Prediction of lime utilization ratio of dephosphorization in BOF steelmaking based on online sequential extreme learning machine with forgetting mechanism

The machine learning models of multiple linear regression(MLR),support vector regression(SVR),and extreme learning ma-chine(ELM)and the proposed ELM models of online sequential ELM(OS-ELM)and OS-ELM with forgetting mechanism(FOS-ELM)are applied in the prediction of the lime utilization ratio of dephosphorization in the basic oxygen furnace steelmaking process.The ELM model exhibites the best performance compared with the models of MLR and SVR.OS-ELM and FOS-ELM are applied for sequential learning and model updating.The optimal number of samples in validity term of the FOS-ELM model is determined to be 1500,with the smallest population mean absolute relative error(MARE)value of 0.058226 for the population.The variable importance analysis reveals lime weight,initial P content,and hot metal weight as the most important variables for the lime utilization ratio.The lime utilization ratio increases with the decrease in lime weight and the increases in the initial P content and hot metal weight.A prediction system based on FOS-ELM is applied in actual industrial production for one month.The hit ratios of the predicted lime utilization ratio in the error ranges of±1%,±3%,and±5%are 61.16%,90.63%,and 94.11%,respectively.The coefficient of determination,MARE,and root mean square error are 0.8670,0.06823,and 1.4265,respectively.The system exhibits desirable performance for applications in actual industrial pro-duction.

ANALYSES OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IRRIGATED AND NONIRRIGATED AREA FOR LUMINOUS ENERGY UTILIZATION RATIO AND PRODUCTIVE POTENTIALITIES IN NINGXIA

Situated in arid and semi-arid lands, the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region is locatedat the middle reaches of the Yellow River. An adequate system of gravity irrigation was es-tablished in the north of Ningxia. Adding to abundant sunshine, strong solar radiation andmoderate heat, the agriculture is very developed. The south mountainous area of Ningxia, including both Yanchi and Tongxin counties,is short of rain, The vast lands cannot be irrigated. Nonirrigated agriculture and

Effects of Soil C/N Ratio on Apple Growth and Nitrogen Utilization,Residue and Loss

Soil C /N ratio is an important influencing factor in soil nitrogen cycling. Two-year old apple trees( Borkh. cv. ‘Fuji'/Malus hupehensis) were used to understand the effect of soil C/N ratio [6. 52( CK),10,15,20,25,30,35 and 40]on apple growth and nitrogen utilization and loss by using15N trace technique. The results showed that,with the increasing of soil C/N ratio,apple shoot length and fresh weight increased at first,and then decreased; the higher apple shoot length and fresh weight appeared in C/N = 15,20 and 25 treatments,and there were no significant differences among these three treatments,but significantly higher than the other treatments. Statistical analysis revealed that there was significant difference in nitrogen utilization rate between the different treatments,the highest N utilization rate was occurred in soil C/N = 25 treatment which value was 22. 87%,and there was no significant difference between soil C/N = 25 and C/N = 20 treatments,but both the two treatments were significantly higher than the other treatments; Soil C/N = 40 had the lowest N utilization rate which value was 15. 43%,and this value was less than CK( 16. 65%). The proportion of plant absorption nitrogen from fertilizer was much higher when the value of soil C/N ratio in the range of 15- 25,but the percentage of plant absorption nitrogen from soil was much higher when the soil C/N ratio was too low( < 15) or high( < 25). Amount of residual nitrogen in soil increased gradually with the soil C/N ratio increasing,the amount of residual nitrogen in C/N = 40 treatment was 1. 32 times than that in CK. With the increasing of soil C/N ratio,fertilizer nitrogen loss decreased at first,and then increased,fertilizer nitrogen loss was the minimum in C/N = 25 treatments( 49. 87%) and the maximum were occurred in CK( 61. 54%). Therefore,regarding the apple growth and nitrogen balance situation,the value of soil C/N ratio in the range of 15- 25 would be favorable for apple growth and could increase effectively nitrogen fixed by soil,reduce nitrogen loss,and improve the nitrogen utilization ratio.

