Vapor-liquid equilibrium modeling for binary system of R152a/R1234ze(E)

At present,the environment impact of refrigerants has been given attention.The binary mixture R152a/R1234ze(E)is an environmentally friendly refrigerant,which solves problems of poor cooling performance of the R1234ze(E)cycle and flammability of R152a.In order to obtain its basic thermal and physical parameters,it is necessary to carry out vapor-liquid equilibrium(VLE)research,and the cubic equation of states(EOS)is often used in the calculation of the thermodynamic properties of mixtures.In this paper,the VLE predicted models for R152a/R1234ze(E)in the temperature range of 298.15-328.15 K were constructed using Soave-Redlich-Kwong(SRK),Peng-Robinson(PR)equations of state(EOS)combined with van der Waals(vd W),Huron-Vidal(HV)mixing rules,respectively.The equilibrium pressures and vapor-phase mole fractions of the models were obtained by calculation,and all four models presented an extreme correlation with the experimental data.And it can be concluded that the calculated results of the PR+HV model are closer to the experimental data than those of the other three models,with the average absolute deviation of 0.0027 for vapor-phase mole fraction(AAD(ycal))and the average absolute relative deviation of 0.243%for equilibrium pressure(AARD(pcal)),which provides a basis for accurately calculating the thermophysical properties of the mixture R152a/R1234ze(E).

Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Data of Carbon Dioxide＋Methyl Propionate and Carbon Dioxide＋Propyl Propionate Systems

High-pressure vapor-liquid equilibrium data for the binary systems of methyl propionate＋carbon dioxide and propyl propionate＋carbon dioxide were measured at pressure from 1.00 MPa to 12.00 MPa and temperature in the range from 313 K to 373 K. Experimental results were correlated with the Peng-Robinson equation of state with the two-parameter van der Waals mixing rule. At the same time, the Henry＇s coefficient, partial molar enthalpy change and partial molar entropy change of CO2 during dissolution at different temperature were also calculated.

Isobaric Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium for Methyldichlorosi-lane+Methylvinyldichlorosilane+Toluene and Constituent Binary Systems

Vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) for a ternary system of methyldichlorosilane + methylvinyldichlorosi-lane + toluene and constituent binary systems were measured at 101.3kPa using a new type of magnetical pump-ebulliometer. The equilibrium compositions of the vapor phase of binary systems were calculated indirectly from the total pressure-temperature-liquid composition (pTx). The experimental data were correlated with the Wilson and NRTL(non-random two liquid) equations. The parameters of the Wilson model were employed to predict the ternary VLE data. The calculated boiling points were in good agreement with the experimental ones.

Overview of the detection methods for equilibrium dissociation constant KD of drug-receptor interaction

Drug-receptor interaction plays an important role in a series of biological effects, such as cell pro- liferation, immune response, tumor metastasis, and drug delivery. Therefore, the research on drug-re- ceptor interaction is growing rapidly. The equilibrium dissociation constant （KD） is the basic parameter to evaluate the binding property of the drug-receptor. Thus, a variety of analytical methods have been established to determine the KD values, including radioligand binding assay, surface plasmon resonance method, fluorescence energy resonance transfer method, affinity chromatography, and isothermal ti- tration calorimetry. With the invention and innovation of new technology and analysis method, there is a deep exploration and comprehension about drug-receptor interaction. This review discusses the differ- ent methods of determining the KD values, and analyzes the applicability and the characteristic of each analytical method. Conclusively, the aim is to provide the guidance for researchers to utilize the most appropriate analytical tool to determine the KD values.

Isobaric Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium of Binary Systems： p-Xylene ＋ （Acetic Acid, Methyl Acetate and n-Propyl Acetate） and Methyl Acetate ＋ n-Propyl Acetate in an Acetic Acid Dehydration Process

The vapor-liquid equilibrium data of four binary systems (acetic acid +p-xylene, methyl acetate +n-propyl acetate, n-propyl acetate +p-xylene and methyl acetate +p-xylene) are measured at 101.33 kPa with Ellis equilibrium still, and then both the NRTL and UNIQUAC models are used in combination with the HOC model for correlating and estimating the vapor-liquid equilibrium of these four binary systems. The estimated binary VLE results using correlated parameters agree well with the measured data except the methyl acetate +p-xylene system which easily causes bumping and liquid rushing out of the sampling tap due to their dramatically different boiling points. The correlation results by NRTL and UNIQUAC models have little difference on the average absolute deviations of temperature and composition of vapor phase, and the results by NRTL model are slightly better than those by UNIQUAC model except for the methyl acetate +n-propyl acetate system, for which the latter gives more accurate correlations.

Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Prediction of Ammonia-Ionic Liquid Working Pairs of Absorption Cycle Using UNIFAC Model

On the basis of reported experimental vapor-liquid equilibrium （VLE） data of NH3-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate （NH3-[Emim]Ac）, NH3-1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate （NH3-[Bmim][BF4]）, NH3-1,3-dimethylimidazolium dimethyl phosphate （NH3-[Mmim]DMP） and NH3-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate （NH3-[Emim]EtOSO3） binary systems, the interaction parameters of 14 new groups have been regressed by means of the UNIFAC model. To validate the reliability of the method, these parameters have been used to calculate the VLE data with the average relative deviation of pressures of less than 9.35%. The infinite dilution activity coefficient （ γ1∞ ） and the absorption potential （ φ1 ） are important evaluation criterions of the affinity between working pair species of the absorption cycle. The UNIFAC model is implemented to predict the values of and φ1 of t6 sets of NH3-ionic liquid （1L） systems. The work found that the φ1 gradually increases following the impact order： φ1（[Cnmim][BF4]）〈φ1（[Cnmim]EtOSO3）〈φ1（[Cnmim]DMP）〈φ1（[Cnmim]Ac） （n= 1, 2, 3, … ） at a given cation of IL species and constant temperature, and φ1（[Mmim]X）〈φ1（[Emim]X）〈φ1（[Pmim]X）〈 φ1（[Bmim]X）（X= Ac, [BF4], DMP or EtOSO3） at a given anion of IL species and constant temperature. Furthermore, the φ1 gradually increases with increasing temperature. Then, it could be concluded that the working pair NH3-[BmimlAc has the best potential research value relatively.

Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Measurements and Modeling for Ternary System Water ＋ Ethanol ＋ 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Acetate

Vapor-liquid equilibrium(VLE) data were measured for ternary system water + ethanol + 1-butyl-3methylimidazolium acetate([bmim][OAc]),in a relatively wide range of ionic liquid(IL) mass fractions up to 0.8.Six sets of complete T-x-y data were obtained,in which the mole fraction of ethanol on IL-free basis was fixed separately at 0.1,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,and approximate 0.98.The non-random-two-liquid(NRTL) and electrolyte non-random-two-liquid(eNRTL) equations were used for correlation,showing similar deviations.The ternary VLE was also modeled with the correlation from two data sets,with the mole fractions of ethanol on IL-free basis being 0.1 and approximate 0.98.The VLE data were also reproduced satisfactorily.With the eNRTL model,the root-mean-square deviation for temperature is 0.79 K and that for vapor-phase mole fraction is 0.0094.The calculations are in good agreement with experimental data.The effect of the IL on the VLE behavior of the volatile components is also illustrated.

Isobaric Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium of Binary System 2-Cyclohexen-l-one and 1,2-Epoxycyclohexane

Green oxidation of cyclohexene using dioxygen as oxidizing agent is highly desirable because of its environmental compatibility and economic impact. Separation of its oxidation products depends on the reliable vaporliquid equilibrium （VLE） data of relevant components, which are still lacking. The VLE data of binary system 1,2-epoxycyclohexane and 2-cyclohexen-l-one under ambient pressure were obtained using an improved VLE equipment EC-2 still in this work. The results showed that this binary system has no azeotropic point. Furthermore, the experimental VLE data were correlated with the Wilson thermodynamic model and the corresponding binary interaction parameters of the model were obtained. The results showed that the VLE data agreed well with the model and passed the thermodynamic consistency test of Herrington.

Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium of Toluene-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon System in Sub- and Supercritical State

The phase behaviors of toluene/polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixture systems were investigated with a continuous-flow type apparatus at 573.2, 598.2, 623.2 and 648.2 K, while the pressure changed from 1 to 5MPa. The pseudo-binary phase behaviors were predicted with the Peng-Robinson equation of state with interaction parameters between toluene and pseudo-components considered. The phase diagrams of the system have been classified following the category of phase boundary diagram models. The extraction selectivity and efficiency of tolu-ene as a solvent was discussed by comparing with that of hexane. The prediction model for selectivity was also suggested.

