Identification of Early Warning Signals of Infectious Diseases in Hospitals by Integrating Clinical Treatment and Disease Prevention

The global incidence of infectious diseases has increased in recent years,posing a significant threat to human health.Hospitals typically serve as frontline institutions for detecting infectious diseases.However,accurately identifying warning signals of infectious diseases in a timely manner,especially emerging infectious diseases,can be challenging.Consequently,there is a pressing need to integrate treatment and disease prevention data to conduct comprehensive analyses aimed at preventing and controlling infectious diseases within hospitals.This paper examines the role of medical data in the early identification of infectious diseases,explores early warning technologies for infectious disease recognition,and assesses monitoring and early warning mechanisms for infectious diseases.We propose that hospitals adopt novel multidimensional early warning technologies to mine and analyze medical data from various systems,in compliance with national strategies to integrate clinical treatment and disease prevention.Furthermore,hospitals should establish institution-specific,clinical-based early warning models for infectious diseases to actively monitor early signals and enhance preparedness for infectious disease prevention and control.

Progress on the Prevention and Nursing of Urinary Tract Infection Associated with Radical Hysterectomy and Pelvic Lymphadenectomy

Radical hysterectomy(RH) and pelvic lymphadenectomy are the main treatment methods for early cervical cancer and endometrial carcinoma.Effective care measures,however,can decrease the incidence of UTIs and complications associated with RH and pelvic lymphadenectomy,as well as improve the therapeutic effects of administered drugs and patient prognosis.The writer refers to relevant literatures to analyze the reasons for postoperative UTIs and to provide a brief summary of the nursing methods for and progress in UTI prevention.

Effective Factors in Urinary Tract Infection Prevention among Children: Application of Health Belief Model

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections among children using preventive manipulations, especially among children less than 6 years old. This study aimed at exploring factors which could affect urinary tract infection prevention among children. A descriptive analytical study was conducted on 70 mothers who had children less than 6 years old in 2013. Multistage cluster sampling method was utilized in which each kindergarten was considered as a cluster and data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire designed based on Health Belief Model (HBM). Validity and reliability of questionnaire were confirmed by a pilot study. ANOVA and Pearson Correlation Coefficient were conducted using SPSS, version 18. The mean and standard deviation of knowledge and practice were 6.96 ± 2.14 and 15.47 ± 1.54 respectively. Means and standard deviation of Health Belief Model constructs (perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers and self-efficacy) were 17.64 ± 2.50, 22.02 ± 2.55, 20.90 ± 2.38, 27.56 ± 5.20 and 21.49 ± 3.18 respectively. More participants were in the moderate levels of knowledge (74.3%) and practice (45.7%). These findings revealed a significant relation between practice and perceived susceptibility (p = 0.02), perceived barriers (p = 0.001), self-efficacy (p = 0.014) and cues to action (p = 0.016). Based on the current study, the intervention based on Health Belief Model can be useful to improve preventive behaviors of Urinary Tract Infection.

Knowledge of Nurses toward Prevention for Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection in Public Hospitals at Amran City, Yemen

Background of the study: Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is the most prevalent healthcare-associated infection worldwide, according to reports. Nurses are also accountable to acquire appropriate knowledge and practices of catheter care that will prevent UTI. Nurses’ knowledge is seen to be one of the most important factors in their practice. Aim of the study: To assess the nurse’s knowledge toward the prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infection in public hospitals at Amran City. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among nurses at public hospitals in Amran City, Yemen. A convenience sampling technique was of the study consisted of 93 nurses from different public hospitals that were participated in this study. Self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from March 2021 to April 2021. Results: The distribution of nurses’ ware female 65.6%, belonged to age group between (25 to <30 years) 43.0%. The Diploma degree was the most available qualification 88.2%, 81.7% between 1 - 5 years’ experience as nurses. Knowledge regarding prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infection was fair 72%, while 18.3% had a good. There is a significant statistical difference between knowledge level regarding prevention of CAUTI, and sex (P-value = 0.042). Conclusion: Most of nurses had fair knowledge level regarding prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infection. Recommendations: We recommended increasing the knowledge of nursing staff through the courses training, workshop, and curriculums.

