Normal Reference Value of Red Blood Cell Count of Chinese Presenile Men and Geographical Factors

This paper aims at providing a scientific basis for unifying the normal reference value standards of red blood cell count of Chinese presenile men. The paper, using microscopical counting method, studies the relationship between the normal reference values of 38,061 samples of red blood cell count of presenile men and eight geographical factors in 297 units in China. It is found that the correlation of geographical factors and the normal reference value of red blood cell count of presenile men is quite significant （F=303.00, P=-0.000）. By using the method of stepwise regression analysis, one regression equation is inferred. It is concluded that if geographical data are obtained in a certain area, the normal reference value of red blood cell count of presenile men in this area can be reckoned by using the regression analysis. Furthermore, according to the geographical factors, China can be divided into eight regions： Northeast China Region, North China Region, Shanxi-Shaanxi-Irmer Mongolia Region, Middle and Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River Region, Southeast China Region, Northwest China Region, Southwest China Region and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Region.

Normal reference value of forced vital capacity of Chinese younger women and geographical factors

Objective To supply a scientific basis for standardizing the normal reference value of forced vital capacity(FVC)of Chinese younger women.Methods We studied the relationship between the normal reference value of 21767 samples of FVC of younger women and eight geographical factors in 157 areas in China.Results It was found that the correlation between geographical factors and the normal reference value of FVC of younger women was quite significant(F=5.884,P=0.000).By adopting the method of mathematical regression analysis,one regression equation was inferred:=3.146+0.00006919X1+0.01315X4-0.006966X6+0.09524X8±0.254.In the above equation,is the normal reference value of younger women’ FVC(L);X1 is the altitude(m);X4 is the annual mean air temperature(℃);X6 is the annual mean relative humidity(%);X8 is the annual mean wind speed(m/s);0.254 is the value of the residual standard deviation.Conclusion If geographical values are obtained in a certain area,the normal reference value of FVC of younger women in this area can be obtained by using the regression equation.Furthermore,according to the geographical factors,China can be divided into eight regions:Northeast China Region,North China Region,Shanxi-Shaanxi-Inner Mongolia Region,middle and lower reaches of the Yangzte River Region,Southeast China Region,Northwest China Region,Southwest China Region,and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Region.

Defining laboratory reference values and decision limits＇ populations, intervals, and interpretations

This article provides a brief overview of various approaches that may be utilized for the analysis of human semen test results. Reference intervals are the most widely used tool for the interpretation of clinical laboratory results. Reference interval development has classically relied on concepts elaborated by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry Expert Panel on Reference Values during the 1980s. These guidelines involve obtaining and classifying samples from a healthy population of at least 120 individuals and then identifying the outermost 5% of observations to use in defining limits for two-sided or one-sided reference intervals. More recently, decision limits based on epidemiological outcome analysis have also been introduced to aid in test interpretation. The reference population must be carefully defined on the basis of the intended clinical use of the underlying test. To determine appropriate reference intervals for use in male fertility assessment, a reference population of men with documented time to pregnancy of 〈 12 months would be most suitable. However, for epidemiological assessment of semen testing results, a reference population made up ofunselected healthy men would be preferred. Although reference and decision limits derived for individual semen analysis test results will undoubtedly be the interpretational tools of choice in the near future, in the long term, multivariate methods for the interpretation of semen analysis alone or in combination with information from the female partner seem to represent better means for assessing the likelihood of achieving a successful pregnancy in a subfertile couple.

Normal reference value of hemoglobin of young women and geographical factors in China

A research is conducted on the relationship between the normal reference value of 20,475 examples of hemoglobin of young women and five geographical factors in 208 areas in China, the normal reference value is determined by the hemoglobincyanide method. It is found that the correlation of geographical factors and the normal reference value of hemoglobin of young women are quite significant (F=142.81). By using the method of multiple linear regression analysis, one regression equation is inferred. If geographical values are obtained in some areas, the normal reference value of hemoglobin of young women of this area can be reckoned by using the regression equation. Furthermore, depending on the geographical factors, China can be divided into six regions: Qinghai-Tibet (Qingzang) Plateau, Southwest, Northwest, Southeast, North and Northeast China.

