Water Vapor Transport and Cross-Equatorial Flow over the Asian-Australia Monsoon Region Simulated by CMIP5 Climate Models

The summer mean water vapor transport （WVT） and cross-equatorial flow （CEF） over the Asian- Australian monsoon region simulated by 22 coupled atmospheric-oceanic general circulation models （AOGCMs） from the World Climate Research Programme＇s Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 （CMIP5） were evaluated. Based on climatology of the twentieth-century simulations, most of models have a reason- ably realistic representation of summer monsoon WVT characterized by southeast water vapor conveyor belt over the South Indian Ocean and southwest belt from the Arabian Sea to the East Asian. The correlation coefficients between NCEP reanalysis and simulations of BCC-CSMI-1, BNU-ESM, CanESM2, FGOALS-s2, MIROC4h and MPI-ESM-LR are up to 0.8. The simulated CEF depicted by the meridional wind along the equator includes the Somali jet and eastern CEF in low atmosphere and the reverse circulation in upper atmosphere, which were generally consistent with NCEP reanalysis. Multi-model ensemble means （MME） can reproduce more reasonable climatological features in spatial distribution both of WVT and CEF. Ten models with more reasonable WVT simulations were selected for future projection studies, including BCC- CSMI-1, BNU-ESM, CanESM2, CCSM4, FGOALS-s2, FIO-ESM, GFDL-ESM2G, MRIOCS, MPI-ESM-LR and NorESM-1M. Analysis based on the future projection experiments in RCP （Representative Concentra- tion Pathway） 2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6 and RCP8.5 show that the global warming forced by different RCP scenarios will results in enhanced WVT over the Indian area and the west Pacific and weaken WVT in the low latitudes of tropical Indian Ocean.

Availability of MCNP & MATLAB for reconstructing the water-vapor two-phase flow pattern in neutron radiography

The China Advanced Research Reactor (CARR) is scheduled to be operated in the autumn of 2008.In this paper,we report preparations for installing the neutron radiography instrument (NRI) and for utilizing it efficiently. The 2-D relative neutron intensity profiles for the water-vapor two-phase flow inside the robe were obtained using the MCNP code without influence of y-ray and electronic-noise.The MCNP simulation of the 2-D neutron intensity profile for the water-vapor two-phase flow was demonstrated.The simulated 2-D neutron intensity profiles could be used as the benchmark data base by calibrating part of the data measured by the CARR-NRI.The 3-D objective images allow us to understand the flow pattern more clearly and it is reconstructed using the MATLAB through the threshold transformation techniques.And thus it is concluded that the MCNP code and the MATLAB are very useful for constructing the benchmark data base for the investigation of the water-vapor two-phase flow using the CARR-NRI.

THE MIXING OF GAS-LIQUID FLOW WITH VAPOR AND GAS-SOLID FLOW

In the industrial production, the mixing of gas-liquid flow with vapor and gas-solid flow is a very common problem. In the process of the mixing, solid particle-clusters will form, and will have steady radii when the effect of the gathering of particles is balanced withthat of the breaking of particle-clusters. Then, the population distribution function of size of particles per unit length per unit volume is introduced, and its governingequation is derived on the analogy of the molecular kinetic theory. Finally, when the gas flow is very slow, the expression of steady average radius of particle-clusters is obtained.

Electrical properties of carbon nanotubes in flowing vapor

Electric potentials were generated from carbon nanotubes immersed in flowing vapors. The nanomaterials used in this study were multiwall carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs) and silver nanopowders. These nanomaterials were dispersed and densely packed on a substrate and immersed in flowing vapors generated from solution such as water, ethanol and KCl. The potentials generated from these samples were measured by a voltmeter. Experimental results showed that the electric potentials were produced at the surface of the MWCNT samlpes, and strongly dependent on the pretreatment of MWCNT and properties of the flowing vapors. The mechanism of vapor-flow induced potentials may be ascribed to ions in the flowing vapors. This property of MWCNTs can advantage their application to nanoscale sensors, detectors and power cells.