Recurrent urinary tract infections in children:Preventive interventions other than prophylactic antibiotics

Urinary tract infection （UTI） is one of the most common childhood infections. Permanent renal cortical scarring may occur in affected children, especially with recurrent UTIs, leading to long-term complications such as hypertension and chronic renal failure. To prevent such damage, several interventions to prevent UTI recurrences have been tried. The most established and accepted prevention at present is low dose long-term antibiotic prophylaxis. However it has a risk of break through in-fections, adverse drug reactions and also the risk of developing antibiotic resistance. The search is therefore on-going to fnd a safer, effective and acceptable alter-native. A recent meta-analysis did not support routine circumcision for normal boys with no risk factors. Vacci-nium Macrocarpon （cranberry）, commonly used against UTI in adult women, is also effective in reducing the number of recurrences and related antimicrobial use in children. Sodium pentosanpolysulfate, which prevents bacterial adherence to the uroepithelial cells in animal models, has shown conflicting results in human trials. When combined with antibiotic, Lactobacillus acidophilus （LA-5） and Bifidobacterium, by blocking the in vitro attachment of uropathogenic bacteria to uroepithelial cells, significantly reduce in the incidence of febrile UTIs. Deliberate colonization of the human urinary tract of patients with recurrent UTI with Escherichia-coli （E. coli ） 83972 has resulted in subjective beneft and less UTI requiring treatment. The non-pathogenic E. coli isolate NU14 DeltawaaL is a candidate to develop live-attenuated vaccine for the treatment and prevention of acute and recurrent UTI. Diagnosing and treating dysfunctional elimination syndromes decrease the incidence of recurrent UTI. A meta-analysis found the lack of robust prospective randomized controlled trials limited the strength of the established guidelines for surgical management of vesicoureteral reflux. In conclusion, several interventions, other than antibiotic prophylaxis, for the prevention of recurrent UTI have been tried and, although showing some promise, they do not provide so far a definitive effective answer. Finding suitable alternatives still requires further high quality research of those seemingly promising interven-tions.

Natural compounds may contribute in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection:a narrative review

Coronavirus pandemic infection is the most important health issue worldwide.Coronavirus disease 2019 is a contagious disease characterized by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.To date,excluding the possibility of vaccination,against SARS-CoV-2 infection it is possible to act only with supportive care and non-virus-specific treatments in order to improve the patient’s symptoms.Pharmaceutical industry is investigating effects of medicinal plants,phytochemical extracts and aromatic herbs to find out natural substances which may act as antiviral drugs.Several studies have revealed how these substances may interfere with the viral life cycle,viral entry,replication,assembly or discharge,as well as virus-specific host targets or stimulating the host immune system,reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory response.A natural compound can be used as a prophylaxis by people professionally exposed to the risk of contagion and/or positive patients not in intensive care.The aim of this paper is to perform a narrative review of current literature in order to summarize the most studied natural compounds and their modes of action.

Recurrence of urinary tract infections in postmenopausal diabetic women using different antibiotics

Objectives: Postmenopausal women with diabetes mellitus (DM) have an increased incidence of urinary tract infections (UTI) compared to women without DM. The aim of this study is to compare recurrence rates of UTI in postmenopausal women with DM after treatment with nitrofurantoin, the agent of first choice following the Dutch guidelines, with two other common prescribed antibiotics trimethoprim and norfloxacin. Methods: We used a PHARMO database with pharmacy dispensing data. A total of 8534 postmenopausal (>55 years) women with DM who received a first course of nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim or norfloxacin were included. The UTI recurrence rates after treatment with these three different antimicrobial agents were compared. Recurrence was defined as a second prescription for nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim or norfloxacin or a first with fosfomycin, amoxicillin, fluoroquinolones, or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole between 6 and 30 days after inclusion. Results: Postmenopausal women with DM had significantly more UTI recurrences when they were treated with nitrofurantoin (22.7%) compared to trimethoprim (17.7%) or norfloxacin (14.2%) irrespective of the treatment duration. There was a trend that longer treatment duration was associated with higher recurrence rates. Conclusions: Postmenopausal women with DM had more UTI recurrences when they are treated with nitrofurantoin, agent of first choice, compared to trimethoprim or norfloxacin.