Study on the Relationships between Utilization Ratios and Conversion Rates of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium for Maize

This paper studied the relationships between utilization ratios and conversion rates of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium for maize by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of maize by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.The results and conclusions were as follows:①the conceptual model of fertilizer utilization ratio of maize for plot was that,Y N≈a+b×optimum yield,Y P≈a+b×optimum yield-c×optimum nitrogen application amount-d×optimum potassium application amount,Y K≈a-b×optimum nitrogen application amount-c×temperature in growth season-d×rainfall in growth season,respectively.②Fertilizer utilization ratio and nutrient conversion rate had 4 kinds of relationships.No significant relationships:22,of which 16 were soil nutrients and 5 were environmental factors,the results showed that soil nutrients and environmental factors had little effect on nutrient conversion rate and fertilizer utilization ratio;consistent significant relationships:14,illustrating that conversion rate and utilization ratio of maize were consistent in most cases,and it was because that maize was planted for a long term,and its fertilizer absorption law was basically stable;contrary significant relationships:0,illustrating that there was no reverse relationship between conversion rate and utilization ratio of maize;complementary significant relationships:18,the cause of the complementary phenomenon was that the fertilizer utilization ratio was the measuring index of fertilizer efficiency in one season,while the nutrient conversion rate was the measuring index of fertilizer efficiency in more seasons.It showed that the fertilizer utilization ratio was significantly correlated,or the nutrient conversion rate was significantly correlated.

Study on the Relationships between Utilization Ratios and Conversion Rates of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium for Wheat

This paper studied the relationships between utilization ratios and conversion rates of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium for wheat by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of wheat by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.The results and conclusions were as follows:①the conceptual model of fertilizer utilization ratio of wheat for plot was that,Y N≈a+b×optimum nitrogen application amount+c×optimum fertilizer amount of K+d×rainfall in growth season,Y P≈a+b×optimum fertilizer amount of K+c×rainfall in growth season,Y K≈a+b×temperature in growth season+c×rainfall in growth season-d×optimum yield-e×optimum nitrogen application amount,respectively.②Fertilizer utilization ratio and nutrient conversion rate had 4 kinds of relationships.No significant relationships:13,of which 8 were soil nutrients,the results showed that soil nutrients had little effect on nutrient conversion rate and fertilizer utilization ratio;consistent significant relationships:4,they were all nitrogen and phosphorus,explaining the importance of nitrogen and phosphorus;contrary significant relationships:6,they were all nitrogen and phosphorus,illustrating that phosphorus and nitrogen had inhibitory effect;complementary significant relationships:31,the cause of the complementary phenomenon was that the fertilizer utilization ratio was the measuring index of fertilizer efficiency in one season,while the nutrient conversion rate was the measuring index of fertilizer efficiency in more seasons.It showed that the fertilizer utilization rate was significantly correlated,or the nutrient conversion rate was significantly correlated.

Study on the Relationship between Utilization Ratios and Conversion Rates of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium for Rice

This paper studied the relationships between utilization ratios and conversion rates of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium for rice by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of rice by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.The results and conclusions were as follows:①the conceptual model of fertilizer utilization ratio of rice for plot was that,Y N≈a+b×optimum yield+c×optimum fertilizer amount of K,Y P≈a+b×optimum yield,Y K≈a respectively.②Fertilizer utilization ratio and nutrient conversion rate had 4 kinds of relationships:①no significant relationships:25,of which 14 were soil nutrients and 9 were environmental factors,the results showed that soil nutrients and environmental factors had little effect on nutrient yield ratio and fertilizer utilization ratio;②consistent significant relationships:2,one was that yield ratio and utilization ratio of N were positively correlated with the optimum production,explaining the importance of N for production,the other was that yield ratio and utilization ratio of P had a significantly positive correlation with conversion rate and utilization ratio of N,illustrating that nitrogen and phosphorus had mutual promotion;③contrary significant relationships:5,these showed as negative correlations of fertilizer utilization ratio and positive correlation of nutrient conversion ratio;④complementary significant relationships:22,the cause of the complementary phenomenon was that the fertilizer utilization ratio was the index of fertilizer efficiency in one season,while the nutrient conversion rate was the index of fertilizer efficiency in more seasons,which showed that the fertilizer utilization rate was significantly correlated,or the nutrient conversion rate was significantly correlated.