Estimation of Reference Values for PFOS and PFOA in Human Biomonitoring and Relevance of Exposure among Family Members in China

The reference values of serum perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) concentrations were evaluated based on the human blood samples collected from Kashi, Xinjiang. And human serum samples of family members from Liaoning were evaluated for levels of PFOS and PFOA with the purpose to compare exposure pathways for family members. Among the 110 blood specimens from Kashi, the detection frequency of PFOS and PFOA was 93% and 6%, respectively. Reference values of serum PFOS, evaluated as the 90th percentiles of the concentrations, were determined to be 6.44 μg/L. Significant positive correlations were observed for serum levels of PFOS and PFOA among family members in Liaoning. Specially, stronger correlation between mother and offspring was observed than that between father and offspring. And stronger correlation of serum PFOS and PFOA levels was observed among fam- ily members in rural areas than those in big and small-medium cities. Difference in the association of serum PFOS and PFOA level among family members suggested that exposure in the outdoor and working environment of different oc- cupations should be evaluated. Present study provides reference values for exposure assessment in China and potential pathways of human exposure to PFOS and PFOA.

Refining the Reference Values of Diers 4D Formetric System and Introducing a Qualitative Spine Profile Based on Percentile Ranking

Background: In order to detect possible abnormalities of the spine posture of an individual patient, it is mandatory to dispose of adequate reference values based on measurements in a normal, symptom-free population. The Diers formetric?system allows for non-invasive and accurate assessment of the vertebral column based on the registration of external aspect of the back surface using the Moiré principle. Objective: To create a qualitative spine profile based on the percentile ranking of measurements obtained by the Diers formetric system taking into account possible confounding factors. Materials and Methods: Statistical analysis of formetric recordings in 216 symptom-free volunteers. Results: Maximal kyphotic angle, maximal scoliotic angle, sagittal imbalance, flèche cervicale, and pelvic inclination are significantly influenced by gender and by body mass index (BMI). A synoptic chart was created presenting the percentile ranking taking into account gender and BMI. The percentile ranking was summarized in both a table with colour code and depicted in a histogram of the individual’s Qualitative Spine Profile (QSP). Clinical Significance: Percentile ranking and the Quantitative Spine Profile taking into account gender and BMI should permit a more precise and reliable assessment of possible posture deviations related to the patient’s complaints, and may assist the therapist in selecting the best mode of treatment.

Relationship between reference value (Wintrobe) of Chinese people's erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and geographical factors

In order to provide a scientific basis for laying out a unified standard of the reference value (Wintrobe) of Chinese people's erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). this paper studies the relationship between the reference values (Wintrobe) of Chinese healthy people's ESR, and the test is done according to the Wintrobe Laws and five geographical factors. It is found that the altitude is the modt important factor affecting the reference value (Wintrobe) of Chinese people's ESR. As altitude increases gradually, the reference value (Wintrobe) of people's ESR decreases accordingly, the correlation is quite obvious. By using the method of regression analysis, two multivariate regression equations and ten univariate regression equations are deduced If the geographical index values in a particular area are known, the reference value (Wintrobe) of Chinese people's ESR of this region can be established by means of the regression equations. Furthermore, according to the dependent relationship of the reference value (Wintrobe) of Chinese people's ESR on geographical factors.China can be divided into sin districts: Qinghai-Tibet, Southwest. Northwest. Southeast, North and Northeast China.

Plasma reference value of heart-type fatty acid-binding protein, the earliest available plasma biomarker of acute myocardial infarction

More rapid triaging of patients suspected for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is needed to facilitate early initiation of appropriate therapy in patients with AMI and to exclude low-risk patients who can safely be sent home. Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) is established to be the earliest available plasma marker for AMI diagnosis. There is a paucity of data on circulating levels of H-FABP in the general population. In this study we applied a H-FABP immunoassay with improved analytical performance to assess plasma H-FABP reference values in a relatively large group (n = 443) of healthy subjects aged 18-69 y. Mean (±SD) plasma H-FABP concentration was 1.7 ± 0.9 ng/mL, with somewhat higher values found in males than in females. Plasma H-FABP also increases with age, as previously reported. The 99th centile was obtained for subjects aged 41-69 years and amounted to 5.6 ng/mL.

