Peri-urban Development:Discussion with Land Use Zoning,Statutory Provision,and Issues inside Katahari Rural Municipality,Nepal

The peri-urban area is a transitional zone between the city and its hinterlands characterized by mixed land use and intensive flows of resources,people,goods,and services from and to the city center.These zones are generally misguided and haphazardly developed without a proper planning framework.The peri-urban area at present will be the urban area in the future;therefore,it needs planning intervention in its initial stage of growth.Katahari,a peri-urban area of Biratnagar metropolitan city,is developing a spontaneous lack of land use plans.Recently,the Government of Nepal has encouraged the local government to implement land use plans in the provided framework,policy,and guidelines.This study,in this context,attempts to analyze and identify land use issues and potential zones for Katahari rural municipality that also supports planning urban development in the future.The study is based on primary and secondary data and information supported by maps and figures.It is concluded that Katahari has been developed as a multi-function center adjoining the Biratnagar metropolitan city,and future expansion of the city will cover a wide range of rural municipalities.The postal highway that passes through it has attracted a wide range of urban functions.Agriculture,residential,commercial,and industrial are the main land use category at present and needs development control through providing land use zoning and related planning instruments through the increasing role of the stakeholder and the government agencies in the decision-making processes and implementation of spatial development frameworks to regulate peri-urban development in the area which will guide the future planning for liability,economic viability,social inclusion,and environmental sustainability in the area.Spill-over development activities of Biratnagar,have increased the number of economic activities,population growth,and mixed-use development.

Marginalization of Arable Land and its Correlation with Rural Labor Migration——A Case of Tongcheng County,Hubei Province,China

Based on the introduction of the connotation of marginalization,the index of diagnosing the marginalization degree is put forward.According to the 685 copies of questionnaires on peasant households in Tongcheng County of Hubei Province and the statistical data of local government,marginalization of arable land and its correlation with rural labor migration in Tongcheng County are studied by using aggregative indicator method,clustering analysis method and correlation analysis method.Result shows that marginalization of arable land has happened two times in Tongcheng County since 1985.Dry land has severer marginalization degree than paddy field.There is significant correlation between marginalization degree of arable land and rural labor migration;and the correlation between marginalization degree and rural labor migration in paddy field is greater than that in dry land.Marginalization of arable land will advance the rural labor migration,while in response to the poor current circulation of lands;the rural labor migration will further deepen the marginalization degree.Marginalization of arable land is one of the important factors affecting the labor migration in rural areas.

Comparative Analysis of Influence Factors on Arable Land Use Intensity at Farm Household Level:A Case Study Comparing Suyu District of Suqian City and Taixing City,Jiangsu Province,China

Using data from the farm household survey conducted in 2009,arable land use intensity(ALUI)and its influence factors at farm household level were investigated by the Tobit model.Suyu District of Suqian City and Taixing City of Jiansu Province,China were chosen as the regions for comparison.The results show that:1)On the average, the ALUI,labor intensity,yield-increasing input,and labor-saving input are 15 238.14 yuan(RMB)/ha,192 d/ha, 7233.01 yuan/ha,and 2451.32 yuan/ha in the less economically developed Suyu District,and 13 020.65 yuan/ha,181 d/ha,5871.82 yuan/ha,and 2625.97 yuan/ha in more economically developed Taixing City.The figures indicate that Suyu District has higher ALUI and labor intensity input but lower labor-saving input.2)Comparing all the influence factors,the total arable land area in available and average plot size have bigger effects on arable land intensive use;to a small degree,family′s non-farm income affects labor intensity,yield-increasing input,and labor-saving input;the yield-increasing input decreases significantly when the householder has higher education attainment;the commercialization rates of agricultural products and the planting proportion of cash crops both have unstable influence on ALUI; the share of arable land rented in has few impacts on labor intensity,yield-increasing input,and labor-saving input. 3)There are no differences found in the internal impact mechanism of influence factors on the arable land intensive use behaviors of farm households.However,there are conspicuous disparities in the impact degrees and statistical significance based on varying economic levels.4)Using the results as bases,this study proposes that the government should implement land management and agricultural policies according to local condition.And these policies should decrease land fragmentation to promote scale management of land and arable land use intensification.