^(15)N Isotope Techniques for Estimating Effects of Urea-N Fertilizer Application Rate on Yields and Nutrient Contents of Pakchoi Cabbage and Asparagus Lettuce and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency

A pot experiment combined with15N isotope techniques was conducted to evaluate effects of the varying rates of urea-N fertilizer application on yields,quality,and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of pakchoi cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) and asparagus lettuce (Lactuca saiva L.).15N-labbled urea (5.3515N atom %) was added to pots with 6.5 kg soil of 0.14,0.18,0.21,0.25,and 0.29 g N/kg soil,and applied in two splits:60 percent as basal dressing in the mixture and 40 percent as topdressing.The fresh yields of two vegetable species increased with the increasing input of urea-N,but there was a significant quadratic relationship between the dose of urea-N fertilizer application and the fresh yields.When the dosage of urea-N fertilizer reached a certain value,nitrate readily accumulated in the two kinds of plants due to the decrease in NR activity; furthermore,there was a linear negative correlation between nitrate content and NR activity.With the increasing input of urea-N,ascorbic acid and soluble sugar initially increased,declined after a while,and crude fiber rapidly decreased too.Total absorbed N (TAN),N derived from fertilizer (Ndff),and N derived from soil (Ndfs) increased,and the ratio of Ndff and TAN also increased,but the ratio of Ndfs and TAN as well as NUE of urea-N fertilizer decreased with the increasing input of urea-N.These results suggested that the increasing application of labeled N fertilizer led to the increase in unlabeled N (namely,Ndfs) presumably due to "added nitrogen interaction" (ANI),the decease in NUE of urea-N fertilizer may be due to excess fertilization beyond the levels of plant requirements and the ANI,and the decrease in the two vegetable yields with the increasing addition of urea-N possibly because the excess accumulation of nitrate reached a toxic level.

A Novel Scheme with Adaptive Sampling for Better Spectrum Utilization in Cognitive Radios

In cognitive radio (CR) networks, cognitive users need continuously monitor spectrum to decrease or avoid interference to primary users, yet attain a reasonable throughput. In this paper, we exploit a scheme to dynamically change the detection time duration to gain maximum throughput. Meanwhile the average de-tection time is kept as small as possible. The advantages of our approaches are approved by the deductions. Also the simulation results enable us to recognize the improved performance of our scheme over those ones with fixed detection time assignment.

响应曲面法优化高效除氟药剂的研制及除氟机理

我国电子、光伏、无机氟化工、煤矿开采、煤基化工等行业产生的废水普遍存在氟化物超标问题,除氟药剂法作为废水除氟的新方法,存在投药量及污泥产生量较大等问题。采用响应曲面BBD法对该除氟药剂的制备条件进行试验设计和优化,并与常用混凝剂除氟性能进行对比。通过扫描电子显微镜分析(SEM)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)分析手段对不同制备阶段除氟药剂进行表征分析,结合处理后上清液残留元素水平和各元素利用率对除氟机理进行探究。结果表明:除氟药剂最优制备条件为n(M)/n(Si)(M为金属总量)为44.91、n(Al)/n(Mg)为40.64、n(Al)/n(Fe)为34.92,在该条件下所制备的除氟药剂在投药量1.35 g/L时,氟离子质量浓度由20 mg/L降至0.71 mg/L,达到GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类标准限值1.0 mg/L以下,氟离子去除率达96.45%,响应曲面法建立的模型相关系数R 2为0.9690;对于初始氟质量浓度10~200 mg/L的含氟水样,除氟药剂按比例投加,上清液剩余氟质量浓度均小于1.0 mg/L;与常用混凝剂的除氟性能顺序为:除氟药剂>PAC(聚合氯化铝)>PAFC(聚合氯化铝铁)>PFS(聚合硫酸铁);SEM和XRD表征分析发现除氟药剂形态和结构均发生改变,通过反应聚合形成多种多羟基聚合物,这些多羟基聚合物与氟离子间发生离子交换,从而去除氟离子;通过对上清液残留进行元素分析,结合所投加除氟药剂中各金属元素浓度,分析得出铝、硅、铁、镁的元素利用率分别为99.98%、97.16%、92.22%和18.39%;除氟药剂对多种实际含氟工业废水均高效且适用。