Experimental analysis on adjusting performance of vapor-liquid two-phase flow controller

The vapor-liquid self-adjusting controller is an innovative automatic regulating valve.In order to ensure adjusted objects run safely and economically,the controller automatically adjusts the liquid flux to keep liquid level at a required level according to physical properties of vapor-liquid two-phase fluid.The adjusting mechanics,the controller’s performance and influencing factors of its stability have been analyzed in this paper.The theoretical analysis and successful applications have demonstrated this controller can keep the liquid level steady with good performance.The actual application in industry has shown that the controller can satisfactorily meet the requirement of industrial production and has wide application areas.

Selective Area Growth and Characterization of GaN Nanorods Fabricated by Adjusting the Hydrogen Flow Rate and Growth Temperature with Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition

CaN nanorods are successfully fabricated by adjusting the flow rate ratio of hydrogen （H2）/nitrogen （N2） and growth temperature of the selective area growth （SAG） method with metal organic chemical vapor deposition （MOCVD）. The SAG template is obtained by nanospherical-lens photolithography. It is found that increasing the flow rate of 1-12 will change the CaN crystal shape from pyramid to vertical rod, while increasing the growth temperature will reduce the diameters of GaN rods to nanometer scale. Finally the CaN nanorods with smooth lateral surface and relatively good quality are obtained under the condition that the H2：N2 ratio is 1：1 and the growth temperature is 1030℃. The good crystal quality and orientation of GaN nanorods are confirmed by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. The cathodoluminescence spectrum suggests that the crystal and optical quality is also improved with increasing the temperature.

Experimental Study of Buffer Gas Flow Rate Effect on Output Power of a Copper Vapor Laser

A copper vapor laser with active medium length of 60 cm and bore of 16 mm has been operated and optimized using different buffer gases to investigate the effect of the gas flow rates on the output power. It is found that there is a special optimum gas flow rate associated with the type of buffer gas.

液氢贮罐内过热蒸气不同质量流量泄放过程模拟

以液氢工厂中贮存液氢的液氢贮罐为研究对象,选择液氢、气液相界面、蒸气三个区域合适的控制方程,建立了可模拟从自增压到泄放后回到初始压力过程的三区模型。模拟了充液率为50%的10 m3液氢贮罐从自增压-泄放后回到初始压力的周期过程。在特定泄放时间,不同泄放质量流量条件下,对比了液氢贮罐内贮罐压力、饱和液氢和过热蒸气的质量流量和温度以及液氢体积随时间的变化特性。结果表明:泄放过热蒸气质量流量大小随泄放时间增大不断减小;泄压时间越短,泄放后过热蒸气温度越接近初始温度;进入泄放阶段,蒸发液氢质量流量发生了明显激增,增大幅度随泄放时间增大而减小。

气液两相流分配器参数敏感性分析与优化

针对制冷系统气液两相流分配不均引起的多流路蒸发器能效低下,以及分配器结构设计不合理问题,基于六面体网格和Euler-Euler模型,构建了分配器中制冷剂气液两相流动模型,详细分析了制冷剂在分配器中的流动特性,研究了不同工况下腔体高度、腔体直径以及支管插入深度等参数对分配不均匀度的影响规律,并结合田口法进行敏感性分析及参数优化,得到了各参数的影响权重及最优参数组合。数值结果表明:随着腔体高度与直径的增大,气液两相流混合效果得到改善,分配不均匀度逐渐下降;随着插入深度的增大,分配器不均匀度先降低后增大,插入深度最优值为5 mm;随着质量流量的增大,腔体高度与插入深度的贡献逐渐增大,而腔体直径的贡献逐渐减小,表明分配均匀性对腔体直径的依赖程度降低;相对于基准案例,所得最优组合的不均匀度降低了6.6%~19.3%。该研究可为抑制气液两相流相分离和分配器结构设计提供理论基础及数据支撑。

