Surface energy and water vapor fluxes observed on a megadune in the Badain Jaran Desert, China

The Badain Jaran Desert is the second-largest area of shifting sands in China. Our first measurements of the energy components and water vapor fluxes on a megadune using eddy covariance technology were taken from April 2012 to April 2013. The results indicate that the Iongwave and shortwave radiative fluxes exhibited large fluctuations and seasonal dynamics. The total radiative energy loss by Iongwave and shortwave radiation was greater on the megadune than from other underlying surfaces. The radiation partitioning was different in different seasons. The land-atmosphere interaction was primarily represented by the sensible heat flux. The average sensi- ble heat flux （40.1 W/m2） was much larger than the average latent heat flux （14.5 W/m2）. Soil heat flux played an important role in the energy balance. The mean actual evaporation was 0.41 mm/d, and the cumulative actual evaporation was approximately 150 mm/a. The water vapor would transport downwardly and appear as dew con- densation water. The amount of precipitation determined the actual evaporation. The actual evaporation was sup- posed to be equal to the precipitation on the megadune and the precipitation was difficult to recharge the ground- water. Our study can provide a foundation for further research on land-atmosphere interactions in this area.

Evidence of vapor shielding effect on heat flux loaded on flowing liquid lithium limiter in EAST

A lithium(Li)vapour layer was formed around a flowing liquid Li limiter to shield against the plasma incident power and reduce limiter heat flux in the EAST tokamak.The results revealed that after a plasma operation of a few seconds,the layer became clear,which indicated a strong Li emission with a decrease in the limiter surface temperature.This emission resulted in a dense vapour around the limiter,and Li ions moved along the magnetic fleld to form a green shielding layer on the limiter.The plasma heat flux loaded on the limiter,measured by the probe installed on the limiter,was approximately 52%lower than that detected by a fast-reciprocating probe at the same radial position without the limiter in EAST.Additionally,approximately 42%of the parallel heat flux was dissipated directly with the enhanced Li radiation in the discharge with the liquid metal infused trenches(LIMIT)limiter.This observation revealed that the Li vapour layer exhibited an excellent shielding effect to liquid Li on plasma heat flux,which is a possible beneflt of liquid-plasma-facing components in future fusion devices.

Application of least squares vector machines in modelling water vapor and carbon dioxide fluxes over a cropland

Least squares support vector machines (LS-SVMs), a nonlinear kemel based machine was introduced to investigate the prospects of application of this approach in modelling water vapor and carbon dioxide fluxes above a summer maize field using the dataset obtained in the North China Plain with eddy covariance technique. The performances of the LS-SVMs were compared to the corresponding models obtained with radial basis function (RBF) neural networks. The results indicated the trained LS-SVMs with a radial basis function kernel had satisfactory performance in modelling surface fluxes; its excellent approximation and generalization property shed new light on the study on complex processes in ecosystem.

Monitoring and simulation of water,heat,and CO_2 fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems based on the APEIS-FLUX system

The Integrated Environmental Monitoring (IEM) project, part of the Asia-Pacific Environmental Innovation Strategy (APEIS) project, developed an integrated environmental monitoring system that can be used to detect, monitor, and assess environmental disasters, degradation, and their impacts in the Asia-Pacific region. The system primarily employs data from the moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS) sensor on the Earth Observation System-(EOS-) Terra/Aqua satellite, as well as those from ground observations at five sites in different ecological systems in China. From the preliminary data analysis on both annual and daily variations of water, heat and CO2 fluxes, we can confirm that this system basically has been working well. The results show that both latent flux and CO2 flux are much greater in the crop field than those in the grassland and the saline desert, whereas the sensible heat flux shows the opposite trend. Different data products from MODIS have very different correspondence, e.g. MODIS-derived land surface temperature has a close correlation with measured ones, but LAI and NPP are quite different from ground measurements, which suggests that the algorithms used to process MODIS data need to be revised by using the local dataset. We are now using the APEIS-FLUX data to develop an integrated model, which can simulate the regional water, heat, and carbon fluxes. Finally, we are expected to use this model to develop more precise high-order MODIS products in Asia-Pacific region.

