System design and validation of Queqiao-2 lunar relay communication satellite

In order to provide relay communication supports for future Chinese lunar exploration program,Queqiao-2 relay communication satellite was developed.Queqiao-2 can perform scientific observations with three kinds of scientific instruments on board.The system design of Queqiao-2,including mission orbit and transfer orbit design,configuration and layout design,housekeeping and information flow design,power supply and distribution design,GNC and propulsion system design,communication links design,etc.,was accomplished through comprehensive tradeoff and evaluation on technical maturity,availability,schedule,cost,and so on.With a view to reducing development risk,both the platform and relay communication payloads were developed based on significant heritage from previous Queqiao relay satellite and other relevant spacecraft.Queqiao-2 features flexible system architecture to support multiple frequencies,modulations,data rates and software reconfigurations to meet new user requirements.Subsequent to a successful launch on March 20,2024,by means of 5 orbit maneuvers,Queqiao-2 was inserted into a highly elliptical frozen mission orbit around the moon with a 24h period on schedule.Following on-orbit tests and calibrations,Queqiao-2 has possessed the capacity to provide reliable relay communication services to multiple lunar exploration missions,as well as the capacity to perform scientific observations.Under the support of Queqiao-2,Chang′e-6 achieved its ambitious mission goal to collect and return samples from the moon′s mysterious far side.In the meanwhile,Queqiao-2 has also paved the way for the following Chinese lunar exploration missions including Chang′e-7 and Chang′e-8.The design life time of Queqiao-2 is more than 8 years.Benefit from flexibility and extensibility of relay communication system design,it is convenient to provide relay communication services for future lunar exploration missions of both China and other countries.In addition,innovative scientific observations would be performed during the period that no relay communication task is arranged.The system design of Queqiao-2 reflects the development philosophy of technical innovations and inheritance integration.Based on highly flexible and extensible system architecture,multiple and concurrent relay communication mission requirements can be met.It can provide strong supports for future lunar exploration missions.Successful launching,orbit entering and on-orbit tests of Queqiao-2 verified the correct design principle and versatility.By means of Queqiao-2,more innovative scientific outcomes are anticipated and lunar exploration activities can be facilitated.

Adaptive Robust Servo Control for Vertical Electric Stabilization System of Tank and Experimental Validation

A tracking stability control problem for the vertical electric stabilization system of moving tank based on adaptive robust servo control is addressed.This paper mainly focuses on two types of possibly fast timevarying but bounded uncertainty within the vertical electric stabilization system:model parameter uncertainty and uncertain nonlinearity.First,the vertical electric stabilization system is constructed as an uncertain nonlinear dynamic system that can reflect the practical mechanics transfer process of the system.Second,the dynamical equation in the form of state space is established by designing the angular tracking error.Third,the comprehensive parameter of system uncertainty is designed to estimate the most conservative effects of uncertainty.Finally,an adaptive robust servo control which can effectively handle the combined effects of complex nonlinearity and uncertainty is proposed.The feasibility of the proposed control strategy under the practical physical condition is validated through the tests on the experimental platform.This paper pioneers the introduction of the internal nonlinearity and uncertainty of the vertical electric stabilization system into the settlement of the tracking stability control problem,and validates the advanced servo control strategy through experiment for the first time.

Scoring and Consequential Validity Evidence of Computer-and Paper-Based Writing Tests in Times of Change

Little is known about how the assessment modality,i.e.,computer-based(CB)and paper-based(PB)tests,affects language teachers’scorings,perceptions,and preferences and,therefore,the validity and fairness of classroom writing assessments.The present mixed-methods study used Shaw and Weir’s(2007)sociocognitive writing test validation framework to examine the scoring and consequential validity evidence of CB and PB writing tests in EFL classroom assessment in higher education.Original handwritten and word-processed texts of 38 EFL university students were transcribed to their opposite format and assessed by three language lecturers(N=456 texts,152 per teacher)to examine the scoring validity of CB and PB tests.The teachers’perceptions of text quality and preferences for assessment modality accounted for the consequential validity evidence of both tests.Findings revealed that the assessment modality impacted teachers’scorings,perceptions,and preferences.The teachers awarded higher scores to original and transcribed handwritten texts,particularly text organization and language use.The teachers’perceptions of text quality differed from their ratings,and physical,psychological,and experiential characteristics influenced their preferences for assessment modality.The results have implications for the validity and fairness of CB and PB writing tests and teachers’assessment practices.

