Success in Developing Low－permeable Reservoir by Using Modern Fracturing Technique

A research project"Overall Fracturing Refor-mation and Evaluation for Sanjianfang Low-permeable Oil Formations,Shanshan Oilfield'has been jointly accomplished by Branch of CNPC Research Institute of Exploration and Develop-ment and Turpan-Hami Oilfields,and was ap-praised by CNPC recently.This technique improved the development result of Shanshan oil field.Productivity index was increased by 2.28 times and production rate for a signle well was doubled.A total of 117 production wells were fractured from May,1991 to April,1993,and 371900 tons of crude Wwas increased,with an accumulative value of 197 million Yuan.

3所综合医院住院抗菌药物使用合理性

目的分析上海市A区3所区属公立综合医院3个代表性病种的住院抗菌药物的使用合理性。方法通过病案评阅,分析3个代表性病种的抗菌药物使用的合理性。结果住院急性单纯性/化脓性阑尾炎(行腹腔镜阑尾切除术)、社区获得性肺炎和输尿管结石(行输尿管镜碎石取石术)的抗菌药物使用不规范且医院间存在较大的差异,有预防性抗菌用药不合理或抗菌药物用药超量的问题。结论应通过强化管理改变医疗机构及其临床医师抗菌药物的不合理使用习惯。

Spatial-temporal Characteristics of Land Use Intensity of Coastal Zone in China During 2000–2010

Based on remote sensing and GIS techniques, land use maps in 2000, 2005 and 2010 in China′s coastal zone were produced, and structural raster data of land use were further generated to calculate land use intensity comprehensive index(LUICI) for analyzing land use spatial-temporal characteristics at 1 km scale. Results show that: 1) from the perspective of spatial patterns of landforms at a macro scale, there is a significant difference in land use intensity between the north and the south of China′s coastal zone. Hotspots of changes mainly concentrated in metropolitan areas, estuaries and coastal wetlands; 2) elevation is an important factor that controlling land use spatial patterns at local scale. Land use intensity is much higher within areas below the elevation of 400 m and it decreased significantly as the elevation increasing; 3) there is a significant land-ocean gradient for land use intensity, which is low in island and near-shore areas, but high in the regions that 4–30 km far away the coastline because of much intensive human activities; however, in recent decades land use intensity had been promoted significantly in low near-shore area due to extensive sea reclamations; 4) significant differences of land use intensity were also found among provincial administrative units. A rising trend of land use intensity was found in provincial-level administrative units from 2000 to 2010. To sum up, elevation, land-ocean gradient, socio-economic status and policy are all influencing factors to the spatial patterns and temporal variations of land use intensity in China′s coastal zone.

Comparing the soil quality changes of different land uses determined by two quantitative methods

Soil quality is one of the most important environmental factors in sustaining the global biosphere and developing sustainable agricultural practices. A study was initiated in Wolong Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province, China to elucidate the soil quality changes of natural secondary succession, forest planting and agricultural practices after deforestation in the humid mountainous region. The soil qualities of six land use types (natural forestland, grassland, shrub land, secondary forestland, cultivated land and reforested land) were compared using two quantitative methods: the integrated soil quality index(QI) and soil deterioration index(DI). The QI values of natural forestland, grassland, shrub land, secondary forestland, cultivated land, reforested land were 0.8039, 0.3277, 0.9127, 0.6881, 0.0285 and 0.3183, respectively. The DI values were 0%, -14%, 12%, 1%, -26% and -18% respectively. Both indexes suggested that shrub land can restore soil properties. To compare the two methods more directly, a deduced index QI′ based on QI value was developed. The results showed that DI and QI′had a very high linear correlation coefficient (r=0.9775) despite the values were different. Both methods were efficient in evaluating the soil quality levels and DI was a more simple way in soil quality assessment, while QI could show more ecological meanings.

Land use and landscape pattern change: a linkage to the construction of the Qinghai-Xizang Highway

Based on digital land use data from 1995 to 2000 and road data, the land use and landscape changes of Golmud, Qumaleb and Zhidoi are studied on a macro-scale. Land use and landscape changes in highway buffer zones and city expansion are special subjects. A new formula is used to define the exact degree of dynamic land use. To adequately define land use and landscape pattern changes, the buffer zones, illustrating the changes at different distances from the road, are recognized with ArcGIS 8.1 software. Prominent changes took place in land use and landscape patterns from 1995 to 2000, and the area of built-up land increased by 323.8%. The comprehensive degree of dynamic land use is 2.25, and the degree of dynamic land use of built-up land is the highest, followed by cultivated land. Woodland has the lowest value. The used degree index of land resources declined by 38.8 from 1995 to 2000. Landscape changed dramatically which influenced ecological processes immensely. Different from the corridor effect of other traffic routes, the corridor effect of this section of road is not obvious and its “point” radiation effect can be easily seen. The expanding range of Golmud City is confined to a 3 km buffer, while for Wudaoliang, it is 1 km. No land use change happened in the Nanshankou buffer.