九寨黄龙机场一次长时间雷雨过程成因分析

本文利用NCEP/NCAR1°×1°再分析资料、常规资料、多普勒天气雷达资料等对九寨黄龙机场2021年9月25日的一次长时间雷雨过程的天气形势、物理量场及航班影响情况进行分析。本次雷雨天气受500hPa波动槽和700hPa低涡共同影响,孟加拉湾和南海的暖湿气流持续输送,高层抽吸作用增强抬升,为此次雷雨的发生、发展和维持提供了有利条件。雷雨过程持续时间长达5小时以上,造成3个航班取消。雷雨前期由500 hPa波动槽东移带来的冷空气与高压外围暖湿气流交汇引起,雷雨中后期主要受700 hPa低涡东移的影响。雷暴云团在水汽积聚的区域发展增强,在水汽流失的区域逐渐消亡。

数据中心冷却用丁胞型扁管内冷凝传热和压降特性试验研究

针对丁胞型扁管内的冷凝传热和压降特性开展试验研究,分析干度、质量流速、饱和温度和热流密度对表面传热系数和摩擦压力梯度的影响。结果表明:在不同运行工况下,R245fa的表面传热系数均随干度的增大而增大;增大质量流速有利于提高表面传热系数,尤其是对于高干度区域;饱和温度改变对低干度区域的表面传热系数影响较小,但是当干度大于0.4时,饱和温度升高会导致表面传热系数略微下降;在整个干度区域内,不同热流密度对表面传热系数基本没有影响;质量流速和热流密度对摩擦压力梯度的影响与其对表面传热系数的影响相似,但是饱和温度升高会导致压降明显下降;丁胞型扁管的表面传热系数为常规流道的1.7~2.9倍,摩擦压力梯度为常规流道的4.3~10.9倍。

Modeling water and carbon fluxes above summer maize field in North China Plain with back-propagation neural networks

In this work, datasets of water and carbon fluxes measured with eddy covariance technique above a summer maize field in the North China Plain were simulated with artificial neural networks (ANNs) to explore the fluxes responses to local environmental variables. The results showed that photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), air temperature (T) and leaf area index (LAI) were primary factors regulating both water vapor and carbon dioxide fluxes. Three-layer back-propagation neural networks (BP) could be applied to model fluxes exchange between cropland surface and atmosphere without using detailed physiological information or specific parameters of the plant.

银川平原夏半年不同等级降雨水汽输送机制

全球气候变暖加速了区域水循环,改变了水汽的传输路径,了解不同等级降雨稳定同位素特征及水汽来源为水资源的利用及旱涝灾害的防治提供依据。基于2018—2020年夏半年(5—10月)采集的银川平原降雨样品,研究不同等级降雨中氢氧稳定同位素的变化特征及其二次蒸发效应,并利用后向轨迹模型及水汽通量等方法分析降雨的水汽来源及潜在蒸发源区。结果表明:银川平原夏半年不同等级降雨稳定同位素随着降雨等级的增加而偏负,小雨氘盈余(d-excess)值偏负而中雨和大雨偏正,大气降水线斜率和截距随着雨量级的增加呈现出递减的规律。二次蒸发作用的强弱随气温升高而增大,随降雨量、相对湿度和雨滴直径增大而减弱。西风水汽为银川平原夏半年降雨的主控水汽,同时小雨、中雨、大雨还分别受到陆地蒸发水汽、大西洋水汽及太平洋水汽的影响。潜在蒸发源区对小雨影响较大,主要位于研究区周边及北部、南部和东南部地区;中雨潜在蒸发源区主要分布在研究区周边地区及其西北部和东南部;大雨主要分布在研究区周边及东南部地区。