Absolute Reference Values of the Real Gas

With his publication in 1873 [1] J. W. Gibbs formulated the thermodynamic theory. It describes almost all macroscopically observed properties of matter and could also describe all phenomena if only the free energy U - ST were explicitly known numerically. The thermodynamic uniqueness of the free energy obviously depends on that of the internal energy U and the entropy S, which in both cases Gibbs had been unable to specify. This uncertainty, lasting more than 100 years, was not eliminated either by Nernst’s hypothesis S = 0 at T = 0. This was not achieved till the advent of additional proof of the thermodynamic relation U = 0 at T = Tc. It is noteworthy that from purely thermodynamic consideration of intensive and extensive quantities it is possible to derive both Gibbs’s formulations of entropy and internal energy and their now established absolute reference values. Further proofs of the vanishing value of the internal energy at the critical point emanate from the fact that in the case of the saturated fluid both the internal energy and its phase-specific components can be represented as functions of the evaporation energy. Combining the differential expressions in Gibbs’s equation for the internal energy, d(μ/T)/d(1/T) and d(p/T)/d(1/T), to a new variable d(μ/T)/d(p/T) leads to a volume equation with the lower limit vc as boundary condition. By means of a variable transformation one obtains a functional equation for the sum of two dimensionless variables, each of them being related to an identical form of local interaction forces between fluid particles, but the different particle densities in the vapor and liquid spaces produce different interaction effects. The same functional equation also appears in another context relating to the internal energy. The solution of this equation can be given in analytic form and has been published [2] [3]. Using the solutions emerging in different sets of problems, one can calculate absolutely the internal energy as a function of temperature-dependent, phase-specific volumes and vapor pressure.

Hematological reference values and animal welfare parameters of BALB/C-FMABC (Mus musculus) inoculated with Ehrlich tumor kept in the vivarium at ABC Medical School

Background:Biochemical and hematological parameters are important tools for assessing the physiological profile of vital organs,and can be recorded to create reference values used for clinical diagnosis of diseases.Many research laboratories lack the means to establish their own set of reference parameters for use in their research,and while there are articles in the literature that discuss laboratory parameters for healthy BALB/c mice,few studies address the evaluation of these parameters in pathological situations,such as in mice inoculated with Ehrlich tumor.Method:BALB/c-FMABC mice previously inoculated with Ehrlich tumor were maintained under appropriate conditions.Blood samples were taken for analysis of hematological parameters using automated and semi-automated equipment to create a set of the animal welfare parameters for evaluation.Result:Results were obtained for all the hematological parameters for all groups analyzed.These showed:statistically significant differences between the initial and final tumor weight;comparable initial tumour volume and weight;an increase in leukocytes in the 7-day group with a characteristic predominance of lymphocytes and neutrophils;statistically significant changes in RDW in the 21-day group and in the welfare parameters in the 28-day group.Conclusion:The study successfully defined and established reference values for hematological and welfare parameters for all groups analyzed.

FVC and FEV Reference Values for Beninese Individuals Aged 17 - 20 Years

Background: 1) To determine forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV) for Beninese individuals of both sexes aged 17 - 20 years;2) Compare the observed values to those calculated based on the algorithms of the spirometer used. Materials and Methods: The FVC and FEV values were first measured using a Micro Quark spirometer and then calculated from equations for the European Respiratory Society-93 (ERS-93) in 148 subjects, including 46 girls. In each age group, the measured values for the height of the subjects were considered the only variables used to calculate the equations for FVC and FEV with their 95% confidence intervals. The means of the FEV and FVC values were obtained by univariate analysis. Results: The calculated FEV and FVC values were significantly higher (p Conclusion: The correction factors incorporated in spirometers imported from Europe no longer seem appropriate to measure the physical characteristics of African subjects. The differences between the two methods of assessment should be used as new ethnic correction factors.