Construction and Validity of Chinese Translation of the Universal Mental Health Literacy Scale for Adolescents

Background:In this study,the Universal Mental Health Literacy Scale for Adolescents(UMHL-A)was revised and tested for its reliability and validity in Chinese middle school students,thus establishing a useful tool for assessing the mental health of individuals in this occupation.Methods:Our sample comprised 1208 junior high school students(58.85%male),aged between 11 and 15 years old.The Chinese version of the scale includes a mental health attitude subscale and mental health knowledge subscale,including attitudes towards seeking help,attitudes related to stigma,general mental health knowledge,and knowledge about specific mental illnesses,encapsulated in a total of 17 items.A series of psychometric analyses such as exploratory factor analysis(EFA),confirmatory factor analysis(CFA),and internal consistency reliability estimation were carried out in this study.Results:The results of the CFA indicated that the two-factor model had an acceptable model fit(Attitude(UMHL-A Likert):χ^(2)/df=4.107;RMSEA=0.072;SRMR=0.045;TLI=0.932;CFI=0.954;Knowledge(UMHL-A T/F):χ^(2)/df=3.647;RMSEA=0.066;SRMR=0.044;TLI=0.923;CFI=0.945).The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of subscales of the Chinese version UMHL-A were 0.80 and 0.78,respectively.Conclusion:In general,the Chinese version of the Universal Mental Health Literacy Scale for adolescents has good reliability and validity and can be used as a tool to measure the mental health literacy of Chinese adolescents.

Validity and Reliability of a Mental Health Recovery Checklist for Young Adults

The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the internal consistency and construct validity of a self-report checklist measuring clinical mental health recovery across six key domains:family and relationships,occupation and school,physical health,mental health,spirituality,and social support systems.The Mental Health Recovery Checklist(MHRC)was developed at The Dorm,an intensive outpatient mental health treatment program for young adults in New York,NY,and Washington DC that services individuals between the ages of 18 and 35 years old.The present study is cross-sectional,as data were pulled from clients’records who were discharged between January 2018 and May 2023.Pearson Correlations and Cronbach’s alpha were used to determine scale reliability.To establish validity,an Exploratory Factor Analysis(EFA)was conducted to assess a single-factor model using Principal Axis Factoring.Cronbach’s alpha was high(α=0.88),indicating good reliability.In the EFA,all items loaded strongly on a single factor.The unidimensional structure revealed in the EFA highlights the interconnected nature of various life domains as they pertain to mental health recovery in young adults.Future research is warranted to explore whether there are additional dimensions of mental health recovery that have not been assessed in the present scale.

Validity,Reliability,and Measurement Invariance of the Thai Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale and Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale

Background:In recent years,there has been increased research interest in both smartphone addiction and social media addiction as well as the development of psychometric instruments to assess these constructs.However,there is a lack of psychometric evaluation for instruments assessing smartphone addiction and social media addiction in Thailand.The present study evaluated the psychometric properties and gender measurement invariance of the Thai version of the Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale(SABAS)and Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale(BSMAS).Method:A total of 801 Thai university students participated in an online survey from January 2022 to July 2022 which included demographic information,SABAS,BSMAS,and the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form(IGDS9-SF).Results:Confirmatory Factor Analyses(CFAs)found that both the SABAS and BSMAS had a one-factor structure.Findings demonstrated adequate psychometric properties of both instruments and also supported measurement invariance across genders.Moreover,scores on the SABAS and BSMAS were correlated with scores on the IGDS9-SF.Conclusion:The results indicated that the SABAS and BSMAS are useful psychometric instruments for assessing the risk of smartphone addiction and social media addiction among Thai young adults.

Surface and Content Validity of the Mentoring Function Scale for Novice Nurses

This study aimed to examine the surface and content validity of the Mentoring Function Scale for Novice Nurses, used to assess the mentoring of entry-level nurses, and to refine the scale items. In Study 1, six nurse education researchers, selected using convenience sampling, with five or more years of nursing experience and experience teaching novice nurses, were invited to an expert meeting in July 2015. A group interview was conducted that lasted approximately 120 minutes. Study 2 examined the content validity index. Between September and November 2015, we distributed a self-administered questionnaire survey to 11 participants selected by convenience sampling. The participants included five nurse education researchers with a minimum of five years of nursing experience and experience teaching novice nurses, as well as six clinical nurses with a master’s degree or higher. Finally, 81 questionnaire items were retained from the initial 125 items. The 81-item Mentoring Function Scale for Novice Nurses had higher content validity than the original scale. To further increase the scale’s applicability, future studies should assess its reliability, construct validity, and criterion-related validity.