2021年盛夏黄河三花区间暴雨过程的水汽输送特征

2021年盛夏黄河中游三花区间降水量553.3 mm,位列1961年以来第一位。持续的强降水过程造成了流域罕见特大洪水。本文针对2021年7月—8月三花间4次持续强降水天气过程,利用水汽通量、湿位涡分析了暴雨过程的水汽输送和强降水期间的对流结构变化。结果表明:2021年三花区间盛夏暴雨过程的主要水汽通道有四条,分别是中国南海的东南水汽流输送、源于孟加拉湾的西南季风水汽流输送、来自副热带太平洋的偏东风水汽流输送以及来自西风带的水汽输送;过程强降水时段暖湿水汽在河南西部山区及华北地区汇聚后进入三花区间。四次暴雨过程均对应经向(纬向)水汽通量辐合和纬向(经向)水汽通量辐散,东风波内部纬向水汽通量辐合造成的强降水具有明显极端性(局地小时降水量连续5 h超过40 mm/h)。2021年盛夏三花区间暴雨期间对流层低层对流不稳定和斜压不稳定同时存在,降水过程强降水时段发生在对流不稳定和斜压不稳定交汇附近,低层湿位涡大值中心与过程强降水时段具有较好对应关系。

Characteristic Analysis of Short Time Heavy Rain in Yulin, China

National Centers for Environment Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data, automatic observation data, FY-2E satellite data and Doppler radar data are used to analyze a short-time local heavy rain in Yulin city, Shaanxi, China on August 7, 2018. The result shows that the strong convective weather occurred in peripheral subtropical high over west pacific, being caused by short wave disturbance, and surface convergence lines with positive pressure variation are corresponding to areas of short-time heavy precipitation. The degree of temperature change in cold pool caused by thunderstorm may decide the intensity of a short-time rainfall, and local topography plays an important role in extreme precipitation. Local water vapour accumulation and water vapour flux convergence in the middle and lower layers support adequate moisture condition in the process. Moving direction and development direction of mesocale convective cloud are in a line to develop the train effect, leading to local short-time heavy rain in Yulin city, Shaanxi, China.

黄土区苹果园土壤剖面水、汽通量模拟研究

黄土疏松多孔且黄土区干旱少雨,汽态水可能在剖面水分运移中扮演重要角色。因此,了解非饱和带土壤水汽通量的循环运移规律,对实现干旱区水资源的可持续发展具有重要意义。基于黄土高原旱地苹果园剖面(0~200 cm)高频定位监测试验,采用水-汽-热-气耦合的STEMMUS(Simultaneous Transfer of Energy,Mass and Momentum in Unsaturated Soil)模型,探讨黄土剖面液态水和汽态水通量运移规律。结果表明:STEMMUS模型准确地再现了旱地苹果园剖面土壤水分(d介于0.81~0.98,NRMSE介于5.5%~15%)和土壤温度(d介于0.98~0.99,NRMSE介于1.4%~4.6%)的动态变化,对苹果树蒸发蒸腾量的模拟表现出良好的一致性(d介于0.92~0.96)。降雨对基质势梯度、温度梯度、液态水与汽态水通量均有显著影响,液态水与汽态水运移分别主要由基质势梯度与温度梯度驱动,且二者对土壤水分的最大补给深度在研究期内分别为100 cm和160 cm,表明土壤水通过向下的汽态水能够运移至更深层土壤。研究结果可增进对黄土剖面水分运移规律的认识。

Droplet Transfer Behavior of Flux Cored Wire TIG Welding

This paper puts forward a new method to achieve flux cored wire TIG welding and uses high-speed photography to analyze the droplet transfer behavior and forces acting on the droplet. The droplet transfer forms include bridging transfer, slag column guided transfer, and non-contact transfer; each of these forms may be observed as the melting position of the welding wire changes. The important role of surface tension in the process of droplet transfer is proposed using static force balance theory and pinch instability theory. The phenomenon of droplet backward swing during welding process could be attributed to the vapor recoil force produced by vapors from the droplet. The welding experiments show that the proposed welding process is stable and that the weld quality produced is good.