The Reference Value for Biomonitoring in Chemicals Risk Area in Thailand

The workers’biological standard value(WBSV)is generally used to assess chemicals health risks in community.It may cause the deviate biomonitoring.Therefore,this study was aimed to set the pilot reference value for exposed people to chemicals.The study was divided into three phases:the two phases for field-study method and one phase for stakeholder’s adoption.Phase I was proceeded in one industrial zone in Thailand during the years 2012-2014 to collect blood and urine samples of 402 working-age people in community accompanied with in-depth interview.The 4 heavy metals(arsenic,cadmium,lead,mercury)in blood and urine were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy(AAS)analysis and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS).The metabolites of 4 volatile organic compounds(VOCs,benzene,toluene,styrene,xylenes)in urine were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)analysis.The 8 chemicals concentrations of the volunteers’average chemicals concentration(VACC)were calculated.Phase II was proceeded during the years 2015-2016 to compare risk group identification between usage of VACC and usage of WBSV.The results were presented in mean value,standard deviation,percentage,and significant.The results showed approximately 90 percent of VACCs were lower than WBSV.The exceptional result was volunteers’average urinary arsenic concentration.It was clearly higher than WBSV.The comparative results showed the adjusted amount of risk people by VACC was higher than the adjusted amount risk people by WBSV.Phase III was proceeded in the year 2017 for stakeholder’s adoption.This study indicated that general people’s average chemicals concentration should be used as the reference value for biomonitoring and active health surveillance.

Normal sperm head morphometric reference values in fertile Asian males

Sperm head morphology is crucial for male factor infertility diagnosis and assessment of male reproductive potential.Severalcriteria are available to analyze sperm head morphology,but they are limited by poor methodology comparability and populationapplicability.This study aimed to explore comprehensive and new normal morphometric reference values for spermatozoa heads infertile Asian males.An automated sperm morphology analysis system captured 23152 stained spermatozoa from confirmed fertilemales.Of these samples,1856 sperm head images were annotated by three experienced laboratory technicians as“normal”.Weemployed 14 novel morphometric features to describe sperm head size(head length,head width,length/width ratio,and girth),shape(ellipse intersection over union,girth intersection over union,short-axis symmetry,and long-axis symmetry),area(head,acrosome,postacrosomal areas,and acrosome area ratio),and degrees of acrosome and nuclear uniformity.This straight-forwardmethod for the morphometric analysis of sperm by accurate visual measurements is clinically applicable.The measured parameterspresent valuable information to establish morphometric reference intervals for normal sperm heads in fertile Asian males.Thepresented detailed measurement data will be valuable for interlaboratory comparisons and technician training.In vitro fertilizationand andrology laboratory technicians can use these parameters to perform objective morphology evaluation when assessing malefertilization potential.

Reference values of gait parameters in healthy Chinese university students: A cross-sectional observational study

BACKGROUND Gait is influenced by race,age,and diseases type.Reference values for gait are closely related to numerous health outcomes.To gain a comprehensive understanding of gait patterns,particularly in relation to race-related pathologies and disorders,it is crucial to establish reference values for gait in daily life considering sex and age.Therefore,our objective was to present sex and age-based reference values for gait in daily life,providing a valuable foundation for further research and clinical applications.AIM To establish reference values for lower extremity joint kinematics and kinetics during gait in asymptomatic adult women and men.METHODS Spatiotemporal,kinematics and kinetics parameters were measured in 171 healthy adults(70 males and 101 females)using the computer-aided soft tissue foot model.Full curve statistical parametric mapping was performed using independent and paired-samples t-tests.RESULTS Compared with females,males required more time(cycle time,double-limb support time,stance time,swing time,and stride time),and the differences were statistically significant.In addition,the step and stride lengths of males were longer.Compared to males,female cadence was faster,and statures-per-second and stride-per-minute were higher.There were no statistical differences in speed and stride width between the two groups.After adjusting for height,it was observed that women walked significantly faster than men,and they also had a higher cadence.However,in terms of step length,stride length,and stride width,both genders exhibited similarities.CONCLUSION We established reference values for gait speed and spatiotemporal gait parameters in Chinese university students.This contributes to a valuable database for gait assessment and evaluation of preventive or rehabilitative programs.