Effects of biodegradable mulch on soil water and heat conditions,yield and quality of processing tomatoes by drip irrigation

To combat the problem of residual film pollution and ensure the sustainable development of agriculture in oasis areas,a field experiment was carried out in 2019 at the Wuyi Farm Corps Irrigation Center Test Station in Urumqi,Northwest China.Four types of biodegradable mulches,traditional plastic mulchs and a control group(bare land;referred to as CK)were compared,including a total of six different treatments.Effects of mulching on soil water and heat conditions as well as the yield and quality of processing tomatoes under drip irrigation were examined.In addition,a comparative analysis of economic benefits of biodegradable mulches was performed.Principal component analysis and gray correlation analysis were used to evaluate suitable mulching varieties for planting processing tomatoes under drip irrigation.Our results show that,compared with CK,biodegradable mulches and traditional plastic mulch have a similar effect on retaining soil moisture at the seedling stage but significantly increase soil moisture by 0.5%-1.5%and 1.5%-3.0%in the middle and late growth periods(P<0.050),respectively.The difference in the thermal insulation effect between biodegradable mulch and plastic mulch gradually reduces as the crop grows.Compared with plastic mulch,the average soil temperature at 5-20 cm depth under biodegradable mulches is significantly lowered by 2.04°C-3.52°C and 0.52°C-0.88°C(P<0.050)at the seedling stage and the full growth period,respectively,and the water use efficiency,average fruit yield,and production-investment ratio under biodegradable mulches were reduced by 0.89%-6.63%,3.39%-8.69%,and 0.51%-6.33%(P<0.050),respectively.The comprehensive evaluation analysis suggests that the black oxidized biological double-degradation ecological mulch made from eco-benign plastic is the optimal film type under the study condition.Therefore,from the perspective of sustainable development,biodegradable mulch is a competitive alternative to plastic mulch for large-scale tomato production under drip irrigation in the oasis.

A recommended rate for application of Chaetomium globosum ND35 fungus fertilizer on poplar plantations in China

Previous studies showed that Chaetomium globosum ND35 fungus fertilizer can improve the microbial community structure and enzyme activities of replanted soil. However, it remains unclear whether can improve the physiological and ecological characteristics of plants under successive rotation. In this study, we investigated the photosynthetic, physiological, and biochemical indexes including photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence, and chlorophyll content of 1-yeax-old poplar seedlings under seven different doses （range from 0 to 1.67 g kg-1） of C. globosum ND35 fungus fertilizer to study the effects of fungus fertilizer on photosynthesis of Poplar. Our results showed that： （1） With increasing application of fungus fertilizer in replanted soil, chlorophyll content of poplar leaves （Chl） increased, while physiological indexes such as electron transport rate （ETR）, net photosynthetic rate （Pn）, quantum efficiency （φ）, nitrate reductase （NR） activity and root vigor initially increased and then declined. Meanwhile, heat dissipation that depended on the xanthophyll cycle declined and nonphotochemical quenching （NPQ） initially increased and then decreased. When the dose of C. globosum ND35 fungus fertilizer was 0.67 g kg-1 （T3） and 1.00 g kg-1 （T4）, excess light energy of photosynthetic apparatus was reduced, and photosynthetic apparatus distributed more light energy to the direction of photochemical reactions, which improved the efficiency of energy use. Plant height and biomass of leaves, stems, and roots were maximum at T3. We conclude that applying appropriate amounts of C. globosum ND35 fungus fertilizer can improve root physiological activity and capacity for use of light by poplar leaves. This can improve the operating states of the photosynthetic apparatus and lead to increased photosynthetic efficiency of poplar leaves and accumulation of dry matter.This suggests a strategy to alleviate the successive rotation obstacle of soil nutrient depletion.

Morphological and physiological plasticity response to low nitrogen stress in black cottonwood(Populus deltoides Marsh.)