2020—2021年沈阳地区4次短时强降水过程的大气可降水量变化对比分析

选取2020—2021年夏季沈阳地区出现的4次短时强降水过程,利用欧洲中心(ECMWF,European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts)ERA5再分析资料、地基GPS(Global Position System)大气可降水量资料和常规观测资料,分析不同天气系统影响下,沈阳地区短时强降水过程中GPS水汽与水汽通量的变化特征。结果表明:短时强降水过程前,水汽累积时间的长短与相应的天气系统关系密切。副热带高压系统外围导致的强降水过程,大气可降水量(Precipitable Water Vapor,PWV)可以一直维持在较高水平,水汽增长速度可达1.1 mm·h^(-1)。此外,强降水出现时段与PWV峰值阶段相对应,但二者峰值并不完全重合;短时强降水出现时,沈阳站的大气可降水量超过38 mm;强降水结束后,PWV明显减弱。

SR型与EAP型遥相关“结合模态”对2020年江淮入梅初期强降水的影响

利用ERA5逐日再分析资料和中国气象局提供的逐日站点降水资料,分析了丝绸之路型(Silk-Road,SR)与东亚—太平洋型(East Asia–Pacific,EAP)遥相关的“结合模态”对2020年江淮梅雨入梅的影响,结果表明“结合模态”可以触发江淮流域的持续性降水。2020年6月初,负SR型(Silk-Road)和正EAP型(East Asia–Pacific)同时出现,并且位相差达到6月份最大值,二者协同作用下导致2020年入梅时间异常偏早。主要表现为:(1)负SR型引起西风急流加速,促使急流入口区南侧的江淮流域上空出现强的高层辐散。(2)负SR型有利于南亚高压东移,正EAP型有利于西太平洋副热带高压西移,二者相向而行。负SR型和正EAP型于6月9日位相差达最大,此时南亚高压和西太平洋副热带高压重叠于120°E左右,有利于江淮流域持续性降水。(3)低层东亚中、低纬度有一对与正EAP型相关的异常“气旋—反气旋”环流,使低空(20°~35°N,100°~125°E)盛行强西南气流,中纬度的偏北气流有利于干冷空气向南输送,与西南暖湿气流汇合于江淮流域上空,带来强烈的水汽辐合,也使得大气的局地上升运动更为强烈。

2020年夏季川渝地区洪涝灾害及暴雨过程研究

本文针对2020年夏季川渝地区的强降水产生的洪涝过程及相应的15次暴雨过程进行了分析,并与川渝地区大旱年同期情况进行了对比。2020年夏季,西太平洋副热带高压(以下简称副高)较气候平均位置偏西、强度偏强,其西伸脊点可达110°E以西;青藏高压东伸、偏强,上下层共同作用使副高稳定维持。中纬度小波动活动频繁,使得冷空气活动往往维持在川渝上空。副高西侧气流与北方偏北风的汇合使川渝地区形成较大的水汽通量辐合区,为暴雨的发生提供十分必要的水汽条件。此外,来自印度的季风气流从印度北部至高原东侧,经由高原南侧向东输送水汽,成为另一支重要的水汽通道。2006年夏季,川渝地区为重要的干旱年,暴雨个例也最少。在这一年,副高偏东,中纬西风带短波槽不活跃,西南季风偏弱,川渝地区水汽辐合较少,这些与2020年形成了鲜明的对比。

大气扰动分解技术在副高边缘大暴雨落区精细化分析中的应用

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)再分析资料,基于大气扰动分解技术,对2012年7月华北东部两次副高边缘大暴雨事件进行扰动分析。结果表明:边界层及对流层低层扰动辐合中心与副高边缘大暴雨中心有较好地对应关系;扰动锋区和扰动比湿大值区(4 g·kg^(-1))叠加的区域与大暴雨落区相对应,与切变线类暴雨不同,副高边缘暴雨中心并不是出现在冷暖空气対峙扰动(0℃线)的位置,而是发生在扰动锋区内的暖区一侧(扰动温度0℃以南);两次过程均存在自南向北的水汽通道,且水汽在输送过程中不断得到抬升,大暴雨落区对应的扰动水汽通量散度中心分别达到-6.8×10^(-8) g·cm^(-2)·hPa^(-1)·s^(-1)和^(-1)1.9×10^(-8) g·cm^(-2)·hPa^(-1)·s^(-1),为大暴雨的形成提供了较好地水汽条件。

