An Evaluation of Value-Oriented Review for Software Requirements Specification

A software requirements specification(SRS)is a detailed description of a software system to be developed.This paper proposes and evaluates a lightweight review approach called value-oriented review(VOR)to detect defects in SRS.This approach comprises setting core values based on SRS and detecting the defects disturbing the core values.To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach,we conducted a controlled experiment to investigate whether reviewers could identify and record the core values based on SRS and find defects disturbing the core values.Results of the evaluation with 56 software engineers showed that 91%of the reviewers identified appropriate core values and 82%of the reviewers detected defects based on the identified core values.Furthermore,the average number of defects detected using the proposed approach was slightly smaller than that detected using perspective-based reading(PBR);however,PBR requires defining review scenarios before attempting to detect any defects.The results also demonstrated that the proposed approach helped reviewers detect the omission defects,which are more difficult to detect from SRS than defects because of ambiguity or incorrect requirements.

Many Kinds of Reserved Judgement in No-Data Problem

The reserved judgment can be broadly categorized into three types: Re-Do, Re-Set, and Natural Flowing Case (i.e. step by step in Re-Try). Hori et al. constructed the Bayes-Fuzzy Estimation and demonstrated that system theory can be applied to the possibility of Markov processes, and that decision-making approaches can be applied to sequential Bayes estimation. In this paper, we focus on the Natural Flowing Case within reserved judgment. Here, the possibility of oblique (or principal) factor rotation is considered as a part of the tandem fuzzy system that follows step by step for sequential Bayes estimation. Ultimately, we achieve a significant result whereby the expected utility can be calculated automatically without the need to construct a utility function for reserved judgment. There, this utility in Re-Do can be calculated by the prior utility, and that utility in Re-set does not exist by our research in this paper. Finally, we elucidate the relationship between fuzzy system theory and fuzzy decision theory through an applied example of Bayes-Fuzzy theory. Fuzzy estimation can be applied to only normal making decision, but it is impossible to apply abnormal decision problem. Our Vague, specially Type 2 Vague can be applied to abnormal case, too.

SPOT BEAM JUDGEMENT ALGORITHM IN LEO SATELLITE BASED ON OPNET

Low earth orbit（LEO）satellite constellation networks have a predominance of global coverage with low propagation delays.A new spot beam judgement algorithm is presented in LEO satellite constellation.At first,judgement of central spot beam is considered.Then the judgement of outlying spot beam is achieved by two algorithms.One is 2-D space judgement algorithm and the other is 3-D space judgement algorithm.Based on these algorithms,an Iridium model implemented on OPNET with dynamic topology nodes and network layer protocols is presented and simulation results are obtained.The simulation results show that the satellite serving time has obviously increased through the method of longest visible time criterion and the equal beam width model is validated.

张志娣教授运用“平治权衡”理念治疗肺癌经验

介绍张志娣教授运用“平治权衡”理念临床辨治肺癌经验。通过探究肺癌病因病机,基于“平治权衡”治疗理念,阐述肺癌三个阶段不同的中医临床症候特征、辨治特色和用药特点。总结得出肺癌属正虚邪实,是由气血阴阳失调,痰热瘀毒壅阻肺络,导致脏腑衰弱的虚实夹杂之病。主张“平治”与“权衡”,分期而治,毒盛期气阴两虚,痰毒内盛,重在益气养阴;毒瘀期肝肾不足,痰毒结聚,注重顾护脾胃,兼以补益肝肾;毒流期阴阳俱损,治宜补肾固本,育阴敛阳,同时顾护胃气,保留生机。用药考究药性药量,顺应四时,擅用虫类花药,平淡去实,所举案例充分体现以上治疗理念。

TWO APPROACHES TO IMPROVING THE CONSISTENCY OF COMPLEMENTARY JUDGEMENT MATRIX

By the transformation relations between complementary judgement matrix and recip- rocal judgement matrix,this paper proposes two methods for improving the consistency of com- plementary judgement matrix and gives two simple practical iterative algorithms.These two al- gorithms are easy to implementon computer,and the modified complementary judgementmatri- ces remain most information that original matrix contains.Thus the methods supplement and develop the theory and methodology for improving consistency of complementary judgement matrix