猕猴桃树干液流特征及其对环境因子的响应

【目的】探明环境因子对猕猴桃树液流特征的影响,为科学制定猕猴桃树灌溉方案提供依据。【方法】以2023年生长季(4—9月)的6年生猕猴桃树为试材,采用热扩散法对猕猴桃植株液流进行1个生长季的连续测量,结合气象及土壤数据分析环境因素(气温、降水、辐射、蒸汽压亏缺、土壤湿度和温度等)与猕猴桃植株液流的关系。【结果】生长季猕猴桃树干平均液流速率为43.607~355.775 g/h,液流日累积量7月>6月>8月>9月>5月>4月。不同月份猕猴桃树液流特征存在相似性,0:00—24:00呈低-高-低变化趋势。不同天气条件下小时尺度果树液流速率规律相同,但树干液流速率峰值存在差异,表现为晴天>阴天>雨天,且晴天、阴天和雨天条件下树干液流速率与太阳净辐射强度(Rn)、水汽压亏缺(VPD)、20 cm土壤温度(T)均呈正相关关系,与空气相对湿度(H)均呈负相关关系。晴天、阴天、雨天树干液流速率与4个环境因子的多元回归拟合方程分别为F=4894.222+8.078e^(-5)Rn+284.579VPD-256.581T+10.019H(R^(2)=0.866)、F=-5220.102+3.410e^(-5)Rn+288.798VPD+181.098T+9.861H(R^(2)=0.855)、F=-2345.668+9.976e^(-6)Rn-4.915VPD+103.162T-0.482H(R^(2)=0.568)。【结论】猕猴桃树耗水量在不同月份、不同天气条件下存在明显差异,7月、8月晴天猕猴桃树干日蒸腾量最大,可适当蓄水、增加灌溉。

LNG开架式气化器流动和传热特性的研究进展

开架式气化器是大型液化天然气气化站的核心设备之一,主要作用是将液态天然气气化并加热至常温后输送至下游用户。本文在回顾和总结液化天然气传热的研究成果及现状的基础上,对影响传热性能的因素进行了分析总结。重点论述了操作条件和模型结构参数对管内流动和传热的影响,以及换热管流动传热过程中用到的数值模拟方法。分析了影响传热系数的条件,对当前如何进行模型验证的问题进行了梳理和总结,对气化器的设计和性能的进一步优化进行了归纳,可为气化器的实际应用提供参考。

基于主被动冷却耦合的棱柱电池热管理系统研究

随着电动汽车电池包容量的增加和电池单元能量密度的提高,电池的热管理已经成为当前电动汽车设计制造过程中的重点和难点。本文基于单个电池单元和电池模组逐级热分析的方法,在电池模组的热管理系统中,引入液冷板作为主动式制冷,同时采用风冷和均热板作为被动式制冷。首先,通过对单个电池单元进行细致建模,计算得到不同电池单元放电倍率下的产热量。然后,对组装成的电池模组进行主动和被动热管理系统的建模。接着,分别对两种不同的热管理系统—风冷与液冷耦合系统、液冷与均热板耦合系统进行最高温度和温度均匀性的模拟仿真,并选择冷却性能更优的结构。最后,对选定的热管理系统在不同质量流量下对系统冷却效果的影响进行优化设计。研究结果表明,随着冷却液流量的增加,最高温度呈现下降趋势,且在2.125 L/min之后冷却效果趋于平缓。综合考虑冷却效果和系统能耗,2.125 L/min的进口流量是在液冷与均热板耦合系统下的最佳选择。

质子交换膜燃料电池均温板散热特性的数值分析

以面向质子交换膜燃料电池电堆散热的超薄均温板为研究对象,用多孔介质传热模型、层流模型和Brinkman方程构建三维稳态数值模型,通过质量守恒确定气液界面的相变传质,研究在吸液芯饱和充液的常规工况下均温板的稳态特性。结果表明:超薄结构以及支撑柱的存在使内部压降较大;随着冷凝段对流换热系数的增大,均温性变差,内部压降也显著增大;随着热流密度的增大,温差先增大后减小,热阻持续下降;孔隙率的变化对平衡终态影响较小;渗透率的增大将极大的降低吸液芯内的液体压降,有利于相变循环。

液柱分离型水锤新空腔模型

为深入探讨液柱分离型水锤的模拟计算,通过改进离散空腔模型,提出了新空腔模型。新空腔模型考虑空腔处非满流的流态,根据前后管段的水流状态,将计算管段划分为7种类型,分别建立计算模块对空腔处管段进行分类计算,使其更为准确地计算空腔处的流量同时模拟空腔处的瞬变过程,并基于简单管路和复杂管路试验对新空腔模型进行了初步验证。结果表明,与DVCM相比,新空腔模型能够更准确地模拟瞬变过程中的压力波动和空腔形态、位置及空腔体积的变化,对水柱弥合过程的压力波动峰值的模拟更接近实测数据,有助于指导实际工程中的水锤安全防护。