Reference Interval of Thyroidal Function of Women in the Early,Middle and Late Pregnancy in Jingzhou City,Hubei Province

[Objectives]To study the reference value of thyroid function in healthy women of childbearing age during different pregnancies(early,middle and late pregnancy)in Jingzhou City.[Methods]362 healthy women of childbearing age during different pregnancies(early,middle and late pregnancy)were selected as the study group,and 360 non-pregnant women were selected as the control group.Serum thyroid hormone levels in the two groups were detected,and the reference value was expressed as the median(M)and 95%confidence interval(CI).On this basis,the chart of changing trend of thyroid hormone in the early,middle and late pregnancy were plotted.[Results]Compared with the control group,FT3,TT4,TT3,FT4and TSH in the early,middle and late pregnancy were significantly different in the study group(P<0.05).In the study group,there were significant differences in the early,middle and late pregnancy(P<0.05).[Conclusions]This trend chart has certain reference value in the screening,diagnosis and treatment of thyroid diseases in healthy women of childbearing age during different pregnancies(early,middle and late pregnancy)in Jingzhou City of Hubei Province.

VALIDITY OF SPIROMETRIC REFERENCE VALUES FOR HEALTHY ADULTS IN SHANGHAI

Objective To evaluate the validity of current spirometric reference values for healthy adults in Shanghai.Methods Healthy non-smoking adults without respiratory diseases were randomly enrolled in the study.Gender,age,standing height,body weight and spirometric parameters were obtained.The parameters were compared with reference values from current prediction equations with or without conversion factors.Results A total of 127 healthy adults (60 males and 67 females) aged 18-57 years participated in the study.In the study,pulmonary function parameters of healthy adults,especially of female adults were higher than predicted values,according to prediction equations from Chinese subjects in Shanghai.There were discrepancies between measuring values and reference values from foreign prediction equations with or without conversion factors.Conclusion Spirometric parameters of healthy adults,especially female population in Shanghai might be underestimated by present reference values from Chinese subjects.Foreign reference values and their conversion factors are not able to match measuring values.Validity of spirometric reference values for adults in Shanghai should be reassessed.

International tidal gravity reference values at Wuhan station

The international tidal gravity reference values at Wuhan station are determined accurately based on the comprehensive analysis of the tidal gravity observations obtained from 8 instruments. By comparing these with those in the tidal models given by Dehant (1997) while considering simultaneously (i) the global satellite altimeters tidal data, and (ii) the Schwiderski global tidal data and the local ones along the coast of China, it is found that the average discrepancy of the amplitude factors and of the phase differences for four main waves are given as 5.2% and 3.6% and as 0.16?and 0.08?respectively. They are improved evidently compared to those determined in early stage, indicating the important procedures in improving the Wuhan international tidal gravity reference values when including the long-series observations obtained with a superconducting gravimeter, and when considering the influence of the ocean loading and of the nearly daily free wobble of the Earth’s core.

Reference value of old people's hematocrit and geographical factors

This paper is written in order to provide a scientific basis for a unified standard of the reference value of Chinese healthy old people's hematocrit. It studies the relationship between the reference values of healthy old people's hematocrit, tested according to the Wintrobe Laws and five geographical factors. It is found that the altitude is the most important factor affecting the reference value of old people's hematocrit. As the altitude gradually increases, the reference value of their hematocrit also increases, the relationship is quite significant. By using the method of stepwise regression analysis, two multivariate regression equations are deduced:1=50.2+0.00248X1-0.0534X3-0.388X4+0.00383X5±2.2, 2=44.5+0.00231X1-0.0600X3-0.260X4+0.00341X5±2.1. If the geographical index values in a particular area in China are known, the reference value of old people's hematocrit in this area can be established by means of the regression equations. Furthermore, according to the dependent relationship of the reference value of old people's hematocrit on geographical factors, China can be divided into six regions: Qinghai-Tibet, Plateau, Southwest, Northwest, Southeast, North and Northeast.