On consistency of the weighted arithmetical mean complex judgement matrix

The weighted arithmetical mean complex judgement matrix （WAMCJM） is the most common method for aggregating group opinions, but it has a shortcoming, namely the WAMCJM of the perfectly consistent judgement matrices given by experts canot guarantee its perfect consistency. An upper bound of the WAMCJM＇s consistency is presented. Simultaneously, a compatibility index of judging the aggregating extent of group opinions is also introduced. The WAMCJM is of acceptable consistency and is proved provided the compatibilities of all judgement matrices given by experts are smaller than the threshold value of acceptable consistency. These conclusions are important to group decision making.

The Application of Multi-level Fuzzy Judgement in the Appraisement of Green Products

The appraisement of "the green level" for a green product is a problem that has to deal with multi aspects and multi stratification. According to the property of the items that affect "the green level" of the product, they can be divided into aspects, elements and factors. These make appreciable grades. Multi level fuzzy judgement can solve the appraisement problem that considers the influences of design, manufacture, use and recovery in all life cycle or multi life cycle of a product. In the judging process it not only deals with the action of all factors, but also continues to have all messages in grade judgement. The power coefficients stand out as the main items. An example is given to show the judgement process.

HYDROCHEMICAL INDEXES OF SEAWATER INTRUSION AND COMPREHENSIVE JUDGEMENT ON INTRUSIVE DEGREE

The paper discusses the use of five hydrochemical indexes in evaluating seawater intrusion, and ranking the intrusion degree for Cl -, M, Br -, rHCO 3/rCl and SAR. The fuzzy mathematical comprehensive judgement model has been adopted as the method of adjustment. Based on more than 300 water samples obtained from four typical profiles in the coastal region of Laizhou Gulf during the period from June 1993 to June 1995, we made a comprehensive judgement of seawater intrusion degree. The result shows that intrusion degree was becoming heavier from June 1993 to June 1994, but more steady and inactive in the high level of intrusion degree in the perennial severe intrusion zone from December 1994 to June 1995. Since entering the 1990s up to now, the process of seawater intrusion has translated from its peak developmental stage from the 1970s to the 1980s into a stage of equilibrium and slow development mainly because the intruded area expanded inland, precipitation increased at some extent recently and various measures of prevention and harness begin to show the effect.

The Application of Multi-level Fuzzy Judgement in the Appraisement of Green Products

The appraisement of "the green level" for a green p ro duct is a problem that has to deal with multi-aspect and multi-stratification. According to the property of the items that affect "the green level" of the pro duct, they can be divided into aspects, elements and factors. These make appreci able grades. The multi-level fuzzy judgement can solve the appraisement problem that considers the influences of design, manufacture, use and recovery in all- life cycle or multi-life cycle of product. In the judging process it is not onl y deal with the action of all factors, but also continue to have all messages in grade judgement. The power coefficients stand out as the main items. An example is given to show the judgement process.

Consensus of the Characteristics of Clinical Judgement Utilised by Nurses’ in Their Practice: Results of a Survey

Clinical judgement is an important component of safe and effective nursing care. Clinical judgement remains a challenging cognitive process to articulate and assess. An integrative review of the literature conducted in 2016 identified 13 characteristics of clinical judgement. This paper reports the results of a 2-phase survey to obtain consensus whether these characteristics identified accurately represented nurses’ perception of clinical judgement. The 2-phase survey was administered via an online survey software tool. The survey in phase 1 sought Yes/No answers for nurse academics with recruitment via a hyperlink in an email to individuals identified from University websites, Google and published articles. In phase 2, the survey was modified to a Likert scale and recruitment occurred via online networks and was open to all nurses. The results identified that the characteristics accurately represented the nurse’s perception of clinical judgement. By articulating the characteristics, it allows clinical judgement to be easily described and can therefore be applied to both nursing research and education.