Validity ranges of interfacial wave theories in a two-layer fluid system

In the present paper, we endeavor to accomplish a diagram, which demarcates the validity ranges for interfacial wave theories in a two-layer system, to meet the needs of design in ocean engineering. On the basis of the available solutions of periodic and solitary waves, we propose a guideline as principle to identify the validity regions of the interfacial wave theories in terms of wave period T, wave height H, upper layer thickness dl, and lower layer thick-ness d2, instead of only one parameter-water depth d as in the water surface wave circumstance. The diagram proposed here happens to be Le Mehaute＇s plot for free surface waves if water depth ratio r= d1/d2 approaches to infinity and the upper layer water density p1 to zero. On the contrary, the diagram for water surface waves can be used for two-layer interfacial waves if gravity acceleration g in it is replaced by the reduced gravity defined in this study under the condition of σ=（P2 - Pl）/P2 → 1.0 and r 〉 1.0. In the end, several figures of the validity ranges for various interfacial wavetheories in the two-layer fluid are given and compared with the results for surface waves.

Validity and reliability of the Polish version of the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument

BACKGROUND Diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy is an important risk factor for foot ulceration and amputation.Thus,patients with diabetes should be screened for this disorder according to local guidelines.An obstacle to the diagnosis of this disease may be the lack of unified diagnostic criteria due to the lack of properly validated scales used for assessment.AIM To validate both sections(A and B)of the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument(MNSI)in Polish(PL)patients with diabetes.METHODS A cross-sectional study using a test(A1,B1)and re-test(A2,B2)formula was performed in 80 patients with diabetes.The gold standard used for neuropathy detection was a nerve conduction study(NCS)which was performed in all participants.Reliability of the MNSI-PL was assessed using the Cronbach’s alpha,Kuder-Richardson formula 20(KR-20),split-half reliability,the Gottman split-half tests,and correlation between first and second half was accessed.Stability was assessed using an intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC).For external validation,we used simple linear correlation,binomial regression,and agreement between two different tools using a Bland-Altman plot analysis.RESULTS The scale was internally consistent(Cronbach’s alpha for the full scale:0.81 for A and 0.87 for B).MNSI-PL scores in test/retest showed high stability(ICC=0.73 for A and ICC=0.97 for B).The statistically important correlations between MNSI-PL and NCS were found for B1,B2,and A1(P<0.005).The cut-off points of≥3 for section A(sensitivity of 90%-100%;specificity of 33%-40%)and≥2 for section B(sensitivity of 81%-84%;specificity of 60%-70%)were obtained during neuropathy detection.CONCLUSION The MNSI-PL is a reliable and valid instrument in screening for diabetic neuropathy.

Testing Reliability and Validity of the Oulu Patient Classification Instrument—The First Step in Evaluating the RAFAELA System in Norway

Objective: To study reliability and validity of the Finnish Oulu Patient Classification instrument in Norway. Background: The Finnish patient classification system RAFAELA consists of three parts: 1) daily patient classification of nursing intensity using the Oulu Patient Classification instrument, 2) calculation of nursing resources providing bed side care per 24 hours, and 3) Professional Assessment of Optimal Nursing Care Intensity Level. The RAFAELA system has not been tested outside of Finland. Methods: A prospective, descriptive study was performed at 5 clinical units at Oslo University Hospital during 2011-2012. The interrater reliability of the Oulu Patient Classification instrument was tested by parallel classification including 100-167 patient classifications pr. unit, and analyzed by consensus in % and using Cohen’s Kappa. Convergent validity was tested by using the average Oulu Patient Classification instrument value to predict the average Professional Assessment of Optimal Nursing Care Intensity Level for the same calendar day by linear regression analysis. Results: The Oulu Patient Classification instrument consensus of parallel classifications varied between 70.1%-89%. Cohen’s Kappa within patient classes varied between 0.57 and 0.81, representing substantial interrater reliability. The Oulu Patient Classification instrument was valid as the instrument in average explained about 38% of the variation of the Professional Assessment of Optimal Nursing Care Intensity Level. Conclusions: Patient classification systems tested for psychometric properties are needed and this study provides evidence of satisfactory reliability and validity of the Oulu Patient Classification instrument as tested outside Finland, demonstrating that this instrument has international relevance within nursing.

