Many materials as immune adjuvant are researched to help raise immnogenicity of subunit vaccines. Among them, peptide-based hydrogels are gradually coming into notice because of their application in drugs delivery, ca...Many materials as immune adjuvant are researched to help raise immnogenicity of subunit vaccines. Among them, peptide-based hydrogels are gradually coming into notice because of their application in drugs delivery, can- cer cell inhibition, vaccine adjuvants and detection of important analytes. In this work, we introduced a novel aro- matic capping group based on indole to construct short peptide-based supramolecular hydrogelators Indol-GFFY and Indol-GDFDFDY and demonstrated their potential applications as vaccine adjuvants.展开更多
Background The outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)has greatly threatened public health.Recent studies have revealed that the spike receptor-binding domain(RBD)of SARS-CoV-2 is a...Background The outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)has greatly threatened public health.Recent studies have revealed that the spike receptor-binding domain(RBD)of SARS-CoV-2 is a potent target for vaccine development.However,adjuvants are usually required to strengthen the immunogenicity of recombinant antigens.Different types of adjuvants can elicit different immune responses.Methods We developed an RBD recombinant protein vaccine with a polyriboinosinic acid–polyribocytidylic acid[poly(I:C)]adjuvant to evoke a strong immune response.The delivery of poly(I:C)was optimized in two steps.First,poly(I:C)was complexed with a cationic polymer,poly-l-lysine(PLL),to form poly(I:C)–PLL,a polyplex core.Thereafter,it was loaded into five different lipid shells(group II,III-1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine[DSPC],III-1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine[DOPE],IV-DOPE,and IV-DSPC).We performed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay to compare the ability of the five lipopolyplex adjuvants to enhance the immunogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 RBD protein,including humoral and cellular immune responses.Finally,the adjuvant with the highest immunogenicity was selected to verify the protective immunity of the vaccine through animal challenge experiments.Results Recombinant RBD protein has low immunogenicity.The different adjuvants we developed enhanced the immunogenicity of the RBD protein in different ways.Among the lipopolyplexes,those containing DOPE(III-DOPE and IV-DOPE)elicited RBD-specific immunoglobulin G antibody responses,and adjuvants with four components elicited better RBD-specific immunoglobulin G antibody responses than those containing three components(P<0.05).The IC50 and IC90 titers indicated that the IV-DOPE lipopolyplex had the greatest neutralization ability,with IC50 titers of 1/117,490.Furthermore,in the challenge study,IV-DOPE lipopolyplex protected mice from SARS-CoV-2 infection.On the fourth day after infection,the average animal body weights were reduced by 18.56%(24.164±0.665 g vs.19.678±0.455 g)and 0.06%(24.249±0.683 g vs.24.235±0.681 g)in the MOCK and vaccine groups,respectively.In addition,the relative expression of viral RNA in the vaccinated group was significantly lower than that in the MOCK group(P<0.05).Interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in the MOCK group,whereas no obvious damage was observed in the vaccinated group.Conclusions The IV-DOPE–adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 recombinant RBD protein vaccine efficiently protected mice from SARS-CoV-2 in the animal challenge study.Therefore,IV-DOPE is considered an exceptional adjuvant for SARS-CoV-2 recombinant RBD protein-based vaccines and has the potential to be further developed into a SARS-CoV-2 recombinant RBD protein-based vaccine.展开更多
Objective To construct the eukaryotic expression recombinant plasmid, pcIFN γ, as a genetic adjuvant and observe the immune responses elicited by pcDNA3 rhoptry protein 1 (pc ROP1) combined with pcIFN γ aga...Objective To construct the eukaryotic expression recombinant plasmid, pcIFN γ, as a genetic adjuvant and observe the immune responses elicited by pcDNA3 rhoptry protein 1 (pc ROP1) combined with pcIFN γ against Toxoplasma gondii (T gondii) infection in mice Methods A fragment of the IFN γ gene was directly inserted into the pcDNA3 plasmid and identified by two restriction endonucleases digestion pcIFN and pcROP1 DNA was injected into the left leg muscle of mice at a dosage of 100?μg, and a booster vaccination was given at the same dosage after two weeks Control groups were injected with pcDNA3 blank plasmid or normal saline At 30, 50 and 70 days after booster injection, kinetic tests were carried out: MTT assay for the proliferation response of T lymphocyte cells and the activity of NK cells, sandwich ABC ELISA for the determination of IFN γ, IL 2 and IL 10; a serum enzymetic aassay for nitric oxide (NO) in sera and ELISA for the titer of IgG antibody in sera Results The recombinant plasmid, pcIFN γ was constructed The proliferation response of spleen T lymph cells, NK cell killing activity, and serum levels of IFN γ, IL 2 and NO in mice injected with pcROP1 and pcIFN γ were higher than in those injected with pcROP1 alone There was no difference in IgG antibody levels between the two groups Conclusion The genetic adjuvant, pcIFN γ, could enhance the cellular immune response induced by DNA vaccine of pcROP1 in mice against Toxoplasma gondii infection展开更多
