Taxation Models and Improvement Proposals for Personal Income Tax in the Sharing Economy

As an innovative economic model,the sharing economy has seen rapid growth globally in recent years.It has not only brought a profound impact on traditional economies but also injected new vitality and momentum into the sustainable development of the social economy.However,for the sharing economy,the process of collecting personal income tax is facing several issues,such as the ambiguity of tax policies regarding personal income,challenges in identifying taxpayers,and difficulties in defining income.To achieve the fairness and efficiency of personal income tax collection in the sharing economy,this study proposes optimized regulatory mechanisms and conducts in-depth discussions on the adjustment of personal income tax policies,innovation in tax management technology,and improvement in the quality of personal income tax services.

Brief analysis on value-added tax transformation and its influence on enterprises

From Jan. 1st, 2009, the value-added tax transformation will be performed in all industries around the country. Based on value-added tax types and retrospection of reform practices, this article analyzes the background of the national value-added tax transformation and points out the influence of full implementation of the value-added tax transformation on various enterprises.

Value-Added Tax （VAT） on Selected Financial Transactions

This paper deals with the approach to imposing value-added tax （VAT） on financial transactions. The VAT is a highly harmonized consumption tax within the European Union （EU）. VAT operational rules have been set down by the relevant directive of the Council of the EU. Under the directive, it is possible to select either exemption or taxation of financial transactions. Only the first option is permitted in the Czech Republic. Pros and cons of both models are described, in particular, the problems with determining the difference between financial transactions and other similar performance that must always be subject to tax. Potential lower VAT revenue or tax base assessment, as appropriate, seems to be crucial in the case of the taxation of financial transactions.

Interregional Value-Added Tax in the Era of E-Commerce: Tax Policy Design Based on Big Data from Online Retailing

The value-added tax(VAT)in China is levied and allocated based on the origin principle.Under the background of the increasing substitution of online retail for traditional offline retail,this mechanism will exacerbate the disparity of regional tax revenue,and intensify tax competition among local governments.Therefore,reconsidering the allocation mechanism of value-added tax in China can be an important policy decision,and it is influenced by various economic and social factors.Firstly,we utilize large-scale retail transaction data from an e-commerce platform to measure regional disparities in retail and consumption among different regions and then reveals present tax policy results in revenue imbalance in different regions.Secondly,we establish a model based on game theory to illustrate how the origin principle leads to fierce tax competition among regions.Furthermore,by establishing and solving tax allocation models between local governments and the central government,this study simulates and calculates the degree of revenue imbalance under different scenarios and attempts to propose policy measures.The results indicate that implementing the destination principle will reduce regional tax imbalances.Moreover,adjusting the allocation ratio between the central government and local governments based on city levels is advantageous for further reducing regional tax revenue disparities.

The Expected Discounted Tax Payments on Dual Risk Model under a Dividend Threshold

In this paper, we consider the dual risk model in which periodic taxation are paid according to a loss-carry-forward system and dividends are paid under a threshold strategy. We give an analytical approach to derive the expression of gδ(u) (i.e. the Laplace transform of the first upper exit time). We discuss the expected discounted tax payments for this model and obtain its corresponding integro-differential equations. Finally, for Erlang (2) inter-innovation distribution, closedform expressions for the expected discounted tax payments are given.

On the Markov-dependent risk model with tax

In this paper we consider the Markov-dependent risk model with tax payments in which the claim occurrence, the claim amount as well as the tax rate are controlled by an irreducible discrete-time Markov chain. Systems of integro-differential equations satisfied by the expected discounted tax payments and the non-ruin probability in terms of the ruin probabilities under the Markov-dependent risk model without tax are established. The analytical solutions of the systems of integro-differential equations are also obtained by the iteration method.

Building a Tax Predictive Model Based on the Cloud Neural Network

Tax is very important to the whole country, so a scientific tax predictive model is needed. This paper introduces the theory of the cloud model. On this basis, it presents a cloud neural network, and analyzes the main factors which influence the tax revenue. Then if proposes a tax predictive model based on the cloud neural network. The model combines the strongpoints of the cloud model and the neural network. The experiment and simulation results show the effectiveness of the algorithm in this paper.