Impact of Labor Transfer on Agricultural Land Use Conversion at Rural Household Level Based on Logit Model

Since land and labor force are primary resources to be used and controlled by rural households, the allocation of labor forces will influence land uses, and further lead to land use conversion. The present study used the Binary Logit model to investigate the influence of labor force transfer, characteristics of rural households, location, and land market on agricultural land use conversion at rural household level. This study was conducted based on 329 valid questionnaires, which were obtained in Changshu, Rudong, and Tongshan counties, respectively representing the southern, middle and northern areas of Jiangsu Province. The results showed that land market participation, location, zonal difference and labor transfer had strong influences on agricultural land use conversion. The participation of land market had a strong positive effect on land use conversion, especially for the farmland converted to the fishpond. The nearer to the county seat, the more conversion of land use occurred. Particularly, the labor force transfer caused by wage employment decreased this conversion probability, while the labor transfer caused by self-employment led to more conversion; and the increasing of income from labor transfer increased the conversion. Moreover, land use con- versions demonstrated zonal difference, which were more in Rudong and Changshu counties than in Tongshan County, and the factors influencing this conversion were different in the three regions.

Impacts of the Rising Opportunity Cost of Farm Labor on Agricultural Land Use Structure: Theory and Empirical Evidences

Nowadays the rising of opportunity cost of farm labor comes to the forefront of attention in China. In order to understand its impact on agricultural land-use structure, a theoretical framework of household economics is formulated drawn on Low's model. Under the theoretical framework, the impact of the rising opportunity cost of on-farm on cropping structure is deduced in theory. And then, using statistic and survey data, taking mountain area of southern Ningxia as an example, the theoretical assumes are verified. The results show that the rise of opportunity cost of farm labor leads to less diversified cropping structure.

Permanent Grasslands in an Anthropogenically Burdened Region,and Their Contribution to Sustainable Development

The landscape of the northern part of the Czech Republic (the Chomutov, Most, Teplice and ústí nad Labem districts) has long been burdened by the surface mining of brown coal. Within the reclamation and restoration processes, the anthropogenic formations which were created have been successfully integrated into the surrounding landscape. One of the important regional elements which have been utilized during the regeneration is permanent grasslands (PGL). They are of considerable importance not only for cattle grazing, but also for the preservation of the region’s biodiversity and protection of the soil. The contribution deals with the production and non-production functions of permanent grasslands in the landscape, and their significance within the scope of the permanently sustainable development of an anthropogenically burdened region. Permanent grasslands are part of the agricultural landscape, but their significance is multifunctional, because they not only provide an environment for cattle grazing, but also protect soil, the nutrient cycle and the microclimate, and preserve biodiversity. At the same time, the article analyzes in detail the development of this vegetation in the area of interest-Northern Bohemia. During the period of the greatest mining boom (1967-1990), its rapid decrease-by as much as 4500 ha-was recorded in some areas. Since the year 1990, there has been a significant growth in the most damaged areas. At present, the development of PGLs has stabilized.

Developing the Commons: Models of Rural Land Trust in China

In recent years,experiments on land trusts(xin tuo)have been made in the rural areas of China.To better understand such practice,this research identifies four case studies based on their operational structures and divides them into government-led models and market-led models.The government-led models include the Yiyang Model in Hunan Province,and the Longgang Model in Hubei Province.The market-led models include the Suzhou Model in Anhui Province,and the Golden Field Series Model in Jiangsu Province.This paper compares their profit-sharing mechanisms with specific attention given to the incentives for the villagers.Findings suggest that the villagers’profits are limited in both models.The government-led models concern less about profits but more on reusing the desolated agricultural land.The market-led models are profit-driven therefore tend to exclude the villagers from the profit-sharing process.

Discussion on Green Development of Fenlong for Yield Increase, Quality Enhancing, Water Retaining and Multiple Use of Natural Resources