Overview of the plague in the late Ming Dynasty and its prevention and control measures

The plague of the late Ming Dynasty(15511644 C.E.)was long lasting,affected a wide range of the population,and had serious consequences.The purpose of this study is to review the medical system in place at the time and the measures instituted to prevent and control the plague during the late Ming Dynasty.Information on the history of the Ming Dynasty(13681644 C.E.),local chronicles,and related research literature were consulted and analyzed in terms of duration,geographical area,and other dimensions of the epidemic.Because of the abnormal climate,wide range of natural disasters,and the impact of war,the epidemic spread over a wide area during the late Ming Dynasty.The government’s epidemic prevention measures were affected by war and other factors,resulting in poor control of the outbreak.However,in terms of the medical system in place during the Ming Dynasty,some of the thinking and methods of prevention and control of the plague were historical and progressive.Some outstanding physicians such as Wu Youke(15821652 C.E.)appeared during this period.His theory of plague prevention and control had a profound influence on the formation and development of pestilence deterrence in later generations.In the late Ming Dynasty,rich experiences and measures of prevention and control were accumulated in the struggle against the plague.These methods and experiences also have a significant,positive guiding influence on the prevention and control of plague in the present day.

Analysis on the medication and methods of ancient traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention of plague

Background:To analyze the medication and methods of ancient traditional Chinese medicine for the prevention of plague and seasonal pathogen in order to reduce the spread of infectious diseases such as flu and protect the susceptible people.Methods:Search the medication and the methods for preventing plague and seasonal pathogen in the Chinese Medical Code,classify and summarize the methods,perform frequency analysis and efficacy cluster analysis on Chinese medicines of involved medicines.Results:The methods of preventing ancient plague were as follows:burning and fumigating Chinese medicines,medicating nostrils,wearing bags filled with Chinese medicines,oral Chinese medicines and applying medicines to skin.The 3 main ways for drugs to work were external medication,nostril inhalation,and internal absorption.The Chinese medicines for preventing plague are mostly warm in nature and pungent in flavour,belonging to the spleen,stomach,liver,lung meridian.The 3 categories of drugs obtained by cluster analysis are C1:drugs for facilitating lung,relieving exterior and dissipating cold,such as Cangzhu(Atractylodis rhizoma)-Qianghuo(Notopterygh rhizoma et radix)-Xixin(Asari radix et rhizoma)-Baizhi(Angelicae dahuricae radix)-Fangfeng(Saposhnikoviae radix)-Zaojiao(Gleditsiae sinensis fructus);C2:drugs for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis,such as Xionghuang(Realgar)-Zhusha(Cinnabaris)-Dahuang(Rhei radix rhizoma)-Chuanxiong(Chuanxiong rhizoma)-Jiegeng(Platycodonis radix);C3:drugs for replenishing Qi(it is the most basic element that constitutes human body and maintains life activities in traditional Chinese medicine)and tonifying the spleen,such as Gancao(Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma)-Dazao(Jujubae fructus)-Ganjiang(Zingiberis rhizoma)-Rougui(Cinnamomi cortex)-Gansong(Nardostachyos radix et rhizoma)-Chenpi(Citri reticulatae pericarpium)-Baizhu(Atractylodis macrocephalae rhizoma).Conclusion:Through analysis the medication and methods of ancient traditional Chinese medicine for the prevention of plague,we can provide reference for modern research from the original plague prevention methods,and make an important contribution to the use of traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention and treatment of epidemic infectious diseases in modern clinic.