Background The development of new adjuvants for human use has been the focus of attention. This study’s aim is to explore the possibility of using nanoparticle Ca nanoparticles (CA) as a vaccine adjuvant of anti-id...Background The development of new adjuvants for human use has been the focus of attention. This study’s aim is to explore the possibility of using nanoparticle Ca nanoparticles (CA) as a vaccine adjuvant of anti-idiotypic antibody NP30 against schistosomiasis and its protective mechanisms. Methods Nanoparticle CA-NP30 conjugate (CA-NP30) was fabricated. BALB/c mice were immunized actively with CA-NP30 to evaluate its effects of protective immunity on mice. The serum levels of specific IgG,IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies against NP30 and the concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-4 in supernatant of splenocytes were determined via ELISA. Results Nanoparticle CA could enhance significantly the protective immunity of NP30 against infection of Schistosoma japonicum and the worm reduction rose from 36.0% (NP30 alone) to 52.6%. The serum levels of specific IgG,IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies against NP30 increased remarkably,as compared with those of the group immunized with NP30 alone. The concentration of IFN-γ in supernatant of splenocyte was drastically elevated [the groups immunized with CA-NP30 and NP30 alone were (493.80±400.74) pg/ml and (39.03±39.58) pg/ml,respectively],but the concentration of IL-4 showed no significant difference from that of NP30 alone [(27.94±9.84) pg/ml vs (27.28±14.44) pg/ml]. Conclusions Nanoparticle CA could act as a vaccine adjuvant of anti-idiotypic antibody NP30 against schistosomiasis. The mechanism could be that CA-NP30 enhances humoral and cellular immune responses in mice.展开更多
Long-lasting protective immune responses are expected following vaccination.However,most vaccines alone are inability to evoke an efficient protection.The combinatory administration of adjuvants with vaccines is criti...Long-lasting protective immune responses are expected following vaccination.However,most vaccines alone are inability to evoke an efficient protection.The combinatory administration of adjuvants with vaccines is critical for generating the enhanced immune responses.Herein,with biocompatible poly(4-vinylpyridine)(P4VP)as template,2.5 nm iron/molybdenum oxide cluster,{Mo_(72)Fe_(30)},is applied as an adjuvant to co-assemble with antigens of Mycobacterium bovis via hydrogen bonding at molecular scale.Molecular scale integration of the antigens and{Mo_(72)Fe_(30)}and their full exposure to body fluid media contribute to the augmentation of both humoral and cellular immune responses of the vaccines after inoculation in mice.Anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 gradually increases after 2 weeks followed by a final back to normal level by the 5th week.The balance between proinflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory factors suggests that immune system can be activated in the early stage of infection by the antigens carried by the supra-particles and secrete acute inflammatory factors for host defense and anti-inflammatory factors for immune protection.展开更多
To increase antibody secretion and dose sparing,squalene-in-water aluminium hydrogel(alun^-stabilised emulsions(ASEs)have been developed,which offer increased surface areas and cellular interactions for higher antigen...To increase antibody secretion and dose sparing,squalene-in-water aluminium hydrogel(alun^-stabilised emulsions(ASEs)have been developed,which offer increased surface areas and cellular interactions for higher antigen loading and enhanced immune responses.Nevertheless,the squalene(oil)in previous attempts suffered from limited oxidation resistance,thus,safety and stability were compromised.From a clinical translational perspective,it is imperative to screen the optimal oils for enhanced emulsion adjuvants.Here,because of the varying oleic to linoleic acid ratio,soybean oil,peanut oil,and olive oil were utilised as oil phases in the preparation of aluminium hydrogel-stabilised squalene-in-water emulsions,which were then screened for their stability and immunogenicity.Additionally,the underlying mechanisms of oil phases and emulsion stability were unravelled,which showed that a higher oleic to linoleic acid ratio increased anti-oxidative capabilities but reduced the long-term storage stability owing to the relatively low zeta potential of the prepared droplets.As a result,compared with squalene-in-water ASEs,soybean-in-water ASEs exhibited comparable immune responses and enhanced stability.By optimising the oil phase of the emulsion adjuvants,this work may offer an alternative strategy for safe,stable,and effective emulsion adjuvants.展开更多