European Tax Models

The research paper European Tax Models is a comparative member states, taking into account the main features in light analysis of the taxation systems in the European Union of the contribution of indirect and direct taxes and social contributions to the achievement of public revenues. Theme presents a topic of great interest, both theoretically and practically, given that how to place taxes has direct repercussions on the economic development of a country, and undoubtedly influence the rules of an economy, particularly in terms of investment, labor market, and social welfare. It was considered necessary in the first part of the paper to address the conceptual elements and present the most important features of tax systems and the principles that underlie them. It was studied from a theoretical perspective and it found the European tax models as follow： Nordic, continental, Anglo-Saxon, Mediterranean, and catching-up. Then, it analyzed each fiscal European model on each member country, starting from its economic indicators, based on Eurostat data. The objective of the research paper was to present a complete picture of the structure and trends of tax level of the member states of the European Union, sorted by European tax models and the impact of taxation on economic growth and social welfare. The research has concluded that, as long as the rules of the European Union, member states are free to choose their own tax system along with their fiscal policy for economic development and having in a view of their geographical, historical, and political situation.

The analysis of tax policy based on Kim Gordon model

Economic decide taxes and taxes have an adverse effect on the economy. To achieve a sustained development of economy, we must require the taxes which are closely related to economy meet the requirements of its own development. That is tax receipts raised by government meeting functional needs as much as possible, while reducing the facts that will damage the future needs and development of economy. Therefore, we need to analyze various factors that affect revenue. If we make a very good understanding on how structure impacting on tax revenues, that will help us to use policy tools tax making impacts on revenue and optimize the structure of the tax. For this theme, many domestic scholars have done correlation research, and their research paper provides a good reference, but we believe their research can be further refined. Through theoretical analysis, we can select appropriate indicators letting tax revenue to be explained variable. Each possible influencing factor of tax revenues establish measurement model for explaining variable using stepwise regression models, and make a rigorous statistical test on the model. On the base of fully proving the effectiveness of the model, we can make relevant economic analysis.

中国环境保护税促进经济绿色转型模式创新

该研究基于中国省际面板数据,对环境保护税促进经济绿色转型模式创新进行了研究。结果表明:环境保护税对绿色全要素生产率促进作用显著,对于绿色技术创新,市场激励型环境保护税影响系数由负转正,转换速度为12.0153;对于绿色经济,命令控制型环境保护税和市场激励型环境保护税影响系数由负转正。在市场激励型规制强度低于门限值低区制,随环境保护税强度增加,影响绿色技术创新表现为显著抑制作用。建议要将环境保护税强度适度提高,推行市场激励型环境保护税政策。在短期内,提高环境保护税强度会对企业盈利有不利影响,需政府将政策扶持力度加大,推行绿色技术研发补贴、返还排污费、对环境税等激励性政策。以此为基础,对公司进行产品的生产技术创新,从而达到降低污染的目的,推动经济增长方式绿色转型。

差额碳税视角下应急产品闭环供应链的协调机制研究

为提高应急产品的资源利用效率并强化应急体系协同绿色发展,构造制造商处主导地位、零售商处从属地位的应急产品闭环供应链博弈模型。从差额碳税视角出发对比分析集中决策和分散决策下应急产品闭环供应链的各个均衡决策,推导出利用“讨价还价”模型实现供应链协调的条件,并进行算例分析。研究结果表明:差额碳税政策可以提高再制造应急产品的市场占比份额,促进资源的高效循环发展;讨价还价模型可以实现闭环供应链的有效协调。研究结果可为应对突发事件提供理论参考。

环境税影响居民医疗保健支出的机制及效应研究

本文利用2014-2020年中国家庭追踪调查数据(CFPS)和强度双重差分法,考察了环境税对居民医疗保健支出的影响。研究显示,环境税与居民医疗保健支出呈显著的负向关系,即环境税政策的实施有效减少了居民医疗保健支出,主要表现为个人被动性健康支出的减少,而从根本上减少主动性健康支出的效果并不明显。机制分析表明,政策效应的发挥得益于环境税的健康效应与转嫁效应。最后,异质性分析结果显示,环境税具有一定程度的分配效应;相比男性、高收入群体和城镇居民而言,环境税对女性、低收入群体及农村居民健康支出的影响更大。本文的研究发现为进一步完善中国环境税制与降低居民医疗保健支出负担提供了重要的经验证据。