An Adaptive Parameter-Free Optimal Number of Market Segments Estimation Algorithm Based on a New Internal Validity Index

An appropriate optimal number of market segments(ONS)estimation is essential for an enterprise to achieve successful market segmentation,but at present,there is a serious lack of attention to this issue in market segmentation.In our study,an independent adaptive ONS estimation method BWCON-NSDK-means++is proposed by integrating a newinternal validity index(IVI)Between-Within-Connectivity(BWCON)and a newstable clustering algorithmNatural-SDK-means++(NSDK-means++)in a novel way.First,to complete the evaluation dimensions of the existing IVIs,we designed a connectivity formula based on the neighbor relationship and proposed the BWCON by integrating the connectivity with other two commonly considered measures of compactness and separation.Then,considering the stability,number of parameters and clustering performance,we proposed the NSDK-means++to participate in the integrationwhere the natural neighbor was used to optimize the initial cluster centers(ICCs)determination strategy in the SDK-means++.At last,to ensure the objectivity of the estimatedONS,we designed a BWCON-based ONS estimation framework that does not require the user to set any parameters in advance and integrated the NSDK-means++into this framework forming a practical ONS estimation tool BWCON-NSDK-means++.The final experimental results showthat the proposed BWCONand NSDK-means++are significantlymore suitable than their respective existing models to participate in the integration for determining theONS,and the proposed BWCON-NSDK-means++is demonstrably superior to the BWCON-KMA,BWCONMBK,BWCON-KM++,BWCON-RKM++,BWCON-SDKM++,BWCON-Single linkage,BWCON-Complete linkage,BWCON-Average linkage and BWCON-Ward linkage in terms of the ONS estimation.Moreover,as an independentmarket segmentation tool,the BWCON-NSDK-means++also outperforms the existing models with respect to the inter-market differentiation and sub-market size.

Validity and Reliability of the Preference for and Tolerance of the Intensity of Exercise Questionnaire among Chinese College Students

The rising prevalence of physical inactivity is in all age groups(e.g.,in college students)a major public health issue as not meeting the recommended minimum amount of regular physical activity is linked to adverse health events.Vice versa,there is mounting evidence that achieving the recommended amount of regular physical activity is a vital element to prevent chronic diseases,but there is often an insufficient adherence to planned and structured forms of physical activity(i.e.,physical exercises).In this context,there is a large body of evidence indicating that exercise adherence is,among other factors,influenced by exercise-related affective responses.The Preference for and Tolerance of the Intensity of Exer-cise Questionnaire(PRETIE-Q)has been developed to measure these affective responses(e.g.,to specific exercise inten-sities).So far,no validated Chinese version of the PRETIE-Q has been available in the literature.To address this gap in literature,the present study developed and validated a Chinese version of the PRETIE-Q in a large sample of Chinese college students.Data from a total of 1117 college students were collected for analyses concerning factorial validity and construct validity.The re-test reliability was established using a sample of 150 randomly selected participants.In addition,the level of regular physical activity(PA),cardiorespiratoryfitness(CRF),and resilience were used to examine possible links with two domains(preference and tolerance)of the PRETIE-Q.Our results showed that a Chinese version of the PRETIE-Q has a goodfit and reliability(Cronbach’sαof 0.72 to 0.85 for preference and tolerance,respectively;ICC:r=0.72 of preference and r=0.67 of tolerance;fit indices:χ^(2)=21.612,df=19,p>0.05,TLI=0.997,CFI=0.998,RMSEA=0.016,SRMR=0.024).Secondly,positive associations of intensity-tolerance with PA,CRF,and resilience were observed.In summary,this study indicates that the Chinese version of the PRETIE-Q has sound psychometric properties and can be used in Chinese college students.The adapted version of the PRETIE-Q paves the way for further research on exer-cise-related affective responses in Chinese-speaking samples,although the generalizability of ourfindings needs to be established for other cohorts such as adolescents and older people with and without chronic diseases.

Reliability and validity of the hidden hunger assessment scale in China-revised for high school students