It is important to evaluate nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen tolerance of trees in order to improve their productivity.In this study,both were evaluated for 338 Populus deltoides genotypes from six provenances.The plants were cultured under normal nitrogen(750μM NH_4 NO_3)and low nitrogen(5μM NH_4 NO_3)conditions for 3 months.Growth,chlorophyll content and glutamine synthetase activity of each genotype were measured.Under low nitrogen,heights,ground diameter,leaf area,leaf and root biomass,and chlorophyll contents were significantly lower than those under normal nitrogen level.Correlation analysis showed that nutrient distribution changed under different nitrogen treatments.There was a negative correlation between leaf traits and root biomass under normal nitrogen level,however,the correlation became positive in low nitrogen treatment.Moreover,with the decrease of nitrogen level,the negative correlation between leaf morphology and chlorophyll levels became weakened.The growth of the genotypes under the two treatments was evaluated by combining principal component analysis with a fuzzy mathematical membership function;the results showed that leaf traits accounted for a large proportion of the variation in the evaluation model.According to the results of comprehensive evaluation of plants under the two treatments,the 338 P.deltoides genotypes could be divided into nine categories,with wide genotypic diversity in nitrogen use efficiency and low nitrogen tolerance.As a result,26 N-efficient genotypes and 24 N-inefficient genotypes were selected.By comparative analysis of their morphological and physiological traits under the two treatments,leaf traits could be significant indicators for nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen tolerance,which is of considerable significance for breeding poplar varieties with high nitrogen use efficiencies.

Alternative stable states in mountain forest ecosystems： the case of European larch(Larix decidua) forests in the western Alps

European larch(Larix decidua) forests of the western Alps form extensivecultural landscapes whose resilience to global changes is currently unknown. Resilience describes the capacity of ecological systems to maintain the same state, i.e., the same function, processes, structure, and composition despite disturbances, environmental changes and internal fluctuations. Our aim is to explore the resilience of larch forests to changes in climate and land use in the western Italian Alps.To do so, we examined whether larch forests can be described as an alternative stable state in mountain forest ecosystems. We used tree basal area data obtained from field forest inventories in combination with topography, forest structure, land use, and climate information. We applied three different probabilistic methods: frequency distributions, logistic regressions, and potential analyses to infer the resilience of larch forests relative to that of other forest types.We found patters indicative of alternative stable states: bimodality in the frequency distribution of the percent of larch basal area, and the presence of an unstable state, i.e., mixed larch forests, in the potential analyses. We also found:(1) high frequency ofpurelarchforestsathighelevation,(2)the probability of pure larch forests increased mostly with elevation, and(3) pure larch forests were a stable state in the upper montane and subalpine belts.Our study shows that the resilience of larch forests may increase with elevation, most likely due to the altitudinal effect on climate. Under the same climate conditions, land use seems to be the main factor governing the dominance of larch forests. In fact, subalpine larch forests may be more resilient, and natural succession after land abandonment, e.g., towards Pinuscembra forests, seems slower than in montane larch forests. In contrast, in the upper montane belt only intense land use regimes characterized by open canopies and forest grazing may maintain larch forests.We conclude that similar approaches could be applied in other forest ecosystems to infer the resilience of tree species.

Use of Chinese Herbal Medicine Therapies in Comprehensive Hospitals in Central China: A Parallel Survey in Cancer Patients and Clinicians

Summary： Chinese herbal medicine （CHM）, as the largest application category of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）, is widely accepted among cancer patients in China. Herbal slice （HS） and Chinese patent drug （CPD） are commonly used CHM in China. This study aimed to investigate the utilization of CHM among clinicians and cancer patients in central China. Five hundred and twenty-five patients and 165 clinicians in 35 comprehensive hospitals in central China were asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire that was designed to evaluate the use of CHM. The results showed that 90.74% clinicians and 72.24% cancer patients used CHM during cancer treatment. The educational backgrounds of the clinicians and the age, education level, annual income, and cancer stage of the cancer patients were re- lated to use of CHM. More than 90% clinicians and cancer patients had used CPD. Comparatively, the percentage of HS use was 10% lower than that of CPD use among clinicians and cancer patients. More clinicians preferred to use CHM after surgery than cancer patients did （20.41% vs. 5.37%）. Enhancing physical fitness and improving performance status were regarded as the most potential effect of CHM on cancer treatment （85.71% among clinicians and 94.07% among cancer patients）, in comparison with directly killing tumor cells （24.49% among clinicians and 31.36% among patients）. As for refusal rea- sons, imprecise efficacy was the unanimous （100%） reason for clinicians＇ rejection of CHM, and 95.58% patients objected to using CHM also for this reason. Furthermore, the side effects of CHM were more concerned by clinicians than by patients （33.33% vs. 15.81%）. In conclusion, our survey revealed that CHM was popularly accepted by clinicians and cancer patients in central China. The reasons of use and rejection of CHM were different between clinicians and cancer patients.