巴黎协定下碳边境调节税的减排效应与福利影响——基于全球价值链的量化贸易模型评估

巴黎协定下欧盟单边征收碳边境调节税违背了“共区原则”。通过构建基于全球价值链的量化贸易模型,模拟评估巴黎协定下碳边境调节税的减排效应和贸易福利影响。研究发现:欧盟单边征税与各国基于碳价差异征税均能不同程度地缓解碳泄漏问题,并将有利于欧盟、日本的福利提升;而采用成员国对非成员国征税,相比于各国互相征税具有更高的减排效率,而且相比于前两种征税方式更有利于提高美国以及中国、印度、俄罗斯等发展中国家的福利水平。美国退出巴黎协定同时显著增加了非成员国与成员国的碳排放,带来更严重的碳泄漏问题,而征收碳边境调节税会明显降低美国的福利水平。如果中国退出巴黎协定同样会加剧全球的碳泄漏,通过实施碳边境调节税可降低碳泄漏,并促使中国通过结构效应进行减排,但是会显著恶化中国的贸易条件导致福利损失。此外,进一步的全球价值链机制分析表明,全球价值链的紧密联系会显著降低全球碳排放强度和全球总排放。

社保征管模式改革与企业社保遵从度

基于2008—2021年A股上市公司社会保险数据,构建多期双重差分模型,考察税务部门全责征收模式对企业社保遵从度的影响。结果显示:税务部门全责征收模式能够显著提高企业社保遵从度。税务部门全责征收模式通过提升征管强度、降低信息不对称和约束地方政府弹性征管而发挥作用;税务部门全责征收模式对基本养老保险、基本医疗保险和失业保险遵从度的提升作用更加明显;同时,在劳动密集度高、经营风险高、女性高管比例低和高管薪酬高的企业中以及维权意识强和老龄化程度高的地区,税务部门全责征收模式对企业社保遵从度的提升效应更加明显。进一步分析表明,税务部门全责征收模式对企业社保遵从度的正向作用能够有效提升企业业绩和促进企业创新。鉴于此,应积极推进税务部门全责征收模式,进一步完善社保征管相关政策,助力推动我国共同富裕进程。

不同碳税政策对外包再制造的影响

为研究外包再制造模式下不同碳税政策对再制造供应链的影响,考虑3种碳税政策:统一碳税政策、单向提高新产品碳税政策和单向降低再造品碳税政策,基于外包再制造模式构建原始制造商和再制造商博弈模型,对比3种碳税政策对企业最优决策及环境的影响。结果表明:在单向提高新产品碳税政策下,两种产品的零售价最高,在统一碳税政策下,新产品的需求量最高,再造品的需求量最低;原始制造商可以提高单位外包费来刺激再造品需求;当再造品与新产品单位碳排放的比值低于再造品支付价格的折扣系数时,政府对两种产品征收不同的碳税价格能够降低对环境的影响,刺激再造品需求。该研究可为政府选择恰当的碳税政策提供依据,为企业在碳税政策下的运营决策提供理论支持。

环境保护税对企业数字化转型的影响研究——基于《环境保护税法》的准自然实验

环境保护税作为中国推进生态文明建设的重要内容,对于企业转型升级具有重要意义。本文将《环境保护税法》的施行视为准自然实验,基于2012~2021年中国沪深A股上市公司数据,利用双重差分模型研究了环境保护税对企业数字化转型的影响及其内在机制。研究发现:环境保护税使得重污染企业的数字化转型程度平均提升9.51%,且这种促进效果大致呈上升趋势,在经过一系列稳健性检验后,该结论依然成立。异质性分析表明,环境保护税对企业数字化转型的影响具有区域和企业异质性,对东部地区企业、衰退期企业、国有企业及强环境规制企业数字化转型的促进作用更显著。机制检验表明,环境保护税通过促进企业研发投入和缓解企业融资约束推动企业数字化转型,并且ESG表现发挥着正向调节作用。以上研究结论既完善了环境保护税在经济红利方面的评估研究,又为中国进一步构建绿色税收体系,助推企业数字化转型提供了有益参考。