Fenlong green ecological agriculture technology （Fenlong technology）, a new smash ridging farming method developed by Guangxi Academy of Agdcultural Sciences, has been elected as the recommended cultivation technique by the Ministry of Agriculture of China. It replaces the traditional plowshare with spiral drill, and its tilth depth is twice deeper than that by tractor tilthing. It also extends soil nutrient, moisture, oxygen and microorganism, the so-called ＂Four pools＂. Soil nutrient, oxygen, microorganism, light and rainfall use ratio is increased by 10%-100%, creating a platform for natural increase of more than 10% of crop yield. Its application to over 20 kinds of crops in 21 provinces has proved that the yield increases 10-30% with quality enhancing 5% and double water retaining capacity but no more input. When the application area of Fenlong could reach 67 million hm2, the amount of fertilizer can be reduced by 40-50 billion kg, saving 120-150 billion Yuan. In this paper, we put forward the strategy of ＂4＋1＂ （arable, saline-alkali soil, grasslands, Sponge City ＋ rivers） green development in China, and deepened the Fenlong cultivated tilled layer from 16.5 cm to 35 cm for 67 million hm2 arable land, ridged 13.3 million hm2 of saline-alkali soil for 35 cm, and also 35 cm for 67 million hm2 degraded steppe, which could have the following 3 effects： first, the 147 million hm2 of land with Fenlong cultivation could increase loosing soil to 315.491 billion m3, in＊ creasing by 159.26% for 120 million hm2 of arable land with the average tilled layer of 16.5 cm, which has loosing soil of only 198.1 billion m3, that is, the space of the land increases 1.6 times. Second, every hectare of plowland could store up to 450 m3/hm2 of natural rainfall, and the unused 60 m3 of saline-alkali soil and grasslands could store water of 102 billion m3, showing an increase of over 88.89% for the current plowland storage of 54 billion m3 at now, that is, double the natural rainfall storage capacity. Third, the two multiple increase of natural resources application can bring trillions of resource activation, environmental cleaning, food security, citizens, health, economic, ecological and social benefits, and makes the Chinese nation move forward in green development. Its application in ＂big scientific research＂ and ＂One Belt And One Road＂ will contribute Chinese strength to the world.

Development of center pivot irrigation farmlands from 2009 to 2018 in the Mu Us dune field,China:Implication for land use planning

The Mu Us dune field in China has become a focal region for research of the prevention and control of desertification.Agricultural practices in this area have been modernized in recent years,evidenced by the development of Center Pivot Irrigation(CPI)farmlands.However,the impacts of CPI farmlands on combating desertification remain poorly understood.This study chose the southeastern part of the Mu Us dune field as a study area to investigate the variations of CPI farmlands from 2009 to 2018 and the influencing factors.The results showed growth trends in both the number and the area of these CPI farmland units over the period.The areas of meso-and micro-scale CPI farmland units stabilized over time to mainly 0-0.2 km2 and 0.2-0.4 km2,respectively;Topography,temperature,and geological substratum were preliminarily identified as the major natural factors driving the development of the CPI farmlands.Within the context of varied stakeholders,the potential for soil erosion,and damage to natural vegetation,the current study suggests that strict management of CPI farmland is required through effective long-term planning and land-use policies.The results of this study can assist in realizing the sustainable development of agriculture and its ecological significance in dune field areas.

县域农业劳动人口密度与耕地质量的关联性

根据云南省易门县基础地理数据和相关统计数据,综合运用调查搜集法、数理统计分析法、3S技术等方法,分析易门县农业劳动人口密度和耕地利用质量等之间的关系。结果表明,各分等单元的农业劳动人口密度与耕地利用质量之间具有显著的正相关(α=0.01),以街道办事处、乡、镇为单位分析的结果也表明农业劳动人口密度与耕地利用质量之间具有显著的正相关(α=0.01)。这说明在同一耕地数量、自然条件的情况下,作用于耕地的农业劳动人口越多,耕地的利用质量越好。

农用生物炭研究进展与前景

生物炭以其良好的解剖结构和理化性质,广泛的材料来源和广阔的产业化发展前景,成为当今农业、能源与环境等领域的研究热点。本文综合分析、评述了生物炭在土壤、作物、农田生态系统等领域应用的主要研究进展及其未来保障中国粮食安全的重要意义,从低碳、循环、可持续视角,客观、辩证地探讨了生物炭在农业上的应用价值及其产业化发展前景。生物炭在修复土壤障碍,提升耕地生产性能和作物生产能力,促进农业可持续发展和保障国家粮食安全等方面具有重要现实意义和应用价值,本文结合中国国情,提出了进一步深入研究与开发生物炭产业的方向与建议,旨在为中国生物炭产业的健康发展提供参考。

Impacts of Part-time Farming on Agricultural Land Use in Ecologically-vulnerable Areas in North China

Part-time farming has been increasing steadily in China. It is currently the largest segment among all the farm sectors in the country. Based on rural household survey data in Taipusi County as a case site ofecologically-vulnerable areas in North China, we firstly classify farm households into four types according to the proportion of non-farm income in total income, and then compare their agricultural land use patterns to empirically examine the impacts of part-time farming on agricultural land use in this area. The results suggest that non-farming households rent out all their land and give up farming, and this satisfies the expectation of other households to expand land area. The crop planting structure was not significantly different among the households, which reflected the farmers＇ will to pursuit labor productivity. Part-time farming households invest more capital and materials than full-time faming households because the income derived from non-farm employment relaxes the financial constraint of households. However, the amount of labor input of part-time farming households tends to be less, and farming practices are dominated by the elderly, female and laborers withrelative low educations.Yields of crops and the benefit of agricultural land use incline to reduce, which suggest that the potential of land use productivity is more elastic to labor inputs than capital inputs in the study area.