USING LEARNING STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP LISTENING COMPREHENSION—A CASE STUDY

By adopting the research method of case study, this article studies the learning strategies of an adult learner of English in listening comprehension. It is found that the learner can use some learning strategies but only at very elementary level. After an eight-week training course in learning strategies, the learner made noticeable progress in listening, which proves that learning strategies can be trained and contribute positively to language proficiency.

Shade coffee plantations maintain woody plant diversity and structure in a cloud forest landscape of southern Mexico

Cloud forest ecosystems of the Latin American tropics are highly threatened by changes in land-use such as expanding croplands and livestock pastures that promote shifts in the structure and composition of plant communities in these forests.However,shade coffee plantations represent a forest management alternative that has been shown to maintain biodiversity in these ecosystems.In this study,we evaluated changes in the composition,diversity,and structure of Mexican cloud-forest woody species for three land use categories:cattle pastures,shade coffee plantations and advanced succession forests.For each category,fifteen 0.28-ha plots were established and the composition and diversity of vegetation was noted.Composition of species was analyzed using ordination methods,and alpha diversity was compared using Hill numbers.Seventy-seven woody species belonging to 40 families were recorded.Species richness and diversity was high in both the advanced successional forest and coffee plantations compared to cattle pastures.Vegetation composition and structure was similar between late succession forests and coffee plantations with both land uses also being more structurally complex than cattle pastures.Our results show how shade coffee cultivation is a land-use activity that maintains woody plant communities in a manner that aligns with biodiversity conservation.

Humus horizon development during natural forest succession process in the Polish Carpathians

As a result of socio-economic changes and land abandonment,the main ecological driver of the Carpathian landscape is the progression of the natural forest succession process.Thus,aspects of this process have become worthy of attention,especially in the context of carbon sequestration and the management of protected areas.Soil processes,especially within the topsoil,are some of the most susceptible to change,due to the accumulation of organic matter during such land-use transformations.The purposes of this study were to investigate the differences in topsoil development using the A Horizon Development Index(ADI)and to study the composition of humic substances and advanced organic matter humification in different land-use areas in selected Carpathian national parks,i.e.Bieszczady,Magura and Pieniny National Parks in southern Poland.Additionally,a goal of this study was to compare the ADI and the spectroscopic coefficients of humic substances as indicators of the degree of humus horizon shaping as well as advanced organic matter humification.In total,ten transects were selected,each consisting of three different land-use areas:semi-natural meadow,successional forest and old-growth forest.Soil colour was determined in fresh and air-dried samples using the Munsell colour chart.In air-dried soil samples p H,soil texture,total organic carbon and total nitrogen were measured.Humic substances were extracted and further characterized by UV-VIS spectroscopy.The ADI confirmed the influence of natural forest succession on soil colour darkening and the development of the uppermost soil layer.Spectroscopic analyses of humic substances showed two different patterns depending on soil depth.In the 0–10 cm layer,natural forest succession reduced the rate of the humification process and decreased the degree of maturity of fulvic acids;in the 10–20 cm layer,it led to an increase in the rate of the humification process and a decrease in the content of humic and fulvic acids at the beginning of the transformation.The comparison of two different indicators of soil development–the ADI and the spectroscopic coefficients of humic substances(Q_(4/6),Q_(2/4),Q_(2/3),Δlog K)–indicated that these indexes are based on different features of soil and cannot be used interchangeably.

The coordinated development of China’s inland water transport

The coordinated development is the core of sustainable development and the hot issue of international research.Inland water transport(IWT) is an important part of the water resources exploiting system and comprehensive transport system under socio-economic context of river basin,and also the country's sustainable development priorities to achieve resource-conserving and environment-friendly strategy.Based on the coordinated development content,the paper combined Germany's successful development experience,explored the elements and problem of the coordinated development of IWT system of China's national economic strategy and basin economy,water resourse system,comprehensive transport system,and system itself,and their countermeasures and suggestions,in order to facilitate rapid and coordinated development of China's inland water transport.

