Analysis of Solar Direct-Driven Organic Rankine Cycle Powered Vapor Compression Cooling System Combined with Electric Motor for Office Building Air-Conditioning

Solar energy powered organic Rankine cycle vapor compression cycle(ORC-VCC)is a good alternative to convert solar heat into a cooling effect.In this study,an ORC-VCC system driven by solar energy combined with electric motor is proposed to ensure smooth operation under the conditions that solar radiation is unstable and discontinuous,and an office building located in Guangzhou,China is selected as a case study.The results show that beam solar radiation and generation temperature have considerable effects on the system performance.There is an optimal generation temperature at which the system achieves optimum performance.Also,as a key indicator,the cooling power per square meter collector should be considered in the hybrid solar cooling system in design process.Compared to the vapor compression cooling system,the hybrid cooling system can save almost 68.23%of electricity consumption.

Analysis of an Evaporator-condenser-separated Mechanical Vapor Compression System

An evaporator-condenser-separated mechanical vapor compression (MVC) system was presented. The better effect of descaling and antiscaling was obtained by the new system. This study focused on the method of thermodynamic analysis, and the energy and exergy flow diagrams were established by using the first and second law of thermodynamics analysis. The results show that the energy utilization rate is very high and the specific power consumption is low. Exergy analysis indicates that the exergy efficiency is low, and the largest exergy loss occurs within the evaporator-condenser and the compressor.

Energy Efficient Predictive Control for Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle Systems

Abstract--Vapor compression refrigeration cycle （VCC） system is a high dimensional coupling thermodynamic system for which the controller design is a great challenge. In this paper, a model predictive control based energy efficient control strategy which aims at maximizing the system efficiency is proposed. Firstly, according to the mass and energy conservation law, an analysis on the nonlinear relationship between superheat and cooling load is carried out, which can produce the maximal effect on the system performance. Then a model predictive control （MPC） based controller is developed for tracking the calculated setting curve of superheat degree and pressure difference based on model identified from data which can be obtained from an experimental rig. The proposed control strategy maximizes the coefficient of performance （COP） which depends on operating conditions, in the meantime, it meets the changing demands of cooling capacity. The effectiveness of the control performance is validated on the experimental rig. Index Terms--Cooling load, model predictive control （MPC）, superheat, vapor compression refrigeration cycle （VCC）.

Model Predictive Control for Vapor Compression Cycle of Refrigeration Process

A model predictive controller based on a novel structure selection criterion for the vapor compression cycle （VCC） of refrigeration process is proposed in this paper. Firstly, those system variables are analyzed which exert significant influences on the system performance. Then the structure selection criterion, a trade-off between computation complexity and model performance, is applied to different model structures, and the results are utilized to determine the optimized model structure for controller design. The controller based on multivariable model predictive control （MPC） strategy is designed, and the optimization problem for the reduced order models is formulated as a constrained minimization problem. The effectiveness of the proposed MPC controller is verified on the experimental rig.

Flow Characteristics of a Refrigerant-Oil Mixture in a Vapor Compression Heat Pump Heat Exchanger for Space Applications

The vapor compression heat pump is considered as the best option for aerospace thermal control system.The heat exchanger in vapor compression heat pump is a component that is greatly influenced by the cosmic environment.Lubricating oil enters heat pump system with a refrigerant under microgravity,and the entrance of the lubricant increases the complexity of the flow.In this work,FLUENT software was used to study the flow and lubricant deposition of a two-phase mixture of lubricant POE RL 68H and refrigerant R134a in a heat exchanger without the consideration of phase-change heat transfer.The functional relationships between the oil film thickness and the proportion of lubricating oil,the gravitational acceleration,the inlet flow velocity,and the placement directions of the two phases of oil in the heat exchanger were established.The results demonstrate that with the increase of the gravitational acceleration and the lubricating oil content,the thickness of the oil film will exhibit an S-type change in line with the Boltzmann function,and the amount of lubricating oil deposition will increase.With the increase of the flow velocity,the thickness of the oil film will exhibit an exponential decline.

Cooling High Power Dissipating Artificial Intelligence (AI) Chips Using Refrigerant

High power dissipating artificial intelligence (AI) chips require significant cooling to operate at maximum performance. Current trends regarding the integration of AI, as well as the power/cooling demands of high-performing server systems pose an immense thermal challenge for cooling. The use of refrigerants as a direct-to-chip cooling method is investigated as a potential cooling solution for cooling AI chips. Using a vapor compression refrigeration system (VCRS), the coolant temperature will be sub-ambient thereby increasing the total cooling capacity. Coupled with the implementation of a direct-to-chip boiler, using refrigerants to cool AI server systems can materialize as a potential solution for current AI server cooling demands. In this study, a comparison of 8 different refrigerants: R-134a, R-153a, R-717, R-508B, R-22, R-12, R-410a, and R-1234yf is analyzed for optimal performance. A control theoretical VCRS model is created to assess variable refrigerants under the same operational conditions. From this model, the coefficient of performance (COP), required mass flow rate of refrigerant, work required by the compressor, and overall heat transfer coefficient is determined for all 8 refrigerants. Lastly, a comprehensive analysis is provided to determine the most optimal refrigerants for cooling applications. R-717, commonly known as Ammonia, was found to have the highest COP value thus proving to be the optimal refrigerant for cooling AI chips and high-performing server applications.