基于两相流的水封油库油气泄漏运移规律及控制措施

地下水封油库运行的关键是保持一定的水封厚度,为确定合适的水封厚度,基于气液两相流理论,采用有限元数值模拟方法,以我国某石油储备地下水封洞库为依托,模拟了地下水封石油洞库储油运行期油气的泄漏运移演变过程。结果表明:施工期不设置水幕系统情况下,洞室顶部出现了大面积的疏干区,造成后期无法储油;设置水幕系统情况下,洞库上方能够维持一定水封厚度,洞库周围岩层油气泄漏范围和泄漏量均与储油运行时间呈正幂函数关系;水封厚度越大油气泄漏范围和泄漏量越小,但过大的水封厚度会大大增加工程成本,所对应的案例在水封厚度为30 m时对油气泄漏控制最为经济合理,《地下水封石洞油库设计标准》推荐的水封厚度合理且有一定安全裕度。研究成果可为水封油库工程的设计及油气泄漏控制提供一定理论参考。

Spatio-temporal variation in transpiration responses of maize plants to vapor pressure deficit under an arid climatic condition

The transpiration rate of plant is physically controlled by the magnitude of the vapor pressure deficit（VPD） and stomatal conductance. A limited-transpiration trait has been reported for many crop species in different environments, including Maize（Zea mays L.）. This trait results in restricted transpiration rate under high VPD, and can potentially conserve soil water and thus decrease soil water deficit. However, such a restriction on transpiration rate has never been explored in maize under arid climatic conditions in northwestern China. The objective of this study was to examine the transpiration rate of field-grown maize under well-watered conditions in an arid area at both leaf and whole plant levels, and therefore to investigate how transpiration rate responding to the ambient VPD at different spatial and temporal scales. The transpiration rates of maize at leaf and plant scales were measured independently using a gas exchange system and sapflow instrument, respectively. Results showed significant variations in transpiration responses of maize to VPD among different spatio-temporal scales. A two-phase transpiration response was observed at leaf level with a threshold of 3.5 k Pa while at the whole plant level, the daytime transpiration rate was positively associated with VPD across all measurement data, as was nighttime transpiration response to VPD at both leaf and whole plant level, which showed no definable threshold vapor pressure deficit, above which transpiration rate was restricted. With regard to temporal scale, transpiration was most responsive to VPD at a daily scale, moderately responsive at a half-hourly scale, and least responsive at an instantaneous scale. A similar breakpoint（about 3.0 k Pa） in response of the instantaneous leaf stomatal conductance and hourly canopy bulk conductance to VPD were also observed. At a daily scale, the maximum canopy bulk conductance occurred at a VPD about 1.7 k Pa. Generally, the responsiveness of stomatal conductance to VPD at the canopy scale was lower than that at leaf scale. These results indicate a temporal and spatial heterogeneity in how maize transpiration responses to VPD under arid climatic conditions. This could allow a better assessment of the possible benefits of using the maximum transpiration trait to improve maize drought tolerance in arid environment, and allow a better prediction of plant transpiration which underpin empirical models for stomatal conductance at different spatio-temporal scales in the arid climatic conditions.

Response of Populus euphratica Oliv.sap flow to environmental variables for a desert riparian forest in the Heihe River Basin,Northwest China

Being an important desert riparian forest in the lower reaches of the Heihe River Basin, Populus euphratica Oliv. forest functions as a natural barrier in maintaining and preserving the stability of local oases. Accordingly, accurately estimating the water use of P. euphratica is important for vegetation protection and water resource allocation. To date, little data are available for evaluating the hysteretic effects between sap flow and environmental variables, and for estimating the water use of desert riparian forest. In this study, we measured the sap flow velocity （Vs） of P. euphratica using the heat ratio method during the growing season of 2012. Based on the response of Vs to solar radiation （R,） and vapor pressure deficit （VPD）, we estimated the hourly Vs and daily Vs using the multivariable linear regression and a modified Jarvis-Stewart （JS） model, respectively. Hysteretic response of Vs to environmental variables was then evaluated using a sap flow model. We found the thresholds of V, responses to Rs and VPD at both hourly and daily scales during the growing season, and successfully estimated the seasonal variations of hourly V, and daily Vs using the JS model. At an hourly scale, the maximum V~ occurred earlier than the maximum VPD by approximately 0.5 h but later than the maximum R, by approximate 1.0 h. At a daily scale, the maximum Vs lagged behind the maximum VPD by approximately 2.5 h while occurred earlier than the maximum Rs by approximately 2 h. However, hysteretic response of V, was weakened when Rs and VPD were measured together using the JS model at both hourly and daily scales. Consequently, short-term and intensive field campaigns, where Vs and environmental variables can be measured, may be used to estimate short-run sap flow and stand transpiration using only two environmental variables.