人口与劳动力转移后贫困农村持续发展研究——以山西省北部右玉县农村典型调查为例

随着农村人口和劳动力大量向城镇转移,农村的人地关系得到调整,实际居住农民经营的耕地面积扩大、质量提高、养羊规模扩大,加上外出务工和财政补贴,农民收入较高。但是,农业生产辛苦,农村教育、医疗等基本社会服务缺失、农民生活条件差,青壮年农民依然缺乏返乡务农意愿。人地关系调整后,农业发展、农民增收和农村发展之间的分裂是农村需要继续面临的问题。

福建省“十一五”农业科技进步贡献率期望值分析

在农业生产过程中,科技进步是促进农业产值增长的一个重要因素.本文运用CD函数模型测算出"十五"期间福建省农业科技进步贡献率,进而分析得到现阶段福建省的农业经济增长方式,并在此基础上预测出"十一五"期间的农业科技进步贡献率,从而提出了相应的农业发展建议,以期实现福建省农业的可持续发展.

环洱海地区耕地与农业劳动力空间分布特征及其耦合关系

运用区域重心、地理集中度及不一致指数等模型,对环洱海地区1988年~2012年耕地与农业劳动力的空间分布与耦合关系进行分析。得出以下结论:随时间演进,耕地重心呈向西北为主、东南为辅的变动态势,而农业劳动力重心的阶段性变动明显,整体向西南偏移;25年间,耕地与农业劳动力重心的空间重叠性与变动一致性均大幅提高,两重心耦合态势日趋明显。海西地区耕地与农业劳动力地理集中度均远高于海东,洱海西岸、S221及G214沿线分别为耕地与农业劳动力的主次要集聚轴;自1988年以来,耕地向海西中北部集聚,而农业劳动力呈现出由分散转为集中的布局态势,整体上两者呈高度正向相关性;随时间演进,村域耕地与农业劳动力空间分布的协调度明显下降,依据不一致指数,可分为耕地优势集聚型、农业劳动力分布滞后型、耕地—农业劳动力空间协调型、耕地分布滞后型及农业劳动力优势集聚型五类村庄。

农村劳动力流失对农村经济发展的影响及对策

农村劳动力外流是一个长期趋势,金融危机也难阻止农民工外出的步伐。大量青壮年劳动力流失,带来耕地利用率下降、基础设施落后及空心村的形成、农业生产梯队"老龄化"等问题,影响到农业基础稳固和国家粮食安全。因此须及早采取措施,将人口流动与土地集中发展、农业规模化经营结合起来;采取吸引年青人从事农业的优惠政策;利用农民工返乡及再就业的契机,引导其投身于现代农业和新农村建设。

耕地减少对经济增长贡献的实证分析——以浙江省为例

基于增长经济学和动态经济学理论构建分布滞后模型,实证分析了浙江耕地减少对经济增长和对提供非农劳动力的贡献情况。结果表明,耕地被占用后第3-4年才对经济增长表现出显著的作用,两者呈明显的倒“U”型关系,耕地减少对提供非农劳动力的作用是明显的。最后,建议对土地管理实施“过程管理"和“永续经营”,对劳动力加快转移并提供“转业”培训。

农业综合开发与耕地保护

本文讨论了农业综合开发和耕地保护的概念 ,论述了农业综合开发与耕地保护的关系及农业综合开发对耕地保护的作用 ,分析了当前存在的问题并提出了相应的对策。

农地非农化与中部地区经济发展关系的研究——对安徽省阜阳市农地非农化的调查与分析

研究目的:探寻中部地区农地非农化状况趋势与其经济发展的关系,促进中部崛起和耕地有效保护。研究方法:统计方法、社会调查方法。研究结果:中部地区经济快速发展与农地非农化高峰期同步,耕地面积随人均GDP增加呈指数递减,但土地资源利用效率呈下降趋势。研究结论:中部地区应统筹城乡、工业与农业协调发展,提高土地利用效率。

统筹城乡发展与完善农村土地流转制度的思考

针对中国农村土地流转不畅阻碍统筹城乡发展的现状,政府应从城乡两个方面完善土地流转制度,即建立与土地流转制度相关的制度体系,包括土地使用权市场、培育土地流转中介组织、集中使用农业补贴和以土地换保险等制度。为确保土地流转促进统筹城乡发展,实现城镇政府和进城务工农民的双赢,政府应对自身行为加以规范。