消费约束下农业信贷和农业保险最优产品设计

农村金融是农村经济发展重要的内生动力,农业保险和农业信贷作为农村金融的重要组成部分,在助农增收方面发挥着重要作用,两者的融合发展也成为增强农村金融服务能力的重要举措。基于多重均衡模型,引入最低消费约束,研究农业信贷、农业保险和农业“信贷+保险”三种方式对农户终身效用的影响,并通过调整贷款比例和保障水平为不同资本水平的个体设计最理想的农业“信贷+保险”产品。研究结果表明:第一,单一的信贷产品和单一的保险产品只能提升部分农户的终身期望效用;第二,固定保障水平和贷款比例的“信贷+保险”产品无法满足所有农户的实际需求,抑制了部分农户的终身效用;第三,最优的“信贷+保险”产品设计能使所有农户的终身期望效用得到提升,尤其对低资本农户提升效果显著,使其摆脱了低均衡状态,实现资本增长。通过优化农业“信贷+保险”产品设计,可以更有效地增强农户的风险抵御能力和自我发展动力,对于巩固脱贫攻坚成果、深化农村改革、实现乡村振兴具有一定的理论和现实意义。

提高湖羊圈养空间利用率的建模方案优化设计

为提高湖羊圈养的空间利用率,采用分期分批连续方式安排交配,根据交配期、怀孕期、哺乳期、休整期、育肥期等5个阶段的期长、容量、流转倍率等参数值,建立各期羊栏需求数的计算模型。针对养殖场现有的羊栏规格,经试算搜索得到其羊只的最佳流转速度,由此编制具体的生产方案,使得年化出栏羊只数量达到最大。继而针对5项不确定因素,构建参数重新选定的计算公式,并在合理范围内,调整哺乳期和空怀期时长,得到多种备选方案,再通过分层次计算比较各方案的期望损失,确定最优方案。

磷肥有机替代、秸秆还田对棉花养分吸收和磷肥利用效率的影响

为探究磷肥有机替代、秸秆还田对棉花养分吸收、磷肥利用效率及棉花产量的影响,本研究基于国家灰漠土肥力与肥料效益监测站5年田间微区棉花连作定位试验,以7种施肥措施为样本,于2022年棉花成熟期开展棉田土壤田间调查研究。结果表明,磷肥有机替代和秸秆还田均能提升棉株氮磷钾养分吸收,各器官氮素平均含量在1.75~40.90 g·kg^(-1)之间,磷素平均含量在1.46~11.28 g·kg^(-1)之间,钾素平均含量在3.11~25.03 g·kg^(-1)之间。综合肥料投入和养分吸收,50%的磷肥有机替代和秸秆还田最能增强棉株吸氮能力和促进干物质积累,50%的磷肥有机替代对棉株吸磷能力最强且最有利于实现棉花节肥增钾的效果。棉株各器官N:P变化范围为1.20~12.01,磷肥有机替代和秸秆还田使茎、叶、蕾/铃/壳的N∶P明显降低,棉株生物量、籽棉产量随茎、叶、蕾/铃/壳N∶P的降低而增加,本试验棉花生长更倾向于受N、P共同限制。磷肥利用率随有机替代量的增加从12.54%提升到33.04%,土壤磷素盈余量随有机替代量的增加从28.20 kg·hm^(-2)降低到19.66 kg·hm^(-2)。研究表明,在北疆灰漠土棉区采用50%磷肥有机替代,即施磷(P2O5)60.0 kg·hm^(-2)和配施羊粪9 784.8 kg·hm^(-2),对棉花产量、生物量、养分吸收的综合效应最优,值得推广应用。