Objective:Hidden hunger remains a severe public health problem that affects millions of people worldwide.In China,challenges related to dietary imbalance and hidden hunger persist.Micronutrient inadequacy deserves more attention among adolescents,given its vital role in their growth and development;however,this problem appears to have been largely ignored.High school students,in particular,are often at a high risk of hidden hunger but have limited assessment tools available.Therefore,this study aims to revise the hidden hunger assessment scale for high school students(HHAS-HSS)in China and assess its reliability and validity.Methods:Based on a literature review,expert consultation,pre-experiment,and formal survey,a hidden hunger assessment scale was revised for high school students.The formal survey involved 9336 high school students in 11 of the 16 cities in Anhui Province,China,and 9038 valid questionnaires were collected and included in the analysis.The item analysis,internal consistency reliability,test-retest reliability,content validity,exploratory factor analysis,and confirmatory factor analysis of the HHAS-HSS were examined.Results:The HHAS-HSS included a total of 4 dimensions and 12 items:"vegetables and food diversity"(three items),"fruits and dairy products"(three items),"micronutrient-dense foods"(four items),and"health condition and eating habits"(two items).The results showed a Cronbach's alpha of 0.758,a split-half reliability of 0.829,and a test-retest reliability of o.793,indicating good internal consistency.Using the Bartlett's test and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test(KMO)to test the exploratory factor analysis presented a four-factor model of the HHAS-HSS,the KMO0 value was 0.820(P<0.001),which indicated the possibility for factor confirmatory factor analysis.Using the maximum variance rotation method,four factors were obtained,and the cumulative variance explained rate was 57.974%.Confirmatory factor analysis also supported the division of the scale into four dimensions,and the fitting indices were x^(2)=1417.656,x^(2)/df=29.534,goodness-of-fit index=0.974,adjusted goodnessof-fit index=0.958,parsimonious goodness-of-fit index=0.600,normed fit index=0.938,incremental fit index=0.940,Tucker-Lewis index=0.917,comparative fit index=0.939,and root mean square error of approximation=0.056.Except for x^(2)/df,all the indices reached the fitting standard,and the above results showed that the construct validity of the scale reached an acceptable level.Conclusions:The HHAS-HSS has good validity and reliability for Chinese high school students.It is a convenient self-report measure of hidden hunger risk.

Psychological impact of cancer scale:Turkish validity and reliability study

BACKGROUND In the diagnosis and treatment of cancer,it is important to evaluate the components of psychological adjustment.Considering the key role of nurses in providing care to patients,it is important to evaluate patients,to determine highrisk patients and to use tools with acceptable validity and reliability to develop care plans.AIM To analyze the Turkish validity and reliability of The Psychological Impact of Cancer Scale(PICS).METHODS This methodological study was conducted with 257 cancer patients admitted to the oncology-haematology clinic and outpatient clinic of a University Hospital between February and October 2021.After the translation process of the scale,content and construct validity were conducted.Exploratory factor analysis(EFA)and confirmatory factor analysis(CFA)was examined with construct validity,while item analyses and internal consistency analysis were conducted for reliability.RESULTS Analyses and assessment results showed that the content validity index of the scale was 0.96.In the exploratory factor analysis of the Turkish adaptation study,total variance rate explained was found as 84.98%.Factor loads of all items were between 0.82 and 0.94.It was found that Cronbach Alpha values were between 0.860 and 0.930 and total scale Cronbach Alpha value was 0.844.EFA and CFA showed that Turkish form of 12-item and 4-factor.The Psychological Impact of Cancer Scale was confirmed with no changes to the original scale.CFA revealed good fit indices.CONCLUSION Turkish PICS is a valid and reliable measurement tool for the evaluation of individual’s psychological response to cancer diagnosis and treatment and for being used in clinical practice.

Validity and reliability of the evaluation tool of TCM confidence in students with TCM learning experience

Objective:This study aimed to design an evaluation scale of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)confidence and then evaluate its validity and reliability.Methods:Three parallel samples with TCM learning experience were included in this current study.Randomly selected 500 nursing students were included factor analysis and reliability and validity analyses.After 4 weeks,200 nursing students were recruited to retest the reliability.The evaluation tool of TCM confidence included 6 dimensions and 25 entries.Results:Cronbach's a coefficient of the evaluation scale was 0.95 and that of the 6 observed aspects were higher than 0.90,and splithalf reliability was 0.81.For the retest reliability,Cronbach's a coefficient of the evaluation scale was 0.93 and that of the 6 examined aspects was all over 0.80.The index of content validity Scale Content Validity Index(S-CVI)was 0.92 and Item Content Validity Index(I-CVI)was 0.83–1.00.Conclusions:Observed results may indicate that the designed tool can be used to assess the TCM confidence level of students with TCM studied experience and also can evaluate results of TCM education during studying TCM lectures.