Physicochemical and Biochemical Reclamation of Soil through Secondary Succession

Conversion of forest to agricultural fields has become a common practice in India. Very often these fields have been abandoned due to lack of sustainable production. In course of time these fallow lands undergo natural secondary succession. Present study was carried out to find out the restoration of soil physicochemical and biochemical properties in a chronosequence of 2 yr, 4 yr, 6 yr, 11 yr, and 15 yr fallow lands. Soil enzyme activities play key roles in the biochemical functioning of soils, including soil organic matter formation and degradation, nutrient cycling, and reflect the change in soil management and land use. There was gradual improvement in the physical condition and nutrient status along with increase in soil amylase, cellulase, dehydrogenase, phophatase, and urease activity in the present study with the progress of fallow age which indicates the importance of natural secondary succession in soil restoration. However the PCA analysis indicated that natural vegetational succession could reclaim the soil quality and promote ecosystem restoration but it required a long time under the present local climatic condition.

SOLITARY WAVES IN STRATIFIED FLUIDS AND THEIR INTERACTION

A systematic procedure is proposed for obtaining solutions for soli- tary waves in stratified fluids. The stratification of the fluid is assumed to be expo- nential or linear. Its comparison with existing results for an exponentially stratified fluid shows agreement, and it is found that for the odd series of solutions the direc- tion of displacement of the streamlines from their asymptotic levels is reversed when the stratification is changed from exponential to linear. Finally the interaction of solitary waves is considered, and the Korteweg-de Vries equation and the Boussinesq equation are derived. Thus the known solutions of these equations can be rehed upon to provide the answers to the interaction problem.

Patterns of host use by a precocial obligate brood parasite, the Black-headed Duck: ecological and evolutionary considerations

The Black-headed Duck (Heteronetta atricapilla) is unique among obligate avian brood parasites because its highly precocial young leave the host nest shortly after hatching and impose no post-hatching costs on their hosts. Accordingly, we might expect host-parasite interactions in this parasite to differ strikingly from those of other brood parasites — they should be able to parasitize a broad diversity of hosts and be highly successful with these hosts. We conducted the second detailed study ever completed on patterns of host use in Black-headed Ducks. Based on four years of systematic searches of multiple marshes in Argentina, we found no evidence that Black-headed Ducks ever had nests of their own, confirming the previous conclusion that Black-headed Ducks are, indeed, true obligate brood parasites. Contrary to expectation, however, we found that Heteronetta is ecologically dependent on a surprisingly small number of host species — two species of coots and a gull — all of which are widespread and locally abundant species. Other species are numerically less important as hosts either because they are relatively uncommon, or because they are avoided by the ducks. In the three main host species, hatching success of the duck eggs was also surprisingly low (≤ 28%), based on expectations for a precocial parasite, mainly due to host rejection or neglect. Mortality due to predation on host nests, in contrast, was low for all three primary host species. These observations corroborate Weller’s observations from a single-year study. The combination of a dependence on few primary hosts and a relatively low hatching success are inconsistent with some previous hypotheses for the evolution of obligate brood parasitism in Heteronetta. Instead, our observations, and those of Weller, suggest that intense nest predation in Austral wetlands, coupled with an abundance of a few common host species that aggressively defend their nests and obtain high nest success rates, may have been an important factor in the evolution of obligate parasitism in this enigmatic duck.

Flotation separation of arsenopyrite from several sulphide minerals with organic depressants

In this paper, the separation of arsenopyrite from chalcopyrite, pyrite, galena with organic depressants （guergum and sodium humic ） was discussed, and the functioning mechanism of those organic depressants was discussed. The experimental results of monomineral flotation indicated that both guergum and sodium humic have depressing effect on arsenopyrite in the presence of ethyl xanthate. Guergum and sodium humic showed different depressing ability to pyrite, chalcopyrite and galena, and the higher the pH value in pulp, the stronger the depressing ability. Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometric study showed that the adsorption layer of xanthate on surface of minerals had been desorhed by the two organic depressants, and the selective desorption of the collector layer was found from different minerals. The xanthate cover on minerals surface was set free when dosage of the organic depressants was high enough. For artificially-mixed minerals, the separation of arsenopyrite from other sulphides was successfully realized by controlling dosage of the organic depressants. And sodium humic had been concentrates in a commercial Lead-Zinc concentrator.

The Study of Thematic Progression Patterns in TEM8 News Discourse

This paper studies thematic progression patterns of 20 news items in TEM8 based on the theories of theme and rheme.The use frequencies of three thematic progression patterns are calculated and analyzed to propose some implications on improving listening comprehension.