硫酸废液机械蒸汽再压缩减压膜蒸馏特性分析

为了高效回收处理工农业生产过程中产生的硫酸废液,该研究提出了一种机械蒸汽再压缩减压膜蒸馏系统。首先,基于质量和能量守恒定律建立数学模型,并设计搭建了系统试验装置,初步以自来水为测试对象开展了可行性验证试验:然后以硫酸溶液为研究对象,借助Matlab软件进行迭代求解计算,模拟分析操作参数对系统热力特性的影响规律。试验结果表明系统膜通量和电导率分别为1.6 kg/(m^(2)·h)和48μS/cm,单位加热能耗Shec和系统性能系数Cop分别为71.88 kWh/t和8.88,比常规蒸汽加热的减压膜蒸馏系统节能74.7%,模拟结果表明,进料浓度增加,压缩机功耗增加,但性能系数Cop减小;进料温度、进料流速以及渗透侧压力增加,压缩机功耗减小,Cop增加。因此,该系统具有良好的节能性、经济性和环境效益,应用前景广阔。

水汽通量散度分解在一次台风暴雨中的应用

作为表征异常降水的一个重要参数,水汽通量散度(Q v)根据亥姆霍兹定理被分解为三个分量,即旋转风引起的水汽平流(Q r)、辐散风引起的水汽平流(Q d)和气流辐合辐散造成的水汽通量散度(Q div)。以2018年18号台风温比亚造成的河南商丘和江苏徐州的强降水为例,分析了水汽通量散度分解后的三个分量的时空演变。结果表明:Q v仅能得到水汽聚集的情况,分解之后的分量可以更清楚地了解不同的降水时段内具体是哪些项起到了主导因素。总的Q v贡献主要来自于Q div,而降水的增强一般与Q r的正贡献对应较好,降水的减小往往是由于Q d的抑制作用引起的,未来将应用这种水汽通量散度分解方法有效改进台风降水落区的诊断和分析。

四川地区一次特大暴雨天气过程分析

利用四川省加密气象站逐时降水资料、FY-2G卫星TBB产品及NCEP/NCAR的1°×1°逐6 h再分析资料,对2020年8月15-18日四川地区的一次特大暴雨天气过程进行诊断分析。结果表明:此次过程具有降水强度大、范围广、持续时间长、夜雨特征明显等特征。高空影响槽东移叠加在低空低涡之上,为强降水过程发生发展提供了有利的环流背景和天气尺度动力抬升条件;西太平洋副热带高压(以下简称“副高”)稳定少动是强降水过程长时间维持的主要原因。孟加拉湾低涡槽前西南暖湿气流与副高外围偏南暖湿气流共同为此次强降水过程提供了充足的水汽。中尺度对流系统强烈发展是造成强降水的主要原因,云图TBB≤-52℃的冷云区和TBB等值线梯度极大值区与强降水落区对应关系较好,可为强降水监测预警工作提供参考。

东北冷涡引发的一次区域持续性暴雨天气过程诊断分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°逐6 h再分析资料、探空和卫星云图资料,对鞍山地区2019年7月29—30日一次区域持续性暴雨天气过程进行了降水成因分析与物理量场的诊断分析。结果表明:低空冷涡切变东移与副热带高压西伸北抬为此次强降水天气提供了大尺度环流背景,700 hPa低空急流建立了水汽输送通道,将西南暖湿空气向辽宁地区输送,为此次鞍山地区暴雨天气过程提供了较好的水汽条件;由于副高西伸北抬,暖湿气流不断与低涡后部冷空气在辽宁交汇,形成列车效应。此外,K指数较大,大气层结不稳定,具有对流降水特征。