Optimal edge-cloud collaboration based strategies for minimizing valid latency of railway environment monitoring system

Response speed is vital for the railway environment monitoring system,especially for the sudden-onset disasters.The edge-cloud collaboration scheme is proved efficient to reduce the latency.However,the data characteristics and communication demand of the tasks in the railway environment monitoring system are all different and changeable,and the latency contribution of each task to the system is discrepant.Hence,two valid latency minimization strategies based on the edge-cloud collaboration scheme is developed in this paper.First,the processing resources are allocated to the tasks based on the priorities,and the tasks are processed parallly with the allocated resources to minimize the system valid latency.Furthermore,considering the differences in the data volume of the tasks,which will induce the waste of the resources for the tasks finished in advance.Thus,the tasks with similar priorities are graded into the same group,and the serial and parallel processing strategies are performed intra-group and inter-group simultaneously.Compared with the other four strategies in four railway monitoring scenarios,the proposed strategies proved latency efficiency to the high-priority tasks,and the system valid latency is reduced synchronously.The performance of the railway environment monitoring system in security and efficiency will be promoted greatly with the proposed scheme and strategies.

Antarctic Sea Ice Concentration in the Brazilian Earth System Model Simulations

Sea ice is an important and complex component of the Earth’s system, acting as both an indicator and an amplifier of climate change. Here, we investigated the ability of the Brazilian Earth System Model (BESM-OA2.5) and four state-of-the-art climate models participating in the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Version 5 (CMIP5) to represent the Antarctic Sea Ice Concentration (SIC) seasonal cycle. We validated the sea ice model’s performance using satellite data from 1980 to 2005 and calculated the skill and RMSE of each model. BESM-OA2.5 results for melt-freeze transitions in the Southern Ocean are consistent with CMIP5 models and satellite data. In February, when the sea ice reaches its annual minimum, the BESM-OA2.5 has the best fit among the models. However, in September, when the Antarctic sea ice reaches its annual maximum, the SIC simulated by BESM-OA2.5 indicated the largest area covered by ice compared to satellite, particularly on the Polar Front. Similar results were found in the CMIP5 models evaluated here. We suggest that the large bias simulated in the Polar Front is related to the inability of the sea ice model to represent the complex ocean-atmosphere-sea ice interactions. The subject is considered a hot topic in climate change studies and lacks conclusive answers.

Design of Traditional Chinese Medicine Extraction Workshop Process and Automation System

Objective: This paper takes the example of a Panax notoginseng extraction workshop and designs an automated production workshop with advanced domestic capabilities. Methods: 1) Based on the small-scale Panax notoginseng extraction process, the feasibility of the workshop production process is demonstrated. 2) The workshop process design for Panax Notoginseng saponin extraction is completed, including production organization plans and the selection of key equipment. 3) For the Panax notoginseng extraction workshop process, an automated production control system is designed. Conclusion: Through optimized design of the production process and automation system, continuous and automated production of traditional Chinese medicine extraction is achieved, leading to improvements in drug quality and production efficiency.

A Systematic Review of Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement for Psoriasis in Chinese Population

Objective To review the development of patient-reported outcome measurement(PROM)for patients with psoriasis in China,and to analyze the main results and methodology.Methods The systematic review method of COSMIN(consensus-based standards for the selection of health measurement instruments)was adopted,and the domestic and foreign databases were searched to find the patient-reported outcome scales based on Chinese psoriasis patients.Then,the included studies were evaluated by using COSMIN risk of bias checklist.Results and Conclusion A total of 3 studies were included,involving 3 scales.We found that the quality evaluation of the development process of the 3 scales was not high,and there were large methodological loopholes in the whole cycle of scale development and verification.The included studies have many problems such as low extrapolation,poor quality,and lack of validation,which can provide more insights for the quality control requirements of the whole cycle of scale development in the future.

Alternate operation characteristics of a solar-ground source heat pump system

In order to investigate the alternate operation characteristics of a solar-ground source heat pump system（SGSHPS）,various alternate operation modes are put forward and defined.A two-dimensional mathematical model with freezing/melting phase changes is developed for the heat transfer analysis of the soil.Based on the numerical solution of the model,the variation trends of underground soil temperature of the SGSHPS operated in various alternate operation modes are discussed.The results indicate that,for the day-night and short-time interval alternate operation modes without solar energy,the operation time fraction of a solar heat source should be confined to from 50% to 58% when operated in an alternate period of 24 h.Meanwhile,the disadvantages of a natural resumption of soil temperature can be overcome effectively by solar energy filling,and an optimal operation effect can be achieved by integrating the mode of solar energy filling with other alternate modes.In addition,the accuracy of the presented model is verified by the experimental data of borehole wall temperatures.The conclusions can provide a reference for the optimization operation of the SGSHPS.