八宝丹胶囊预防导尿管相关性尿路感染的效果

目的:探讨八宝丹胶囊预防导尿管相关性尿路感染(CAUTI)的效果。方法:选择2022年6月至2023年2月于郑州大学第一附属医院泌尿外科就诊且留置导尿管的患者。根据治疗方案分为3组,留置导尿管后静脉给予抗生素(拉氧头孢钠)者为对照组(n=73),给予八宝丹胶囊者为试验组A(n=72),给予八宝丹胶囊联合抗生素者为试验组B(n=72)。在留置导尿管第3、5、7天及拔除导尿管48 h行尿常规、尿培养检查,比较各组总CAUTI发生率、膀胱过度活动症(OAB)发生率及不良反应发生率。结果:对照组、试验组A、试验组B总CAUTI发生率分别为39.7%、36.1%、20.8%,OAB发生率分别为30.1%、18.1%、11.1%,试验组B总CAUTI发生率、OAB发生率低于对照组(P<0.017)。3组治疗期间均未发生不良反应。结论:八宝丹胶囊联合抗生素使用可有效预防CAUTI发生,并且具有良好的安全性。

河南省牛羊规模场布鲁氏菌病感染情况调查

[目的]掌握河南省牛羊布鲁氏菌病流行情况,为牛羊布病防控和净化工作提供理论和科学依据。[方法]2022年对河南省168个场次的4 902头牛羊血清样品进行布病感染抗体检测,并按动物种类、场点类别等对检测结果进行统计分析。[结果]2022年河南省牛羊布病感染抗体平均场群阳性率为5.36%,平均个体阳性率为0.47%;牛布病感染抗体场群阳性率为3.61%,个体阳性率为0.24%;羊场群阳性率为7.06%,个体阳性率为0.71%;阳性样品均来自商品代养殖场(户),种畜场、屠宰场无阳性样品检出。[结论]河南省牛羊布病流行情况整体处于可控水平,种畜场布病净化工作取得了一定成效,随着牛羊养殖规模化程度的提升,当前牛羊布病防控的重点在于商品代规模场(户),应依据调查结果,结合场群实际,进一步完善和推进布病净化工作。

动物疫病防控信息化建设与发展概况

动物疫病防控是保障畜牧业健康发展、维护公共卫生安全和生态文明建设的重要手段。随着信息技术的不断发展,动物疫病防控信息化建设日新月异。提升动物疫病综合防控信息化工作,更好地利用多年来积累的动物疫病数据平台,有效整合与提高动物疫病防控的信息化管理程度,对动物疫病防控工作向科学化、信息化、精准化发展具有重要作用。论文就动物疫病防控信息化建设与发展概况进行了介绍。

文化教育类校外培训机构传染病防控能力评价指标体系构建

目的:构建文化教育类校外培训机构传染病防控能力评价指标体系,为相关部门提升传染病防控能力和开展管理工作提供参考依据。方法:在日常防控工作经验的基础上,结合既往文献研究和参考幼托机构、中小学校相关传染病管理要求,通过小组讨论和深入个人访谈等方法形成评价指标体系初步框架,通过两轮德尔菲法专家咨询对指标的重要性和可操作性进行判定。结果:邀请19名传染病防控领域专家开展两轮专家咨询,专家积极系数分别为1.00和0.95,专家权威系数为0.87,指标变异系数均<25%;第二轮专家咨询三级指标重要性协调系数为0.22,可操作性协调系数为0.27。从文化教育类校外培训机构基本情况、保障体系、日常防控措施、异常情况应对和防病检查指导5个维度,将机构资质、选址与规模、人员配备、设施设备、制度建设、物资配备、清洁与消毒、健康管理、缺课追踪、现场处置、登记与报告、复课管理和防病检查指导等各方面指标纳入评价指标体系,构建5个一级指标、14个二级指标、44个三级指标的评价指标体系。结论:构建的指标体系具有一定的科学性和合理性,可应用于文化教育类校外培训机构传染病防控能力的评价。