不同燃料外配比例烧结杯试验及烧结矿冶金性能试验

本文针对酒钢烧结生产中存在的问题,系统研究了不同燃料外配比例对烧结垂直烧结速度、成品率、利用系数、烧结时间、转鼓强度及烧结矿冶金性能等指标的影响。试验结果表明:随着燃料外配比例的增加,烧结利用系数呈先提高后降低的趋势,综合考虑最佳的燃料外配比例为60%;随着燃料外配比例的增加,烧结矿低温还原粉化率RDI_(+3.15mm)、烧结矿900℃还原度、烧结矿软化熔滴性能均变化不大,基本持平。

冲击螺杆钻具结构设计与参数优化

为了高效钻进硬岩地层,将螺杆钻具的大扭矩与轴向冲击工具的高频低幅冲击特性相结合,研制了一种冲击螺杆钻具。在工具结构原理讨论的基础上,建立了轴向冲击短节的冲锤运动控制方程,分析了冲锤的运动特性,并以工具冲击功和最大能量利用率为评价指标,采用正交试验方法对主要工具结构参数进行了优化研究。研究结果表明:冲锤往复运动过程为加速度逐渐减小的非线性加速运动,节流喷嘴直径和冲锤运动行程是影响冲击功的主要因素,而冲锤质量、承压面积和腔体通孔面积是次要因素。节流喷嘴直径和冲锤承压面积是影响最大能量利用率的主要因素;而冲锤运动行程、冲锤质量和腔体通孔面积是次要因素。所得结论可为对冲击螺杆钻具的进一步优化设计和现场应用提供参考。

穿越非均匀土体综合管廊振动台试验研究

在建设综合管廊的过程中,难以避免地会穿越水平不均匀土体,此场地不利于管廊的抗震。该研究基于振动台试验,对地震作用下水平非均匀土体与综合管廊的动力变形响应及相互作用进行了系统性研究。深入分析了管廊的土压力增量、加速度、位移和应变,包括加速度峰值沿竖向分布情况以及管廊变形的直接影响因素,发现由于地下结构的存在,土体对加速度放大效应发生衰减;在大震时土体与管廊发生了相对滑移,此现象对管廊的变形产生较大影响;随着加速度的增大,土压力增量分布近似呈抛物线形;结构的柔度比越大,变形越大。基于振动台试验研究了管廊穿越非均匀土体的简化计算方法,通过调整变形比来实现土体分界对管廊变形的影响,为管廊的抗震设计提供参考。

不同形态氮肥配比对西瓜生长发育及氮肥利用率的影响

为明确不同形态氮肥及配比对西瓜生产性能的影响,为西瓜栽培中氮肥选择提供依据。以陇抗9号为供材,在等氮水平(N200kg/hm^(2))下,设3种形态氮肥(酰胺态氮、硝态氮、铵态氮)和3种硝铵配比(70%硝态氮+30%铵态氮、50%硝态氮+50%铵态氮、30%硝态氮+70%铵态氮)处理,研究了不同施肥处理对西瓜干物质积累、产量、品质及氮素养分积累利用指标的影响。结果表明,单一氮肥种类对西瓜植株干物质积累、产量、氮素养分积累及利用的影响为硝态氮>酰胺态氮>铵态氮;70%硝态氮+30%铵态氮能够维持较好的果实品质,其西瓜产量、经济收益、氮肥利用率和偏生产力最高,与酰胺态氮相比,西瓜产量提高了15.24%、经济收入增加了6056元/hm^(2)、氮肥利用率提高了7.95个百分点、氮肥偏生产力增加了15.24%。综上所述,西瓜生产在施氮200 kg/hm^(2)水平下以70%硝态氮+30%铵态氮的比例投入为佳,适宜在实际生产中应用。