Vaccine adjuvants have been widely used to enhance the immunogenicity of the antigens and elicit long-lasting immune response.However,only few vaccine adjuvants have been approved by the FDA for human use so far.There...Vaccine adjuvants have been widely used to enhance the immunogenicity of the antigens and elicit long-lasting immune response.However,only few vaccine adjuvants have been approved by the FDA for human use so far.Therefore,there is still an urgent need to develop novel adjuvants for the potential applications in clinical trials.Herein,non-nucleotide small molecule STING agonist di ABZI was employed to construct glycopeptide antigen based vaccines for the first time.Immunological evaluation indicated di ABZI not only enhanced the production of antibodies and T cell immune responses,but also inhibited tumor growth in tumor-bearing mice in glycopeptide-based subunit vaccines.These results indicated that di-ABZI demonstrates a high potential as adjuvant for the development of cancer vaccines.展开更多
Interferon(IFN)responses are central to host defense against coronavirus and other virus infections.Manganese(Mn)is capable of inducing IFN production,but its applications are limited by nonspecific distributions and ...Interferon(IFN)responses are central to host defense against coronavirus and other virus infections.Manganese(Mn)is capable of inducing IFN production,but its applications are limited by nonspecific distributions and neurotoxicity.Here,we exploit chemical engineering strategy to fabricate a nanodepot of manganese(nanoMn)based on Mn2+.Compared with free Mn2+,nanoMn enhances cellular uptake and persistent release of Mn2+in a pH-sensitive manner,thus strengthening IFN response and eliciting broad-spectrum antiviral effects in vitro and in vivo.Preferentially phagocytosed by macrophages,nanoMn promotes M1 macrophage polarization and recruits monocytes into inflammatory foci,eventually augmenting antiviral immunity and ameliorating coronavirus-induced tissue damage.Besides,nanoMn can also potentiate the development of virus-specific memory T cells and host adaptive immunity through facilitating antigen presentation,suggesting its potential as a vaccine adjuvant.Pharmacokinetic and safety evaluations uncover that nanoMn treatment hardly induces neuroinflammation through limiting neuronal accumulation of manganese.Therefore,nanoMn offers a simple,safe,and robust nanoparticle-based strategy against coronavirus.展开更多
Background:Young children are at high risk for developing complications of influenza,as well as severe clinical presentation of disease.Vaccination provides direct protection and reduces symptom severity in breakthrou...Background:Young children are at high risk for developing complications of influenza,as well as severe clinical presentation of disease.Vaccination provides direct protection and reduces symptom severity in breakthrough in-fections.We assessed whether adjuvanted trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine is associated with symptom severity in children who developed laboratory-confirmed influenza,as compared to children who received quadrivalent inactivated influenza.Methods:A cluster randomized controlled trial of influenza vaccines in Canadian Hutterite colonies was conducted from the 2016-2017 to the 2018-2019 influenza season.Children were vaccinated with either quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine(QIV),or the MF59 adjuvanted trivalent influenza vaccine(aTIV).We assessed children who developed PCR-confirmed influenza infection for symptom severity outcomes using multivariable generalized negative binomial regression.Results:Among vaccinated children,49 infections were observed across 1779 person-days.Vaccine formulation(aTIV vs QIV)was not significantly associated with composite symptom outcomes,including total number of symptoms or total duration of symptom presentation(p>0.05 for all outcomes).Receipt of aTIV vaccination was significantly associated with attenuation of fever,with an estimated 74%reduction in fever severity.In influenza A type infections,adjuvanted vaccination was significantly associated with reduced systemic symptoms(incidence rate ratios:0.16,95%confidence intervals:0.03,0.64,p=0.01).No associations were observed between vaccine formulation and symptom severity in influenza B infections.Conclusions:In vaccinated children who develop an influenza infection,vaccine formulation was associated with attenuated fever severity,leading to reduced systemic symptoms.In influenza A infections,adjuvanted vaccination was significantly associated with reduced systemic symptoms.展开更多
基金This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (31370964, 51403105), Science and Technology Guiding Project of Guangdong Prov- ince (2013B091500071), and Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (IRT13023).