重大疫情防控中政社协同治理的理论与实践分析

介绍了政社协同治理的相关理论及其在突发公共卫生事件应对中的实践和进展;并从重大疫情防控具有复杂性风险治理属性,需要深入有效的社会动员机制,需要多部门合作提供社会服务三个方面分析了政社协同治理的必要性。政社协同治理存在如下现实困境:观念转变困难,政社协同的社会服务体系建设受现有体制抵制和干扰,以及社会服务需求和供给不匹配等。文章尝试提出对上述困境有所改进的政社协同治理模型;并建议进一步明确政社协同治理目标,重视总体规划,关注需求的个性化和回应性,以促进疫情防控活动中社会治理能力与治理体系现代化建设。

德州市居民2020年传染病防治素养水平及影响因素分析

目的 了解德州市居民2020年传染病防治素养水平并分析其影响因素,为针对性开展传染病防治健康教育工作提供参考。方法 采用分层多阶段随机抽样方法,抽取德州市11个监测点的15~69岁常住居民进行问卷调查。结果 德州市居民传染病防治素养水平为40.64%。其中,女性居民为40.25%,男性居民为41.07%;25~34岁年龄组最高(50.57%),65~69岁年龄组最低(33.87%)。多因素回归分析结果显示:年龄、婚姻状况、文化程度和职业是居民传染病防治素养水平的影响因素(P<0.05)。结论 德州市居民的传染防治素养水平较以往有所提高,但仍存在薄弱环节;下一步传染病健康教育工作应重点关注高龄、丧偶、低学历和农民群体。

传染病监测对预防和控制传染病的有效性研究

目的 本研究旨在探索和分析实行传染病监测在预防和控制传染病方面的有效性效果。方法 回顾性分析我区疾控中心在2019、2020、2021三个年度内的传染病暴发情况,基于信息报道系统中传染病报告病例的基础信息,对比不同年度所记录的传染病报告例数及其占比情况,同时观察传染病病例的分布情况。结果 2019年1月至2021年12月报告传染病共计3800例,其中2019年度记录传染病病例1753例,占比为46.13%(1753/3800);2020年度记录传染病病例1388例,占比为36.53%(1388/3800);2021年度记录传染病病例659例,占比为17.34%(659/3800)。由此可见,传染病报告例数呈逐年下降趋势,对比差异显著(P<0.05)。传染病病例的分布情况显示,手足口病(31.16%)和流感(30.76%)的占比相对较高,显著高于肺结核(15.79%)、感染性腹泻(12.29%)及流行性腮腺炎(10.00%),数据差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 对传染性疾病进行监测是预防和控制传染病的一种高效手段,能够很好地促进传染病预防和控制效果的提升。

我国托幼机构儿童传染病防控研究进展

儿童是传染病的高发群体,而托幼机构又是儿童发生传染病传播和流行的主要场所。传染病具有突发性、传染性、流行性和不可预见性等特点,一旦传染病在幼儿园暴发,将严重影响托幼机构的教学秩序,甚至进一步扩大形成某个地区乃至全国或全球的疾病,给孩子、家庭、社会造成较大的影响,成为全国乃至全球性的公共卫生问题。文章通过梳理我国托幼机构儿童传染病的流行现状和研究进展,分别从病原体检测手段、防控法律制度和协同防控体系现状与存在的不足来阐述我国在托幼机构儿童传染病防治研究方面取得的进展,旨在对我国新时期托幼机构儿童传染病防控工作提供参考。