Reference values for selected hematological, biochemical and physiological parameters of Sprague‐Dawley rats at the Animal House, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo,Sri Lanka

Background: Lack of available reference values in a research setting under local conditions can be a drawback for beginners, as the accuracy of data from control samples cannot be checked at the beginning of a research project. This affects comparisons with data from test samples. To avoid these complications in their research projects,beginners tend to have a greater number of animals in the control group compared to test groups in order to have control group measurements within 2 SDs of the mean.Methods: As non-availability of reference values was a long-felt need, the described project was conducted in order to establish a reference database for selected haematological, biochemical and physiological parameters using apparently healthy Sprague-Dawley rats bred in the Animal House of Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo(UCFM).Results: Differences in mean values of packed cell volume(PCV), mean corpuscular volume(MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration(MCHC), serum creatinine and blood glucose levels between the two genders were statistically significant. Lipid profile measurements did not differ significantly between genders, but mean and median values of triglycerides(TG) between male and female rats showed a difference of more than 10 mg/dL. The liver enzymes alkaline phosphatase(AP)and aspartate aminotransferase(AST) were also statistically significantly different between sexes. Despite wide variation in mean alanine aminotransferase(ALT)between sexes, the difference was not statistically significant.Conclusion: The findings of this project should support to a certain extent the"Reduction" aspect of the 3 Rs concept of Russell and Burch by reducing the number of Sprague-Dawley rats used in future research projects at UCFM.

精子线粒体膜电位作为综合评估男性生育能力指标的初探

目的本研究旨在探讨精子线粒体膜电位(MMP)与精液常规、精子形态学以及精子DNA碎片指数(DFI)之间的关联,以及MMP对于临床评估和预测男性生育能力的价值。方法选择2023年4—7月于江苏省中医院男科进行孕前优生检查、生育咨询以及不育症治疗的患者的精液标本为研究对象,按照世界卫生组织(WHO)第5版标准进行精液常规和精子形态学分析,并通过流式细胞术检测精子DFI和MMP。根据不同精液质量分为两组:精液质量各项指标均正常,即精液量>2 ml、pH值7.2~7.8、精子浓度≥15×106/ml,精子前向运动(PR)≥32%、精子形态正常率≥4%、DFI<30%为精液质量正常组(n=57);PR<32%、精子形态正常率<4%、DFI≥30%为精液质量异常组(n=67),比较两组精液质量各项参数;采用Spearman相关性分析,分析MMP与精子浓度、PR、精子形态正常率以及DFI之间的关系;绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC),分析MMP对于临床评估男性生育能力的价值。结果两组间平均年龄、精液量比较均无显著差异(P>0.05),精液质量正常组精子浓度、PR、精子形态正常率、MMP显著高于精液质量异常组(P<0.05),DFI显著低于精液质量异常组(P<0.05);Spearman相关性分析结果显示,MMP与精液量无明显相关性(r=-0.065,P=0.475),与精子浓度(r=0.396,P<0.001)、PR(r=0.471,P<0.001)、精子形态正常率(r=0.468,P<0.001)呈显著正相关,与DFI(r=-0.701,P<0.001)呈显著负相关;ROC分析结果显示,MMP对精液质量整体水平预测的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.891,敏感度87.5%,特异性83.3%,截断值53.69%;MMP对精子浓度预测的AUC为0.787,敏感度82.0%,特异性69.2%,截断值43.97%;MMP对PR预测的AUC为0.741,敏感度65.7%,特异性84.2%,截断值56.33%;MMP对精子形态正常率预测的AUC为0.733,敏感度71.1%,特异性69.1%,截断值56.63%;MMP对DFI预测的AUC为0.809,敏感度89.5%,特异性72.1%,截断值54.78%。结论精子MMP与精子浓度、PR、精子形态正常率呈显著正相关,与DFI呈显著负相关。与各单项精液指标相比,MMP能更全面地反映精子能量代谢和凋亡,推荐将MMP 54%作为全面评估和预测男性生育能力的参考值下限。