文摘Many materials as immune adjuvant are researched to help raise immnogenicity of subunit vaccines. Among them, peptide-based hydrogels are gradually coming into notice because of their application in drugs delivery, can- cer cell inhibition, vaccine adjuvants and detection of important analytes. In this work, we introduced a novel aro- matic capping group based on indole to construct short peptide-based supramolecular hydrogelators Indol-GFFY and Indol-GDFDFDY and demonstrated their potential applications as vaccine adjuvants.
文摘Background The outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)has greatly threatened public health.Recent studies have revealed that the spike receptor-binding domain(RBD)of SARS-CoV-2 is a potent target for vaccine development.However,adjuvants are usually required to strengthen the immunogenicity of recombinant antigens.Different types of adjuvants can elicit different immune responses.Methods We developed an RBD recombinant protein vaccine with a polyriboinosinic acid–polyribocytidylic acid[poly(I:C)]adjuvant to evoke a strong immune response.The delivery of poly(I:C)was optimized in two steps.First,poly(I:C)was complexed with a cationic polymer,poly-l-lysine(PLL),to form poly(I:C)–PLL,a polyplex core.Thereafter,it was loaded into five different lipid shells(group II,III-1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine[DSPC],III-1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine[DOPE],IV-DOPE,and IV-DSPC).We performed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay to compare the ability of the five lipopolyplex adjuvants to enhance the immunogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 RBD protein,including humoral and cellular immune responses.Finally,the adjuvant with the highest immunogenicity was selected to verify the protective immunity of the vaccine through animal challenge experiments.Results Recombinant RBD protein has low immunogenicity.The different adjuvants we developed enhanced the immunogenicity of the RBD protein in different ways.Among the lipopolyplexes,those containing DOPE(III-DOPE and IV-DOPE)elicited RBD-specific immunoglobulin G antibody responses,and adjuvants with four components elicited better RBD-specific immunoglobulin G antibody responses than those containing three components(P<0.05).The IC50 and IC90 titers indicated that the IV-DOPE lipopolyplex had the greatest neutralization ability,with IC50 titers of 1/117,490.Furthermore,in the challenge study,IV-DOPE lipopolyplex protected mice from SARS-CoV-2 infection.On the fourth day after infection,the average animal body weights were reduced by 18.56%(24.164±0.665 g vs.19.678±0.455 g)and 0.06%(24.249±0.683 g vs.24.235±0.681 g)in the MOCK and vaccine groups,respectively.In addition,the relative expression of viral RNA in the vaccinated group was significantly lower than that in the MOCK group(P<0.05).Interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in the MOCK group,whereas no obvious damage was observed in the vaccinated group.Conclusions The IV-DOPE–adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 recombinant RBD protein vaccine efficiently protected mice from SARS-CoV-2 in the animal challenge study.Therefore,IV-DOPE is considered an exceptional adjuvant for SARS-CoV-2 recombinant RBD protein-based vaccines and has the potential to be further developed into a SARS-CoV-2 recombinant RBD protein-based vaccine.