多因素耦合的光伏水泵提水系统配置优化方法

为探究提水效率影响因素及系统配置对光伏水泵提水系统性能影响,该研究利用光伏水泵循环提水系统,探究不同辐照强度、阀门开度、提水高度下光伏组件利用效率、水泵运行效率、管路效率变化规律,并构建系统流量计算模型,根据该模型计算各个区间的提水量占比及不同提水高度下提水系统的参数,根据该系统整体效率和太阳能利用率确定最优提水高度;在此基础上,通过增加光伏组件面积及蓄水池数量降低提水系统提水成本及提高太阳能利用率,并确定提水成本最低时光伏组件面积和蓄水池数量。研究结果表明:确定光伏组件利用效率随辐照强度变化关系及水泵高效率运行区间,并确定光伏水泵最优提水高度为20 m,太阳能利用率为64.05%,整体利用效率为4.521%,提水成本为0.151元/m^(3);在最优提水高度的基础上,讨论了增加光伏板面积及蓄水池数量对太阳能利用率与提水成本的影响,当提水成本最低时,光伏板面积为3.71 m2,成本为0.143元/m^(3),太阳能利用率为90.83%;蓄水池数量为4个,成本为0.145元/m^(3),太阳能利用率为94.62%,表明增加光伏板面积和蓄水池数量有效降低提水成本和提高太阳能利用率,为光伏水泵提水系统配置的优化提供新思路。

鄂尔多斯盆地延长油田双河西区块长6油藏开发参数

鄂尔多斯盆地延长油田双河西区块长6油藏为低渗透油藏,常规开发指标计算方法并不利于油田进行油藏地质研究、开发政策制定与成本控制。对延长油田双河西区块长6油藏产量递减规律、水驱储量动用程度、注采比、含水率、注水利用状况及采收率进行分析。结果表明:双河西区块长6油藏产量递减规律为双曲递减模式;区块注水开发潜力较大,目前该区块水驱储量控制程度为74.54%,水驱储量动用程度为36.94%,注采连通率为27.27%;合理注采比约为2.5,随着采出程度增加,含水率上升速度先增大,后有所减小;根据存水率、耗水指数及水驱指数可知,开发后期,区块注水开发效果逐渐变好,最终采收率增加,研究区在开发过程中含水上升率应尽量小于6.1%,地层合理压力应大于9.1 MPa,在该开发条件下,研究区最终采收率约为23%。

Optimal allocation method of electric/air braking force of high-speed train considering axle load transfer

Reasonable distribution of braking force is a factor for a smooth,safe,and comfortable braking of trains.A dynamic optimal allocation strategy of electric-air braking force is proposed in this paper to solve the problem of the lack of consideration of adhesion difference of train wheelsets in the existing high-speed train electric-air braking force optimal allocation strategies.In this method,the braking strategy gives priority to the use of electric braking force.The force model of a single train in the braking process is analyzed to calculate the change of adhesion between the wheel and rail of each wheelset after axle load transfer,and then the adhesion of the train is estimated in real time.Next,with the goal of maximizing the total adhesion utilization ratio of trailer/motor vehicles,a linear programming distribution function is constructed.The proportional coefficient of adhesion utilization ratio of each train and the application upper limit of braking force in the function is updated according to the change time point of wheelset adhesion.Finally,the braking force is dynamically allocated.The simulation results of Matlab/Simulink show that the proposed algorithm not only uses the different adhesion limits of each trailer to reduce the total amount of braking force undertaken by the motor vehicle,but also considers the adhesion difference of each wheelset.The strategy can effectively reduce the risk and time of motor vehicles during the braking process and improve the stability of the train braking.

纯新能源外送通道电源配置方案研究

随着沙漠、戈壁、荒地大型风光基地实施,外送通道以煤电为主的支撑电源比例逐步降低,再加上柔性直流示范工程不断积累经验,新能源基地大规模外送采用特高压柔直技术送电成为可能。首先基于新能源出力互补特性,考虑直流合理利用小时数和弃电率指标,以综合电价最低为目标研究风光配比;然后对比不同类型储能技术经济差异,并考虑受端顶峰研究储能配置容量和类型;最后综合多种评价指标,进行全方位比选,确定推荐电源方案。西北某新能源外送基地算例表明,风光合理配比可提高通道利用小时数,减少储能电源配置,降低新能源弃电率,提高直流送电经济性。因此,纯新能源外送通道具备可行性。