Vanadium extraction from vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite by selective chlorination using chloride wastes (FeClx)

Vanadium extraction of vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite was investigated by selective chlorination. Thermodynamics analyses on the interactive reactions among related species in the system were made before the experiments. Some fundamental experiments for extracting vanadium by FeClx as chlorinating agent were conducted over the temperature range of 900-1300 K under air or oxygen atmosphere. The results show that vanadium can be extracted by the selective chlorination, using FeClx, based on thermodynamic analysis and experiment. Vanadium extraction ratio first increases with the increase of temperature, and then decreases with the increase of temperature over the range of 900-1300 K under air or oxygen atmosphere. The higher molar ratio of FeCI3 to oxides （nchl：noxd） reacting with FeC13, the higher ratio of vanadium extraction. Under oxygen atmosphere, the vanadium extraction ratio is up to 32% at 1100 K for 2 h by using FeCI3 as chlorinating agent.

Solid-state reaction of a CaO−V_(2)O_(5)mixture:A fundamental study for the vanadium extraction process

The aim of this study was to investigate the phase transformation and kinetics of the solid-state reaction of CaO−V_(2)O_(5),which is the predominant binary mixture involved in the vanadium recovery process.Thermal analysis,X-ray diffraction spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy,and energy dispersive spectrometry were used to characterize the solid-state reaction of the samples.The extent of the solid reac-tion was derived using the preliminary quantitative phase analysis of the X-ray patterns.The results indicate that the solid reaction of the CaO−V_(2)O_(5)mixture is strongly influenced by the reaction temperature and CaO/V_(2)O_(5)mole ratio.The transformation of calcium vanadate in-volves a step-by-step reaction of CaO−V_(2)O_(5),CaO−CaV_(2)O_(6),and CaO−Ca_(2)V_(2)O7 depending on the CaO/V_(2)O_(5)mole ratio.The kinetic data of the solid reaction of the CaO−V_(2)O_(5)(1:1)mixture followed a second-order reaction model.The activation energy(Ea)and preexponential factor(A)were determined to be 145.38 kJ/mol,and 3.67×10^(8)min^(−1),respectively.

Vanadium extraction and dephosphorization from V-bearing hot metal with fluxes containing CaO

Extracting vanadium and removing phosphorus simultaneously by adding CaO containing materials to V-bearing hot metal were investigated under the condition of simulating the process of vanadium extraction with insufficiently supplying oxygen in converter. Through preliminary experiments, 3 h and 1375 °C were chosen as the optimum holding time and reaction temperature for formal experiments, respectively. The results of the formal experiments suggest that making basic slag can extract vanadium and remove phosphorus simultaneously. The vanadium extraction rate(ηV) and phosphorus removal rate(ηP) both increase with an increase in the basicity of the original slag materials and the Fe2O3 contents. The vanadium distribution ratio)(V L′is about an order of magnitude greater than the phosphorus distribution ratio),(P L′but the latter is more sensitive to slag basicity than the former. The phosphorus distribution ratio is beyond 6 when the basicity of the original slag materials is beyond 1, which indicates a much better performance of phosphorus removal compared to the phosphorus removal in the current process. Therefore, it is very feasible to properly raise slag basicity to remove phosphorus with consideration of the grade of vanadium slag. The relations between ηV and ηP, and between L′V and L′P are linear under the experimental conditions.

A review on vanadium extraction techniques from major vanadium-containing resources

The critical role of vanadium in metallurgy and the increasing commercialization of vanadium redox flow batteries have contributed to a rise in market demand for vanadium,emphasizing the need to ensure the sustainability of vanadium production.Converter vanadium slag and stone coal,generated during the smelting process of vanadium–titanium magnetite,serve as primary raw materials for vanadium extraction.This paper reviews the process mineralogy of converter vanadium slag and stone coal,encompassing the chemical and physical phase compositions of the raw materials and the state of vanadium occurrence.The aim is to establish a theoretical foundation for the mechanistic study of the vanadium extraction techniques and to provide a reference for the optimization of the process afterward.This paper systematically summarizes the current vanadium extraction technology from converter vanadium slag,covering roasting,direct leaching,sub-molten salt method,and the technology and research status of vanadium extraction from stone coal.Most importantly,it identifies key issues in the current vanadium extraction techniques and challenges faced in actual production,based on the analysis of the current vanadium extraction process and mechanism research.The forward feasibility and prospects for the development of vanadium extraction technology are outlined.

Extracting vanadium from stone-coal by oxygen pressure acid leaching and solvent extraction

Vanadium extraction from stone-coal was investigated by oxygen pressure acid leaching and solvent extraction.The mineralogy of the stone-coal from Tongren City of Guizhou Province,China,was investigated by various determination methods. The effects of leaching time,leaching temperature,leaching agent concentration,leaching L/S ratio,granularity of material,additive consumption were investigated based on the mineralogy.The results show that under the conditions of leaching time of 3-4 h, temperature of 150℃,sulfuric acid consumption of 25%?30%,ratio of liquid to solid of 1.2:1,the granularity less than 0.074 mm, additive consumption of 3%-5%,and oxygen pressure of 1.2 MPa,and the vanadium leaching rate can be more than 92%by the method of two-step pressurized acid leaching.The powdery V2O5 product with 99.52%in V2O5 content is obtained by the flowsheet of acid recovery,removing iron by reduction process,solvent extraction,precipitating vanadium with ammonium water,and pyrolysis from the stone-coal oxygen pressure acid-leaching solution.The total recovery efficiency of vanadium is above 85%,which is more than 20%higher than that obtained in the conventional process.Furthermore,the new process does not cause air pollution since no HCl or Cl2 is released by calcination of the raw material.