Performance comparison and analysis of a combined power and cooling system based on organic Rankine cycle

A novel power and cooling system combined system which coupled organic Rankine cycle(ORC) with vapor compression refrigeration cycle(VCRC) was proposed. R245 fa and butane were selected as the working fluid for the power and refrigeration cycle, respectively. A performance comparison and analysis for the combined system was presented. The results show that dual-pressure ORC-VCRC system can achieve an increase of 7.1% in thermal efficiency and 6.7% in exergy efficiency than that of basic ORC-VCRC. Intermediate pressure is a key parameter to both net power and exergy efficiency of dual-pressure ORC-VCRC system. Combined system can produce maximum net power and exergy efficiency at 0.85 MPa for intermediate pressure and 2.4 MPa for high pressure, respectively. However, superheated temperature at expander inlet has little impact on the two indicators. It can achieve higher overall COP, net power and exergy efficiency at smaller difference between condensation temperature and evaporation temperature of VCRC.

Multivariable fuzzy control of residential inverter-driven air conditionings

A model free intelligent muhivariable fuzzy controller （MFC） designed for modulating the vapor compression cycles in a residential inverter-driven air conditioning is proposed. The novel controller combines a traditional fuzzy controller （TFC） and an additional coupling fuzzy controller, the coupling fuzzy controller is introduced to compensate for the unknown cross-coupling effects of this muhivariable system. In order to evaluate the control performance of the MFC, it is digitally implemented in terms of regulating the desired evaporating temperature and superheat. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the MFC for improvement of system performance and energy efficiency.

Application of Renewable Energy Options—The Role of Solar Adsorption Cooling Technology

High energy requirement of vapor compression cooling systems in addition to harmful refrigerants further necessitates the increasing need for more reliable, flexible, environmentally friendly, and cost-efficient cooling systems options. Adsorption cooling technology could be a better option in terms of huge energy saving potential, Carbon emission reduction, flexibility, and waste heat utilization. There are, however, some setbacks that hindered adsorption cooling technology from real mass production and commercialization. This work seeks to study, evaluate and compare the energy requirement and coefficient of performance of solar-powered adsorption cooling system (as an application of renewable energy) in relation to vapor compression system. Adsorbate/adsorbent equilibrium test (using a test rig) was used to predict the performance of thermal driven adsorption cooling system using methanol/activated carbon (as adsorbate/adsorbent pair) in relation to similar data obtained from laboratory vapor compression refrigeration test rig (same mass of refrigerant). For the adsorption cooling system and vapor compression system, the energy requirements were found to be 1913.57 kJ and 8932.02 kJ while the coefficient of performance (COP)s were found to be 0.39 and 1.2 respectively. Presumably, the adsorption cooling system has an energy requirement that could be powered by direct solar thermal heating using a flat plate collector, however, the COP is relatively lower indicating lower cooling capacity, and hence takes a longer period of time to overcome the same cooling load as vapor compression system. It is recommended among other things that research should focus on developing better adsorbate/adsorbent pairs for an increased adsorption/desorption time.

Critical assessment of R410A alternatives for mini-split air conditioners in the Egyptian market

In this study,the potential implementation of three different low-GWP refrigerants(R32,R452B,and R454B)as replacements for R410A was investigated.The study was performed using a simulation tool developed by the authors called RACHP-Lab,which is a vapor compression system simulation tool developed based on physics-based simulation for typical mini-split air conditioners.The simulation study was carried out and validated using experimental performance data of 10 different air conditioning units available in the Egyptian market.The units included fixed-speed or variable-speed compressors and operated in cooling or heating modes.Drop-in replace-ment with the new refrigerants was carried out.For R32,the capacity increased between 4.9%and 13%for cooling cases,and 6.3%and 12.4%for heating cases.However,COP did not improve in all cases.For R452B and R454B with direct replacement,the capacity nearly remained the same,with an increase of COP between 1.6%and 8.0%.Soft optimization was also conducted on cooling cases where compressor suction superheat,condenser subcooling,and compressor volumetric speed were optimized to maximize COP while maintaining the original capacity of R410A.R32 showed an improvement of COP over R410A between 4.6%and 15.5%,while for R452B and R454B between 2.2%and 13.2%.

Energetic Analysis and Working Fluids Selection for a New Power and Refrigeration Combined Ecological System

The main purpose of this study is to analyze the performance of a new system that combines organic Rankine Cycle(ORC) and vapor compression refrigeration cycle(VCRC) for refrigeration and cogeneration. This system uses low-temperature heat sources such as solar energy, geothermal, industrial waste heat and biomass. The novelty of the proposed system manifests itself essentially in: the development of new ORC-VCRC combination architecture, lowering the ORC condensing temperature, the possibility of refrigeration production by the ORC upstream of the pumping phase, preheating of ORC using VCRC fluid and new configurations based on the integration of heat recovery systems to improve the overall system performance. The first part of this study presents the energetic analysis for the basic system using different working fluids and investigation of the operating parameters effect on the system performance(The system performance is described by the ORC thermal efficiency, the VCRC coefficient of performance and the system overall efficiency). Ten working fluids have been selected in order to provide the most adequate candidates for the proposed system. The results showed that the heating temperature and the cooling temperature have a significant effect on the system performance. The choice of fluid was also mentioned;the obtained results confirmed that the best combination for the basic system is R236fa-acetone. Four system configurations are developed and analyzed in the second part of the study. Also in the same part of the study, we will compare these configurations in terms of the performance rate retained. In the last part, we will make a comparison of this new system with another system.