Isobaric Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium for Toluene, 3-Methylthiophene and N-formylmorpholine at 101.33 kPa

Isobaric vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data were measured for binary mixtures of toluene+N- formylmorpholine, toluene+3-methylthiophene and 3-methylthiophene+N-formylmorpholine at 101.33 kPa. The VLE data of the binary systems were found to be thermodynamically consistent. The saturated vapor pressure calculated by CSGC-PR equation of the pure component had higher accuracy than that calculated by Antoine equation. The liquid- phase activity coefficients of the binary systems were calculated by the Wilson, NRTL and UNIFAC models, and the binary interaction parameters of the three models were determined by the VLE data. The Wilson model was selected as the most suitable model to predict the VLE data of the ternary system of toluene+3-methylthiophene+N- formylmorpholine. The relative volatility between toluene and 3-methylthiophene was also calculated. Moreover, the effect of N-formylmorpholine as solvent was studied. When the molar ratio of solvent to feed (S/F) was 7, the relative volatility reached 1.904, which is almost twice the relative volatility without solvent. Therefore, N-formylmorpholine can be considered as an effective extracting agent for the separation of the close-boiling mixture of toluene+3- methylthiophene by extractive distillation.

VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM FOR TERNARY MIXTURES OF BENZENE,TOLUENE,AND p-XYLENE

Vapor-liquid equilibrium composition and temperature were measured for binary andternary mixtures of benzene,toluene and p-xylene at 101.33 kPa The equilibrium cell of Boubliketal.was modified for the present study.The experimental vapor-liquid equilibrium data were corre-lated with the Wilson equation.

Mobile Equilibrium Method for Determining Composition and Stability Constant of Coordination Compounds of the Form M_mR_n

A new method is proposed for determining the composition and stability constant of coordination compounds of the form M m R n ; it can be used to differentiate mono and poly nuclear coordination compounds. The equation derived is lg( A i/(A max - A i) m)=n lg c′ R+lg( m·β(c M/A max ) ( m -1) ). The method is based on Bent French limited logarithm method. The demonstration of the proposed method has yielded correct results for Sc 3+ chlorophosphonazo Ⅲ system and Fe 3+ Chromazurol S system.

Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium of Ethyl Acetate+C_nH_(2n+1)OH(n=1,2,3) Binary Systems at 0.3 MPa

Vapor-liquid equilibrium data for the binary systems of ethyl acetate + methanol,ethyl acetate + ethanol and ethyl acetate + 1-propanol at 0.3 MPa were determined.The experimental data were verified with the point-to-point test of van Ness(1973).All these systems present an azeotropic point at 0.3 MPa that increases in ester composition for longer alcohol chains.The UNIFAC in different versions and ASOG prediction models were applied.

BUBBLE POINT PRESSURE MEASUREMENT FOR ISOTHERMAL QUATERNARY SYSTEM AND PREDICTION OF VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM

1 INTRODUCTIONVapor-liquid equilibrium(VLE)relations are required for practical use,such as in the designand operation of disitillation equipment.In the conventional experimental methods of vapor-liquid equilibria,some analytical instruments are applied.They are time-consuming and dif-ficult for multicomponent system because the proper method for the composition analysis isnot easy to be set up.

Isobaric vapor-liquid equilibrium for methyldichlorosilane-methyltrichlorosilane-dimethyldichlorosilane system

The elucidation of vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) of the halogenated silane was necessary for the production of silicon derivatives, especially for methylvinyldichlorosilane, due to the lack of the relevant reports. Isobaric VLE for the system methyldichlorosilane-dimethyldichlorosilane-benzene and isobaric VLE of the three binary systems were measured with a new pump-ebulliometer at the pressure of 101.325 kPa. These binary compositions of the equilibrium vapor were calculated according to the Q function of molar excess Gibbs energy by the indirect method and the resulted VLE data agreed well with the thermo-dynamic consistency. Moreover, the experimental data were correlated with the Wilson, NRTL, Margules and van Laar equations by means of the least-squares fit, the acquired optimal interaction parameters were fitted to experimental vapor-liquid equilibrium data for binary systems. The binary parameters of Wilson equation were also used to calculate the bubble point temperature and the vapor phase composition for the ternary mixtures without any additional adjustment. The predicted vapor-liquid equilibrium for the ternary system was in a good agreement with the experimental results. The VLE of binary and multilateral systems provided essential theory for the production of the halogenated silane.