Enhanced properties of stone coal-based composite phase change materials for thermal energy storage

Phase change materials (PCMs) can be incorporated with low-cost minerals to synthesize composites for thermal energy storage in building applications.Stone coal (SC) after vanadium extraction treatment shows potential for secondary utilization in composite preparation.We prepared SC-based composite PCMs with SC as a matrix,stearic acid (SA) as a PCM,and expanded graphite (EG) as an additive.The combined roasting and acid leaching treatment of raw SC was conducted to understand the effect of vanadium extraction on promoting loading capacity.Results showed that the combined treatment of roasting at 900℃ and leaching increased the SC loading of the composite by 6.2%by improving the specific surface area.The loading capacity and thermal conductivity of the composite obviously increased by 127%and 48.19%,respectively,due to the contribution of 3wt% EG.These data were supported by the high load of 66.69%and thermal conductivity of 0.59 W·m^(-1)·K-1of the designed composite.The obtained composite exhibited a phase change temperature of 52.17℃,melting latent heat of 121.5 J·g^(-1),and good chemical compatibility.The SC-based composite has prospects in building applications exploiting the secondary utilization of minerals.

Synergistic effect of microwave irradiation and CaF2 on vanadium leaching

The effect and mechanism of microwave irradiation on vanadium leaching were studied via a comparison between microwave heating and conventional heating. The results show a synergistic effect of microwave irradiation and calcium fluoride （CaF2） on the vana- dium leaching efficiency. It is confirmed that the vanadium leaching process can be improved by microwave irradiation when CaF2 is present. The leaching rate of vanadium under microwave irradiation is increased by 8%-15% when 5wt% CaF2 is added; by contrast, in the absence of CaF2, the leaching rate is almost unaffected compared to that by conventional heating. Morphological analysis reveals that the particles are gradually eroded by acid under microwave irradiation, whereas some of the fine particles in samples subjected to conventional heating are tightly covered by a flocculent silicate product. Moreover, a large amount of A1 and V and a small amount of Si are dissolved from samples under microwave heating, as revealed by the elemental analysis of leachates. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis also indicates a higher mass transfer coefficient in the diffusion layer of the raw material by microwave irradiation. When CaF2 is present, the reaction energy barrier is lowered and the leaching process is controlled by the tightly covered product layer, resulting in a prominent effect of mi- crowave irradiation.

Recovery of vanadium from black shale

The recovery of vanadium from a black shale from Guizhou Province of China was performed using a three-step process, which consists of a leaching step in the H2SO4-HF-NaClO system under atmospheric pressure,the vanadium separation from leachate by solvent extraction and stripping,followed by precipitation of ammonium vanadate and thermal decomposition.Under the optimum leaching conditions of 100 g/L sulfuric,15 g/L hydrofluoric acid,1.5 g/L NaClO,6 h leaching at 90℃and oxygen partial pressure of 1 200 kPa,and the liquid-to-solid ratio of 2,about 91%vanadium extraction is achieved.The vanadium extraction yields of solvent and stripping are 99.83%and 97.66%when using 10%(volume fraction)P204,5%TBP and 85%sulfonated berosene as organic phase and 15%(mass fraction)sulphuric acid as stripping agent.After thermal decomposition the purity of powder vanadium pentoxide products is 99.18%and the overall vanadium recovery is over 81%in the whole process.

Experimental Testing of Greenhouse-Integrated Vanadium-Titanium Black Ceramic Solar Absorbers

As a solution for solar heating, the low-cost and long-life vanadium-titanium black ceramic solar absorbers have been used in rural construction. However, in contrast to its high absorptance(0.93-0.97), ceramic also has high emissivity(approximately 90%) and low thermal conductivity(1.3 W/(m·K)). Without a glaze covering, ceramic absorbers cannot meet the industrial standard. This paper assumes that glaze covering can be substituted by insulation film in a solar greenhouse. To verify this assumption, field experiments were conducted. First, a traditional greenhouse in the Tacheng Basin, a severely cold area in China, was renovated to improve its passive thermal performance. Then, 90 m^(2) of ceramic absorbers and floor coils as well as a water tank were installed inside the greenhouse, which made the entire construction act as an integrated solar collector. This heat collection and release system moderately increased the indoor air temperature(0.9℃-22.4℃) and substantially increased the soil temperature(15.5℃-31.2℃). The average daily useful heat gain under a daily solar insolation value of 17 MJ/m^(2) was 13.8 MJ, and the mean value of the collection efficiency was 0.81. Furthermore, the payback time of the project(7 years) is short, which is principally due to the low cost of ceramic materials and the financial savings of the shared construction components(e.g., transparent cover, metal frame and extra insulation). In conclusion, the main contribution of this study is the verification that it is feasible to replace glaze covering with insulation film in a novel greenhouse-integrated vanadium-titanium black ceramic solar system.

Production Planning System for the Whole Steelmaking Process of Panzhihua Iron and Steel Corporation

A production planning system is designed for the whole steelmaking process, which includes desulfurization, vanadium extraction, steelmaking and continuous casting processes of Panzhihua Iron and Steel Corporation. The system is composed of modeling module, data interface module, data analysis module, static planning module, re-planning module, plan evaluation module, plan simulation module and human-computer interaction module. The system is connected with the L3 system of steel plant by using the data interface module, which can receive the real time scheduling information to make the static plan and re-plan under production disturbances. The simulation and plan evaluation function of the system can assist decision-maker to check and modify the production plan. The simulation experiments with real process data show that the system can make a feasible, executable, and effective production plan, and deal with primary random disturbances during production process timely.