数字经济影响个人所得税调节居民收入差距效应研究--基于我国各省市2010—2022年面板数据的分析

随着互联网的深入普及,数字经济蓬勃发展,传统的个人所得税征管机制逐渐与当前经济发展模式不匹配。通过计算2010—2022年征收个人所得税前后的MT指数,测算个人所得税对调节居民收入差距的效应,并通过双向固定效应模型,运用我国各省级行政区2010—2022年面板数据验证数字经济的发展与当前传统个人所得税的再分配效应呈现有限负相关的关系,反映了现代信息技术应用于个人所得税征管改革的必要性。基于研究结果,进一步提出了完善我国个人所得税征管的政策建议,运用数字经济技术提高税收征管水平,完善我国税收征管体系,推动政府现代化数字治理。

车辆购置税优惠对企业技术创新、经营绩效的作用机制——基于新能源汽车企业的实证研究

基于车辆购置税优惠的视角,以2010—2021年中国新能源汽车上市公司的面板数据为样本,从消费端刺激出发,构建双重差分模型,探究车辆购置税优惠政策与新能源汽车企业经营绩效以及技术创新之间的作用机制。结果表明:车辆购置税优惠能够显著提高新能源汽车企业的经营绩效,且车辆购置税优惠能够通过促进新能源汽车企业的技术创新提升企业经营绩效。进一步研究结果表明,车辆购置税优惠对CEO具有金融背景、两职分离、小规模以及民营新能源汽车企业的技术创新激励效果更强。据此,建议政府延续并进一步完善车辆购置税优惠政策,提高优惠政策相关车辆的筛选标准,完善《车辆购置税优惠的新能源汽车车型目录》车辆退出机制,新能源汽车企业在加大研发投入、提高技术创新水平的同时关注公司治理水平的提升。

税收负担、财政自给率与城市高质量发展

健全的财税体制是推动高质量发展的重要保障。为厘清税收负担、财政自给率与经济高质量发展的关系,有效贯彻长三角一体化国家战略,选取长三角41个城市2008—2019年面板数据,采用极值熵值法测算长三角城市高质量发展指数,运用Tobit模型实证检验税收负担和财政自给率对城市高质量发展的影响。研究发现:整体上看,长三角城市高质量发展呈阶段性波动趋势,且区域异质性明显,上海居于首位,浙江和江苏次之,安徽相对靠后。从子系统看,长三角城市高质量发展子系统指数中绿色>创新>开放>共享>协调。从实证结果看,税收负担和财政自给率都显著促进高质量发展,税收负担与财政自给率的交互项亦显著促进高质量发展。控制变量中,政府支出规模和经济发展水平对高质量发展的影响不确定,且未通过显著性检验,产业结构和能源消费结构与高质量发展具有负相关关系,城镇化水平与高质量发展具有正相关关系。

Geomorphology-oriented theoretical framework and construction method for value-added DEM

Digital elevation model(DEM)plays a fundamental role in the study of the earth system by expressing surface configuration,understanding surface process,and revealing surface mechanism.DEM is widely used in analysis and modeling in the field of geoscience.However,traditional DEM has the defect of single attribute,which is difficult to support the research in earth system science oriented to geoscience process and mechanism mining.Hence,realizing the value-added data model on the basis of traditional DEM is necessary to serve digital elevation modeling and terrain analysis under the background of a new geomorphology research paradigm and earth observation technology.A theoretical framework for value-added DEM that mainly includes concept,connotation,content,and categories,is constructed in this study.The relationship between different types of value-added DEMs as well as the research significance and application category of this theoretical framework are also proposed.The following are different methods of value-added DEMs:(1)value-added methods of DEM space and time dimensions that emphasize the integration of the ground and underground as well as coupling of time and space,(2)attribute-based value-added methods composed of material(including underground,surface,and ground)and morphological properties,and(3)value-added methods of features and physical elements that consider geographical objects and landform features formed by natural processes and artificial effects.The digital terrace,slope,and watershed models are used as examples to illustrate application scenarios of the three kinds of value-added methods.This study aims to improve expression methods of DEMs under the background of new surveying and mapping technologies by adding value to the DEM at three levels of dimensions,attributes,and elements as well as support knowledge-driven digital geomorphological analysis in the era of big data.