文摘Objective To construct the eukaryotic expression recombinant plasmid, pcIFN γ, as a genetic adjuvant and observe the immune responses elicited by pcDNA3 rhoptry protein 1 (pc ROP1) combined with pcIFN γ against Toxoplasma gondii (T gondii) infection in mice Methods A fragment of the IFN γ gene was directly inserted into the pcDNA3 plasmid and identified by two restriction endonucleases digestion pcIFN and pcROP1 DNA was injected into the left leg muscle of mice at a dosage of 100?μg, and a booster vaccination was given at the same dosage after two weeks Control groups were injected with pcDNA3 blank plasmid or normal saline At 30, 50 and 70 days after booster injection, kinetic tests were carried out: MTT assay for the proliferation response of T lymphocyte cells and the activity of NK cells, sandwich ABC ELISA for the determination of IFN γ, IL 2 and IL 10; a serum enzymetic aassay for nitric oxide (NO) in sera and ELISA for the titer of IgG antibody in sera Results The recombinant plasmid, pcIFN γ was constructed The proliferation response of spleen T lymph cells, NK cell killing activity, and serum levels of IFN γ, IL 2 and NO in mice injected with pcROP1 and pcIFN γ were higher than in those injected with pcROP1 alone There was no difference in IgG antibody levels between the two groups Conclusion The genetic adjuvant, pcIFN γ, could enhance the cellular immune response induced by DNA vaccine of pcROP1 in mice against Toxoplasma gondii infection
基金ThisstudywassupportedbytheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina (No 3 0 170 83 6)andtheCreativeFoundationofNanjingMedicalUniversity (No CX2 0 0 0 0 1)
文摘Background The development of new adjuvants for human use has been the focus of attention. This study’s aim is to explore the possibility of using nanoparticle Ca nanoparticles (CA) as a vaccine adjuvant of anti-idiotypic antibody NP30 against schistosomiasis and its protective mechanisms. Methods Nanoparticle CA-NP30 conjugate (CA-NP30) was fabricated. BALB/c mice were immunized actively with CA-NP30 to evaluate its effects of protective immunity on mice. The serum levels of specific IgG,IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies against NP30 and the concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-4 in supernatant of splenocytes were determined via ELISA. Results Nanoparticle CA could enhance significantly the protective immunity of NP30 against infection of Schistosoma japonicum and the worm reduction rose from 36.0% (NP30 alone) to 52.6%. The serum levels of specific IgG,IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies against NP30 increased remarkably,as compared with those of the group immunized with NP30 alone. The concentration of IFN-γ in supernatant of splenocyte was drastically elevated [the groups immunized with CA-NP30 and NP30 alone were (493.80±400.74) pg/ml and (39.03±39.58) pg/ml,respectively],but the concentration of IL-4 showed no significant difference from that of NP30 alone [(27.94±9.84) pg/ml vs (27.28±14.44) pg/ml]. Conclusions Nanoparticle CA could act as a vaccine adjuvant of anti-idiotypic antibody NP30 against schistosomiasis. The mechanism could be that CA-NP30 enhances humoral and cellular immune responses in mice.
基金The work was supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22101086,21961142018,and 51873067)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(Nos.2021A1515012024 and 2021A1515010271).
文摘Long-lasting protective immune responses are expected following vaccination.However,most vaccines alone are inability to evoke an efficient protection.The combinatory administration of adjuvants with vaccines is critical for generating the enhanced immune responses.Herein,with biocompatible poly(4-vinylpyridine)(P4VP)as template,2.5 nm iron/molybdenum oxide cluster,{Mo_(72)Fe_(30)},is applied as an adjuvant to co-assemble with antigens of Mycobacterium bovis via hydrogen bonding at molecular scale.Molecular scale integration of the antigens and{Mo_(72)Fe_(30)}and their full exposure to body fluid media contribute to the augmentation of both humoral and cellular immune responses of the vaccines after inoculation in mice.Anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 gradually increases after 2 weeks followed by a final back to normal level by the 5th week.The balance between proinflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory factors suggests that immune system can be activated in the early stage of infection by the antigens carried by the supra-particles and secrete acute inflammatory factors for host defense and anti-inflammatory factors for immune protection.
基金the Project supported by Beijing Nova Program of Beijing Municipal Science&Technology Commission(Grant No.Z201100006820139)the CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(YSBR-010)+4 种基金the Pilot Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB29040303)the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.21821005)“From 0 to 1”Original Innovation Project of Basic Frontier Scientific Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.2020000071)Youth Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.21908229)Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.2020000053).