雾化疫苗研究进展

近年来,随着黏膜疫苗及免疫技术的不断发展,针对呼吸道疾病免疫预防的雾化疫苗及相应雾化吸入免疫技术的报道与应用逐渐增多。雾化疫苗是通过雾化装置将液态和固态免疫原制成雾滴或气溶胶颗粒,以喷雾免疫或气溶胶免疫的形式进入人与动物呼吸道及肺部,并诱导机体产生保护性应答的疫苗。雾化免疫能更好地诱导黏膜免疫应答,同时避免了注射带来的疾病传播风险和疼痛。20世纪50年代鸡新城疫疫苗的喷雾免疫研究拉开了动物呼吸道免疫的序幕,随后开展了鸡传染性支气管炎疫苗的喷雾接种,目前很多禽用疫苗的喷雾免疫已被广泛使用。猪用疫苗的气溶胶免疫研究起步较晚,难度也更大。20世纪70年代末以来,逐步在猪瘟疫苗、猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌疫苗及猪支原体肺炎疫苗上开展相应的气溶胶免疫研究。相比动物疫苗,人用疫苗的气溶胶免疫研究报道更多,主要集中在麻疹疫苗、结核疫苗和流感疫苗。2019年以来,新型冠状病毒肺炎疫苗的气溶胶免疫快速发展,目前在中国已被批准紧急使用。笔者就动物用及人用雾化疫苗研究现状进行系统陈述,总结分析了各类雾化疫苗的理化参数、安全性、体内趋向性、肺脏局部免疫应答、免疫接种效果,并提出未来在疫苗剂型与组份、雾化发生装置、雾化过程质控、免疫程序与效果评价等方面的研究需求。本综述可为后续相应的呼吸道黏膜疫苗研发提供参考。

基于PPRR理论的精神专科医院传染病防控能力评价指标体系构建

目的构建精神专科医院传染病防控能力评价指标,为提升精神专科医院传染病防控能力建设提供参考依据。方法基于PPRR危机管理理论,综合运用文献法、半结构式访谈法、德尔菲法、层次分析法构建精神专科医院传染病防控能力评价指标体系。结果经过2轮专家函询,专家咨询积极系数均为100%,专家平均权威系数为0.88,协调系数较好,构建了一套包括4个一级指标,20个二级指标,85个三级指标的精神专科医院传染病防控能力评价指标体系,经层次法分析各级评价指标均符合一致性检验要求。结论该评价指标体系有一定的科学性和可靠性,为精神专科医院传染病防控提供了可行性标准。

新型隐球菌尿路感染合并血流感染1例并文献复习

目的分析总结新型隐球菌尿路感染合并血流感染的途径和临床特征,为临床对新型隐球菌感染病例的诊疗提供借鉴。方法回顾性分析1例新型隐球菌尿路感染合并血流感染病例,并分别以“Cryptococcus neoformans”“Cryptococcal neoformans infection”“新型隐球菌”“新型隐球菌感染”为关键词,检索1965—2023年外文PubMed数据库、中文万方数据知识服务平台以及中国知网数据库中相关文献。结合文献报道,总结新型隐球菌感染的诊疗线索及方法。结果中文数据库未见新型隐球菌尿路感染病例报道,有外文文献回顾调查了1992—2003年新型隐球菌中段尿培养阳性的16名患者情况。其中,15例患有HIV感染、糖尿病、高血压或系统性红斑狼疮等基础疾病;9例患者接受了抗真菌治疗,其余7例患者在治疗前被误诊或死亡,病死率为64%;13例有新型隐球菌播散性感染的表现,其余3例表现为单一性尿路感染;16例患者尿培养均检出新型隐球菌,其中2例(占13%)尿常规提示酵母菌阳性、12例尿蛋白阳性(75%)、5例为脓尿(31%)。本例患者在入院当日尿常规检测中提示酵母菌阳性,并先后在中段尿培养和血培养中检出新型隐球菌,给予氟康唑等抗感染治疗,最终患者出现感染性休克和多器官衰竭而死亡。结论新型隐球菌引起尿路感染的病例极罕见,尿路创伤受损可能是主要危险因素。尿中检出新型隐球菌可能是播散性隐球菌病的一个潜在的早期指标,临床应提高对该菌致尿路感染的认识,及早进行相关监测及治疗,以改善预后,提高生存率。