Mixed Least Square Method for Priority of Complementary Judgement Matrix and Its Algorithm

Based on the concept of multiplicative fuzzy consistent complementary judgement matrix, the mixed least square method （MLSM） for priority of complementary judgement matrix is proposed and proved. Then, the corresponding convergent iterative algorithm is given and its convergence is proved. Finally, some main properties of the developed priority method, such as rank preservation under strong condition, etc., ate introduced. The theoretical analyses show that the MLSM can sufficiently reflect the preference information of the decision maker, and is easy to realize on a computer.

Some Basic Judgements

Great changes in the international environment facing China have taken place since the end of the Cold War. And new changes have taken place after September 11. Even so, China has constantly improved its external environment and thus it’s standing in the world has grown steadily because of its stable political situation, economic development.

THE FUZZY SYNTHETIC JUDGEMENT OF CORRELATING PARAMETER OF FIGHTER DESIGN

An expression of correlating parameter is developed which can be used to synthetically express the close combat maneuverability of fighters by the method of fuzzy mathematics. On the basis of analysis of fighter maneuvering performances, this paper proposes the parameters ωA,ωs, and SEP to measure the maneuvering performances. The linear weighted method, which is one of the basic methods of transforming several objects to a single object in mathematics programming, is used to determine the form of the correlating parameter expression. The focal point of this paper's work is to determine the weight coefficients of maneuvering performances in the expression. In order to solve this problem, the inverse problem of synthetic judgement in fuzzy mathematics is employed. The development of the equation of fuzzy relationship in this paper is based on the judgement data, which are gathered from many experts working in aeronautical field. Therefore, the expression of correlating parameter developed by this paper can be used in the design object at aircraft conceptual design stage and the judgement of synthetical measurement of the maneuverability of fighters.

程序出罪的内涵重塑与判断标准

随着犯罪治理多元化进程的加快,程序出罪的重要性日益凸显。如何在实体入罪的同时通过程序出罪实现犯罪治理多元化成为理论研究的重点课题。既有研究未能妥善解决程序出罪的概念共识问题,导致程序出罪的理论基础不清、适用范围不明、体系协调性不足。对此,应通过逐级分析“不入罪”与“出罪”,以及“实体出罪”与“程序出罪”的理念差异,凸显程序出罪的独立性。程序出罪的本质属性表现为因裁量性程序终止行为使行为人在法律意义上无罪。因存在犯罪阻却事由、法益恢复事由、证据不足、欠缺诉讼条件导致的法定性程序终止因不具有个案利益衡量特性,与程序出罪存在本质差异。在此基础上,应进一步明确程序出罪的判断标准,处理好不同属性利益之间的衡量问题,即制定不同出罪情节的叠加适用标准,以及出罪与入罪情节之间的冲突衡量标准。

Whether Females are Facing Harsher Judgements than Males in The Society

Are Chinese female more easily blamed than male because of transgressions?To find the answer of this question,we designed an experiment.The hypothesis was:women are more constrained by social norms than men in China.Chinese have clear expectations to how people should act,and norms apply to women.However,perhaps these expectations might be mitigated when Chinese go abroad and exposed to more culturally looser countries.Moreover,these effects might increase with the longer exposure.In this experiment,we compare people’s attitudes to identical men and women behavior.We mainly hypothesis that(1)There is Greater exception of conformity for women and strevter judgement against women in China.(a)Students study in a culturally looser country have less gender bias toward women.(b)Longer time abroad(in a culturally looser country)mitigate gender bias toward women.(2)Chinese language promotes the formation of expectations to women’s behaviors.

基于情感和认知协同的道德判断方法

随着大语言模型的迅速发展,大语言模型的安全性逐渐引起了研究者和公众的密切关注.为了防止大语言模型在与人类协作中对人类产生伤害,如何确保大语言模型在日常场景中的判断能与人类道德观念相符成为了一个重要问题.其中一个关键的挑战是,如何确保大语言模型在道德判断方面,能够像人类那样,针对不同的情境,灵活地调整或重新考虑预定的规则,从而使其判断与人类的道德观念保持一致.受心理学和认知科学中关于人类道德判断的情感和认知影响因素研究的启发,结合大语言模型在认知推理和情感分析能力上的优势,设计了一种模仿人类道德判断过程中情感判断和认知判断能力交互的方法,从而提升了大语言模型的道德判断表现.实验结果证明了所提方法在该任务上的有效性.总的来说,不仅为大语言模型的道德判断提供了一种创新的方法,也强调了心理学与认知科学理论在此领域的重要性,为未来的进一步研究奠定基础.