文摘To increase antibody secretion and dose sparing,squalene-in-water aluminium hydrogel(alun^-stabilised emulsions(ASEs)have been developed,which offer increased surface areas and cellular interactions for higher antigen loading and enhanced immune responses.Nevertheless,the squalene(oil)in previous attempts suffered from limited oxidation resistance,thus,safety and stability were compromised.From a clinical translational perspective,it is imperative to screen the optimal oils for enhanced emulsion adjuvants.Here,because of the varying oleic to linoleic acid ratio,soybean oil,peanut oil,and olive oil were utilised as oil phases in the preparation of aluminium hydrogel-stabilised squalene-in-water emulsions,which were then screened for their stability and immunogenicity.Additionally,the underlying mechanisms of oil phases and emulsion stability were unravelled,which showed that a higher oleic to linoleic acid ratio increased anti-oxidative capabilities but reduced the long-term storage stability owing to the relatively low zeta potential of the prepared droplets.As a result,compared with squalene-in-water ASEs,soybean-in-water ASEs exhibited comparable immune responses and enhanced stability.By optimising the oil phase of the emulsion adjuvants,this work may offer an alternative strategy for safe,stable,and effective emulsion adjuvants.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22077068)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFA0507204)+2 种基金the NCC Fund(No.NCC2020FH12)the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(No.19JCQNJC05300)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities。
文摘Vaccine adjuvants have been widely used to enhance the immunogenicity of the antigens and elicit long-lasting immune response.However,only few vaccine adjuvants have been approved by the FDA for human use so far.Therefore,there is still an urgent need to develop novel adjuvants for the potential applications in clinical trials.Herein,non-nucleotide small molecule STING agonist di ABZI was employed to construct glycopeptide antigen based vaccines for the first time.Immunological evaluation indicated di ABZI not only enhanced the production of antibodies and T cell immune responses,but also inhibited tumor growth in tumor-bearing mice in glycopeptide-based subunit vaccines.These results indicated that di-ABZI demonstrates a high potential as adjuvant for the development of cancer vaccines.
基金This work was supported by grants including the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82022032 and 81991505 to D.L.)Clinical Medicine Plus X-Young Scholars Project,Peking University,the fundamental Research funds for the Central Universities(No.PKU2020LCXQ014 to D.L.)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.BMU2018YJ003 to D.L.,No.BMU2017YJ001 to Z.L.)the Foundation from Science and Technology Bureau of Xinjiang production and Construction Corps(No.2019BC006 to W.L.).
文摘Interferon(IFN)responses are central to host defense against coronavirus and other virus infections.Manganese(Mn)is capable of inducing IFN production,but its applications are limited by nonspecific distributions and neurotoxicity.Here,we exploit chemical engineering strategy to fabricate a nanodepot of manganese(nanoMn)based on Mn2+.Compared with free Mn2+,nanoMn enhances cellular uptake and persistent release of Mn2+in a pH-sensitive manner,thus strengthening IFN response and eliciting broad-spectrum antiviral effects in vitro and in vivo.Preferentially phagocytosed by macrophages,nanoMn promotes M1 macrophage polarization and recruits monocytes into inflammatory foci,eventually augmenting antiviral immunity and ameliorating coronavirus-induced tissue damage.Besides,nanoMn can also potentiate the development of virus-specific memory T cells and host adaptive immunity through facilitating antigen presentation,suggesting its potential as a vaccine adjuvant.Pharmacokinetic and safety evaluations uncover that nanoMn treatment hardly induces neuroinflammation through limiting neuronal accumulation of manganese.Therefore,nanoMn offers a simple,safe,and robust nanoparticle-based strategy against coronavirus.
文摘Background:Young children are at high risk for developing complications of influenza,as well as severe clinical presentation of disease.Vaccination provides direct protection and reduces symptom severity in breakthrough in-fections.We assessed whether adjuvanted trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine is associated with symptom severity in children who developed laboratory-confirmed influenza,as compared to children who received quadrivalent inactivated influenza.Methods:A cluster randomized controlled trial of influenza vaccines in Canadian Hutterite colonies was conducted from the 2016-2017 to the 2018-2019 influenza season.Children were vaccinated with either quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine(QIV),or the MF59 adjuvanted trivalent influenza vaccine(aTIV).We assessed children who developed PCR-confirmed influenza infection for symptom severity outcomes using multivariable generalized negative binomial regression.Results:Among vaccinated children,49 infections were observed across 1779 person-days.Vaccine formulation(aTIV vs QIV)was not significantly associated with composite symptom outcomes,including total number of symptoms or total duration of symptom presentation(p>0.05 for all outcomes).Receipt of aTIV vaccination was significantly associated with attenuation of fever,with an estimated 74%reduction in fever severity.In influenza A type infections,adjuvanted vaccination was significantly associated with reduced systemic symptoms(incidence rate ratios:0.16,95%confidence intervals:0.03,0.64,p=0.01).No associations were observed between vaccine formulation and symptom severity in influenza B infections.Conclusions:In vaccinated children who develop an influenza infection,vaccine formulation was associated with attenuated fever severity,leading to reduced systemic symptoms.In influenza A infections,adjuvanted vaccination was significantly associated with reduced systemic symptoms.