DISPLACEMENT CONTROL AND KINETIC ANALYSIS OF A NOVEL VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSOR FOR AUTOMOTIVE AIR CONDITIONER

A novel variable displacement compressor (VDC) for automotive air conditioner (AAC) is introduced, which inherits the advantages of common wobble plate type VDC. It has fewer parts and makes less noise, and instead of pneumatic valve the displacement is controlled by electronic control valve. In order to know the control mechanism well and get a good control effect, a mathematical model for the variable displacement mechanism is developed according to the geometrical and kinematical information of the compressor. Using the model, the effect of relevant parameters on variable displace control is estimated. It is helpful to make the optimum decision in the flow control of AAC. As the novel displacement control device, the structure and control rule of electronic control valve is introduced. It can get better effect than the conventional pneumatic valves. And by using this new electronic control device, the optimum systemic control of AAC is available.

Simulation of Variable Air Volume System with Different Duct Layout

The duct static pressure reset (DSPR) control method is a popular modern control method widely applied to variable air volume (VAV) systems of commercial buildings. In this paper, a VAV system simulation program was used to predict the system performance and zone air temperature of two kinds of layouts that were applied to a typical floor of an existing building office in Hong Kong. The position where the static pressure sensor was placed should affect the zones temperature and energy consumption. The comparison of predictions of the two kinds of layouts indicates that with the same DSPR control method the layout of the air duct might influence the fan control result and energy savings.

Online Fault Detection Configuration on Equipment Side of a Variable-Air-Volume Air Handling Unit

With the development of the technology of the Internet of Things,more and more operational data can be collected from air conditioning systems.Unfortunately,the most of existing air conditioning controllers mainly provide controlling functions more than storing,processing or computing the measured data.This study develops an online fault detection configuration on the equipment side of air conditioning systems to realize these functions.Modbus communication is served to collect real-time operational data.The calculating programs are embedded to identify whether the measured signals exceed their limits or not,and to detect if sensor reading is frozen and other faults in relation to the operational performance are generated or not.The online fault detection configuration is tested on an actual variable-air-volume(VAV)air handling unit(AHU).The results show that the time ratio of fault detection exceeds 95.00%,which means that the configuration exhibits an acceptable fault detection effect.

Design of Control Scheme for Variable Air Volume Air- conditioning System

The air quantity of variable air volume system for the rooms and the total air quantity of the system changes with the change of room load. Combined with the system composition in the laboratory, the paper determines the control scheme of the variable air volume system, that is, indoor temperature-control, indoor positive pressure control, air distribution static pressure control, air-supply temperature control and new air volume control. The dotted lines with arrows mean the output signals from the control unit to actuator, and the solid lines with arrows represent the input signals from the actuator to the control unit.

VARIABLE STRUCTURE CONTROL OF AIRCRAFTFOR ATMOSPHERIC DISTURBANCE

Variable structure control (VSC) applied to atmospheric disturbance sup-pression is presented. The conditions are stipulated: the sliding mode existenee condi-tion, and invanance condition of atmospheric disturbanee in the variable structuresystem (VSS). A method of eigenstructure assignment technique for switching surfaeedesign is proposed. Based on different atmospheric disturbanee characteristics, such asrandom turbulence, discrete gust and wind shear, two kinds of control laws are derived that possess strong robustness. An example shows that this control approach isfeasible and effective.

Temperature Inversions,Meteorological Variables and Air Pollutants and Their Influence on Acute Respiratory Disease in the Guadalajara Metropolitan Zone,Jalisco,Mexico

The presence of temperature inversions (TI), concentration of air pollutants (AP) and meteorological variables (MV) affect the welfare of the population, creating public health problems (acute respiratory diseases ARDs, among others). The Guadalajara Metropolitan Zone (GMZ) experiences high levels of air pollution, which associated with the presence of temperature inversions and meteorological variations is conducive to the incidence of ARDs in children. The aim of this work is to evaluate the TI, MV, AP and their influence on the ARDs in children under five years in the GMZ from 2003 to 2007. In this period, the moderate and strong TI are the most frequent presenting from November to May. The AP shows a variable behavior during the year and between years, with the highest concentration of particles less than 10 microns (PM10), followed by ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen oxides (NOX), carbon monoxide (CO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), the most affected areas are the southeast of the GMZ. Annual arithmetic mean is 213,510 ± 41,209 ARDs consultations. The most important diseases are acute respiratory infections (98.0%), followed by pneumonia and bronchopneumonia (1.1%), asthma and status asthmaticus (0.5%) and streptococcal pharyngitis and tonsillitis (0.4%). Months with most inquiries were from October to March, mainly in the southeast, south and center of the city, coinciding with high levels of AP. Statistical analysis shows that the TI have significant correlation with ARDs in three years, temperature (Temp) in two, relative humidity (RH) in two, wind speed (WS) in three, wind direction (WD) in two, while that air pollutants NOX and NO2 showed significant correlation with ARDs throughout the period. CO and SO2 showed significance in two years, while the PM10 and O3 in one.