江苏促进民营企业做大做优做强的路径研判

民营经济是推进中国式现代化的生力军,民营企业是民营经济的经营主体或微观载体,因此,凡是能促进民营经济发展壮大的政策举措,都应在民营企业身上添力赋能、见功见效。《中共中央国务院关于促进民营经济发展壮大的意见》明确提出“促进民营经济做大做优做强”,并且竖起了三大“指路牌”。这三个“引导”,契合当下江苏民营企业发展的实际情况,但做大做优做强民营企业是一项十分艰巨复杂的系统工程,江苏政企双方不仅要围绕政策落实、法律执行、合规经营等“相向而行”,更要深入研判推进路径。当前江苏做大做优做强民营企业,首要路径是解放思想弘扬精神,关键之路是坚定方向转型升级,成功之道在于改革开放创新驱动。如此三路并进从而形成强大合力,定能推动民营企业在高质量发展征程上“打头阵、当先锋、树高峰、建新功”。

企业披露数据资源会影响审计质量吗?——基于审计师的多维学习视角

数据资源的发展日臻成熟,成为企业的新质生产要素。本文通过挖掘2011-2022年我国A股上市公司年报中披露的数据资源数额,探究其对审计质量的影响,研究发现,企业披露数据资源对审计质量具有负向影响。机制分析显示,企业披露数据资源通过削弱企业内部控制质量,增加对区块链与人工智能技术的使用程度,从而降低审计质量。基于审计师的多维学习视角,进一步发现审计师在职场内进行主动学习的作用有限,而职场外的主动与职场内外的被动学习均能更好地提升其对于数据资源的判断和决策效用。此外,企业披露不同类别的数据资源均会对审计质量造成影响。本文从审计师专业判断和职业学习层面拓展了审计质量的研究框架,对完善数据资源披露等相关准则及审计师职业学习理论等具有重要价值。

基于实测数据的机动目标探测性能评估研究

基于TTP准则的静目标鉴别性能理论模型评估方法具有环境适应性强、性能预测准确、系统参数优化便利等优点,但此方法对动目标探测性能评估的准确性还需展开进一步研究。为了准确评估动目标的探测性能,文中搭建了靶标运动系统、红外目标生成系统和目标采集及储存系统;采用人眼阈值判断实验方法实现不同成像作用距离、不同运动速度、不同靶标尺寸下的目标探测性能评估,获得了目标探测概率性能曲线;结合NVThermIP现场性能评估理论模型,在系统性能参数输入一致时计算目标探测性能。实验结果表明:NVThermIP现场性能预测模型对于动目标探测性能的预测存在一定偏差,在实验测量的目标运动速率范围内,随着目标运动速率的提升,目标更易被探测。实验结果为动目标性能评估理论模型的修正提供了数据支持。

案件溢出事实对法院裁判形成过程的影响

准确把握与合理运用案件溢出事实,对于案件定量裁判的公正性具有重要的实践价值和意义。以民事纠纷中的彩礼案为例,我国已形成案件溢出事实运用的规范主义的三种进路。然而,这些规范主义进路存在难以对溢出事实作出穷尽规定,难以量化把握溢出事实的运用,以及已有的典型案例和司法解释尚有矛盾或欠严谨等主要问题。因而在案件的定量裁判中,裁判者对溢出事实的判断和运用仍需遵循实践主义逻辑,要基于个案溢出事实与主要事实的内在联系,从情理角度对案件的溢出事实加以衡量,并以可靠性作为判断和运用案件溢出事实的前提。运用案件溢出事实作出的定量裁判结果的正当性证成,需以当事人对裁判结果存在最低限度的可接受性为前提。