizing concentrated,vital city centers as the physical,economic and social focus of urban life—with sustainable principles of compact development and controlled growth.This paper explores the adaptability of these principles to a range of urban contexts,through case studies of several French cities that have experienced significant new development in the past several decades.Planning for recent growth in Lille,Montpellier and Lyon began before explicit sustainable design agendas were common.Nevertheless,these cities exemplify a number of planning and design strategies that advance sustainability on the urban scale.Chief among these are:1)promoting density and diverse use in the city center,2)developing urban infrastructure and transit systems that conserve energy and preserve the quality of the urban core,3)counteracting sprawl through the establishment of concentrated patterns of growth in the urban periphery,and 4)“urban recycling:”the adaptive re-use of existing built fabric and the reclamation of urban post-industrial sites.Beatley,Gauzin-Miller,Jenks and others offer extensive discussion and healthy debate on these and related approaches to urban sustainability.1 Each of the profiled cities faced a unique set of issues.Lille is a mid-sized city recovering from the loss of its industrial base.Montpellier,once a small university town,is now a burgeoning technology mecca.Lyon,an established regional center,is a prosperous counter-pole to Paris.Their recent planning strategies respond differently to these specific traits and issues,but share a common agenda of concentrated growth supported by investment in civic and transport infrastructure.Their planning and development mechanisms also differ widely,from broad-based regional agencies to unusual public-private partnerships.The results are quite varied,formally and aesthetically,and are products of the particular challenges and culture of each locale.Yet viewed as a whole these cities present a continuous spectrum of sustainable design strategies,tactics that can be adapted and effectively applied to a wide range of urban conditions.

Le Corbusier’s urbanism:An urban characterisation of his proposals for inner cities

Le Corbusier’s urbanism is routinely met with a backlash of criticism,which often overlooks the complexity of his work.There is a tendency to focus on the characteristics of his proposal for Paris in 1925 or on the ideas of CIAM’s Athens Charter.However,such affirmations ignore the conceptual and qualitative evolution of his urban proposals.In this sense,the research hypothesis is that Corbusian urban models go beyond the Plan Voisin,diffused by urban planning theories as the unique paradigm of his urban ideas.Through analysis and characterisation of the inner-city urban plans of Le Corbusier,this report seeks to demonstrate the existence of other models and compares them to those often showcased in the partial examination of Le Corbusier’s urbanism.The following parameters will be analysed:(1)population densities and areas for(2)buildings,(3)vehicles,and(4)pedestrians.The results of this research indicate the need to parameterise and analyse Le Corbusier’s cities beyond a single case to demonstrate the diversity and evolution of his urbanistic work.This process seeks to dissipate the common view that falsely extrapolates ideas of his urban planning,largely that of his first proposal,for Paris.

Regenerating historical districts through tactical urbanism:A case study of Sarpol neighborhood in Isfahan Province,Iran

This paper examines historical urban fabrics’challenges regarding quality of life and visual disturbances despite their cultural and identity value.Regeneration and socialoriented approaches considering social,economic,and cultural dimensions preserve and enhance these valuable materials.Tactical urbanism,with its people-oriented approach,can address these issues.This study focused on Sarpol in Khomeinishahr County,Isfahan Province of Iran.The city’s urban structure divides into two parts:despite its active social structure and valuable spaces,Sarpol is a historic neighborhood with significant deterioration.We followed Corbin and Strauss’s version of Grounded Theory in the qualitative research methodology.Purposive and snowball sampling methods were employed to select 21 participants from the Sarpol neighborhood for semi-structured interviews.The analysis involved three stages of coding:open,axial,and selective.The themes included religious participation,identity,sustainable social bonds,indigenous dependence,and low environmental quality.The central issue identified was the crucial role of religious and cultural values as a driving force for tactical urbanism,which emerged as the most critical semantic domain related to the research problem.

Brownfield Redevelopment Based on Theories of Urban Regeneration and Landscape Urbanism:A Case Study on Changchun Tractor Factory

Urban development and construction has led to a series of problems,such as the deficiency of land resources,difficulty in old city renovation,and backward landscape construction,etc.Brownfield refers to the abandoned and polluted lands of industrial,commercial,or other uses,whose redevelopment can not only effectively stimulate the intensive utilization of urban lands and the growth of urban economy,but also improve the quality of the urban ecological environment.Considering that the research on brownfield redevelopment methodologies in China is still at its initial stage,the application of the theories of urban regeneration and landscape urbanism in brownfield redevelopment will be conducive to solving various urban problems and promoting brownfield land use values.This paper,based on an analysis on the theoretical connotations of urban regeneration and landscape urbanism and their infl uences on brownfi eld redevelopment,argues that the urban regeneration theory can serve as the"framework"while the landscape urbanism theory as"skeleton"of brownfi eld development,both of which can integrally form the"organic body of brownfi eld redevelopment."It further puts forward fi ve primary principles for brownfi eld redevelopment which are elaborated through a case study on Changchun Tractor Factory.

Artistic Urbanism: Multi-Scalar Spatial Governance of Songzhuang Art District by the Local Government

Taking Beijing’s Songzhuang Art District as an example, this paper conducts an integrated evolutionary and multi-scalar governance analytical framework through participant’s observations, in-depth qualitative interviews, and extensive evaluations of policy documents. It aims to explore the transformation modes of art districts under the intervention of multi-scalar spatial governance and the roles of local governments in the course of development. The research places the spatial development into a wider theoretical context of local developmental state, local state corporatism, and entrepreneurial state, as well as to combine the socio-political objectives together with economic goals of the local government. The study argues that Songzhuang has witnessed a unique form of artistic urbanism, a process of rapid urbanization of villages in the art-led development. Local governments have competed for taking control of spatial governance through actions characterized by decentralization, alliance, and entrepreneurship, following the logic of performing an overall control over the socio-political, economic, and cultural aspects of art districts, and profiting from land market.

Art and Activism in the Ruins： Guerrilla Urbanism and the Nangang Bottle Cap Factory

The controversy over the partial demolishment of the Nangang Bottle Cap Factory for redevelopment is a prime example of the ongoing public debate about urban renewal in Taipei. The controversy crystalizes the tension between a growing public desire for historical preservation in Taipei to safeguard shared history and restore collective memory, and profit-driven capitalistic development. The transformation of the factory over the past decade--from disused public property to a city-operated Urban Regeneration Station for fostering art and innovation, and finally to a demolition site that is being readied for new construction--illustrates the tug of war between the exigencies of cultural/historical preservation and urban renewal in Taipei. During the process, not only did citizen activists play a maior role in raising the public＇s awareness of the unique value of the Nangang Bottle Cap Factory as one of the last major relics of Taipei＇s industrial heritage, graffiti artists also created works in the abandoned factory that dialogued about its contested future under a neoliberal capitalist regime. By tracing the origins of the controversy, I argue, through a photo documentation of the accumulated graffiti inside the factory before demolition began, that the factory ＂ruin＂ has functioned as a theater for diverse forms of guerrilla urbanism, including engaged art, urban exploration, and community organization.