On an Expression of Extraction Constants without the Interfacial Equilibrium-Potential Differences for the Extraction of Univalent and Divalent Metal Picrates by Crown Ethers into 1,2-Dichloroethane and Nitrobenzene

An idea on interfacial equilibrium-potential differences () which are generated for the extraction of univalent metal picrate (MPic) and divalent ones (MPic2) by crown ethers (L) into high-polar diluents was improved. These potentials were clarified with some experimental extraction-data reported before on the M = Ag(I), Ca(II), Sr(II) and Ba(II) extraction with 18-crown-6 ether (18C6) and benzo-18C6 into 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) and nitrobenzene (NB). Consequently, it was demonstrated that the? values from the extraction-experimentally obtained logKD,Pic ones are in agreement with or close to those calculated from charge balance equations in many cases, where the symbol, KD,Pic, denotes an individual distribution constant of Pic﹣ into the DCE or NB phase. Also, it was experimentally shown that extraction constants based on the overall extraction equilibria do not virtually contain the? terms in their functional expressions.

Measurement and Correlation of Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium for a Cyclohexene-Cyclohexanol Binary System at 101.3 kPa

Many by-products are generated in the process of oxidizing cyclohexene to produce 1,2-epoxycyclohexane by hydrogen peroxide,including cyclohexanol,cyclohexanone,etc.To obtain high-purity 1,2-epoxycyclohexane, the by-products and unreacted cyclohexene must be removed through rectification,in which the vapor-liquid equilibrium(VLE)data of the system are needed.In this study,the VLE data of cyclohexene-cyclohexanol system were studied at 101.3 kPa using an improved EC-2 VLE still.The thermodynamic consistency of the data was examined by Herington's method.The results obtained were exemplary.The VLE data were correlated by the Wilson equation. The difference between the calculated values and the experimental data is minor,indicating that the VLE data are suitable for engineering design.

Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium of Ethylene ＋ Mesitylene System and Process Simulation for Ethylene Recovery

The amount of ethylene in refinery off-gas is high with a mass fraction of 20%,but the refinery off-gas is usually used as fuel gas in most refineries.The separation and recovery of ethylene is of remarkable significance for saving energy and reducing carbon dioxide emission.The aim of this paper is to use a novel absorbent mesitylene for the ethylene absorption process and assess its application feasibility through the ethylene + mesitylene vapor-liquid equilibrium data measurement and its binary interaction parameter correlation,as well as the simulation for ethylene separation process.

Modeling p VT Properties and Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium of Ionic Liquids Using Cubic-plus-association Equation of State

Combining Peng-Robinson （PR） equation of state （EoS） with an association model derived from shield-sticky method （SSM） by Liu et al., a new cubic-plus-association （CPA） EoS is proposed to describe the ther-modynamic properties of pure ionic liquids （ILs） and their mixtures. The new molecular parameters for 25 ILs are obtained by fitting the experimental density data over a wide temperature and pressure range, and the overall aver-age deviation is 0.22%. The model parameter b for homologous ILs shows a good linear relationship with their mo-lecular mass, so the number of model parameters is reduced effectively. Using one temperature-independent binary adjustable parameter kij, satisfactory correlations of vapor-liquid equilibria （VLE） for binary mixtures of ILs ＋ non-associating solvents and ＋ associating solvents are obtained with the overall average deviation of vapor pressure 2.91% and 7.01%, respectively. In addition, VLE results for ILs ＋ non-associating mixtures from CPA, lattice-fluid （LF） and square-well chain fluids with variable range （SWCF-VR） EoSs are compared.

Measurement and Correlation of Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium of the 1,2-Epoxycyclohexane-Cyclohexanone Binary System at 101.3kPa

Many by-products are generated in the process of oxidizing cyclohexene to produce 1,2-epoxycyclohexane by hydrogen peroxide, including cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone, etc. To obtain high-purity 1,2-epoxycyclohexane, the by-products must be removed through rectification. Refining 1,2-epoxycyclohexane through rectification requires vapor-liquid equilibrium(VLE) data of the related system. Therefore, the VLE data of 1,2-epoxycyclohexane- cyc-lohexanone system were measured at 101.3 kPa using an improved EC-2 VLE still. The thermodynamic consistency of the data was then tested by Herington's method and the rigorous point-to-point method. The results obtained were exemplary. The VLE data were correlated by the Wilson and non-random two-liquid(NRTL) equations, using the error sum squares of the vapor composition as the objective function to obtain the model parameters. The difference between the calculated values and the experimental data is minor, indicating that the VLE data are suitable for engineering design.