Nighttime sap flow and its driving forces for Populus euphratica in a desert riparian forest, Northwest China

Nighttime sap flow is a potentially important factor that affects whole-plant water balance and water-use efficiency （WUE）. Its functions include predawn disequilibrium between plant and soil water potentials as well as between the increments of oxygen supply and nutrient uptake. However, main factors that drive nighttime sap flow remain unclear, and researches related to the relationship between nighttime sap flow velocity and environmental factors are limited. Accordingly, we investigated the variations in the nighttime sap flow of Populus euphratica in a desert riparian forest of an extremely arid region, Northwest China. Results indicated that P. euphratica sap flow occurred throughout the night during the growing season because of the partial stomata opening. Nighttime sap flow for the P. euphratica forest accounted for 31%-47% of its daily sap flow during the growing season. The high value of nighttime sap flow could be the result of high stomatal conductance and could have significant implications for water budgets. Throughout the whole growing season, nighttime sap flow velocity of P. euphratica was positively correlated with the vapor pressure deficit （VPD）, air temperature and soil water content. We found that VPD and soil water content were the main driving factors for nighttime sap flow of P. euphratica.

槽参数对高温密封汽液固流动特性及性能的影响

以高温动压型机械密封为研究对象,基于Eulerian多相流模型和蒸发冷凝模型,建立涉及高温汽化、固体颗粒、黏温效应及牛顿流体内摩擦效应的动压型机械密封润滑膜汽液固三相流动模型,模拟研究槽深、槽宽比、螺旋角及槽径比对润滑膜汽化、固体颗粒分布规律及密封性能的影响关系。研究表明:润滑膜固体颗粒体积分数随槽深、槽径比的增大而增大,且在槽宽比为0.5时出现最大值,而固体颗粒体积分数随螺旋角的变化规律与转速有关;润滑膜平均汽相体积分数随槽深的增大而减小,随螺旋角的增大而增大,槽宽比为0.7时平均汽相体积分数出现最大值,槽径比在0.3以上时平均汽相体积分数随槽径比的增大而增大;槽深8μm时润滑膜汽相、固体颗粒相出现突变,槽深低于8μm时处于气相较高、固体颗粒相较小状态,槽深高于8μm时则相反;基于汽液固流动的密封性能分析表明,选用9μm左右的槽深、0.6左右的槽径比、16°~20°的螺旋角、0.3~0.4的槽宽比时对密封性能有利,采用8μm以上的槽深及小于0.5的槽宽比时,转速较高时选用较小槽径比、转速较低时选用较大槽径比时有利于抑制汽化。

介质物态变化对超低温阀门降温效果的影响

深入研究超低温阀门的关键技术,对提高我国特种阀门技术具有深远影响。在仿真模拟超低温阀门温度分布时,采用的分析方式忽略了低温介质吸收热量发生相变后,所产生的低温气体与阀门之间的热量传递。为此,以Class300-DN65超低温截止阀为例,研究了稳态工作过程中介质物态变化及相变产生的低温气体对阀门降温效果的影响。首先,对绝热状态下介质流动的过程进行了计算流体动力学(CFD)仿真模拟,并建立了其传热学模型,以解释热量的传递过程;然后,研究了发生热量传递时阀盖内部间隙、以及阀体内流场介质物态分布规律;最后,根据稳态流-热耦合分析了阀门的温度分布情况。研究结果表明:由液化天然气闪蒸以及汽化产生的低温气体会在阀盖内部空腔底部流动,不断与阀盖、阀杆对流换热,从而对其进行降温。未考虑低温气体对阀门结构温度场的影响时,填料函底部温度为10.6℃;考虑低温气体时,填料函底部温度仅为-0.2℃。因此,设计超低温阀门时需要考虑低温气体对阀门的降温效果,否则容易导致密封失效。