Genetic Optimization Algorithm of PID Decoupling Control for VAV Air-Conditioning System

Variable-air-volume (VAV) air-conditioning system is a multi-variable system and has multi coupling control loops. While all of the control loops are working together, they interfere and influence each other. A multivariable decoupling PID controller is designed for VAV air-conditioning system. Diagonal matrix decoupling method is employed to eliminate the coupling between the loop of supply air temperature and that of thermal-space air temperature. The PID controller parameters are optimized by means of an improved genetic algorithm in floating point representations to obtain better performance. The population in the improved genetic algorithm mutates before crossover, which is helpful for the convergence. Additionally the micro mutation algorithm is proposed and applied to improve the convergence during the later evolution. To search the best parameters, the optimized parameters ranges should be amplified 10 times the initial ideal parameters. The simulation and experiment results show that the decoupling control system is effective and feasible. The method can overcome the strong coupling feature of the system and has shorter governing time and less over-shoot than non-optimization PID control.

Variable structure guidance law for attacking surface maneuver targets

The characteristics of surface maneuver targets are analyzed and a 3-D relative motion model for missiles and targets is established. A variable structure guidance law is designed considering the characteristics of targets. In the guidance law, the distance between missiles and targets as well as the missile-target relative velocity are all substituted by estimation values. The estimation errors, the target＇s velocity, and the maneuver acceleration are all treated as bounded disturbance. The guidance law proposed can be implemented conveniently in engineering with little target information. The performance of the guidance system is analyzed theoretically and the numerical simulation result shows the effectiveness of the guidance law.

On the Relationship between Climatic Variables and Pressure Systems over Saudi Arabia in the Winter Season

The synoptic circulation over Saudi Arabia is complicated and frequently governed by the effect of large-scale pressure systems. In this work, we used NCEP–NCAR global data to illustrate the relationship between climatic variables and the main pressure systems that affect the weather and climate of Saudi Arabia, and also to investigate the influence of these pressure systems on surface air temperature（SAT） and rainfall over the region in the winter season. It was found that there are two primary patterns of pressure that influence the weather and climate of Saudi Arabia. The first occurs in cases of a strengthening Subtropical High（Sub H）, a weakening Siberian High（Sib H）, a deepening of the Icelandic Low（Ice L）, or a weakening of the Sudanese Low（Sud L）. During this pattern, the Sub H combines with the Sib H and an obvious increase of sea level pressure（SLP） occurs over southern European, the Mediterranean, North Africa, and the Middle East. This belt of high pressure prevents interaction between midlatitude and extratropical systems, which leads to a decrease in the SAT,relative humidity（RH） and rainfall over Saudi Arabia. The second pattern occurs in association with a weakening of the Sub H, a strengthening of the Sib H, a weakening of the Ice L, or a deepening of the Sud L. The pattern arising in this case leads to an interaction between two different air masses： the first（cold moist） air mass is associated with the Mediterranean depression travelling from west to east, while the second（warm moist） air mass is associated with the northward oscillation of the Sud L and its inverted V-shape trough. The interaction between these two air masses increases the SAT, RH and the probability of rainfall over Saudi Arabia, especially over the northwest and northeast regions.

Impact of air pollution on urbanization:evidence at China’s city level

This paper investigates the effect and transmission mechanism of air pollution on urbanization based on data from China’s 107 cities during 2005–2018.In order to identify the impact of air pollution on China’s urbanization,we utilized night light data to represent the level of urbanization and used temperature inversion as an instrumental variable to mitigate endogeneity within the two-stage least squares framework.The results suggest that air pollution significantly slowed China’s urbanization process with economic growth acting as the transmission mechanism.The heterogeneity analyses revealed that air pollution had a greater negative impact on urbanization in northern regions than that in southern regions,and a greater negative impact in resource-oriented cities than that in non-resource-based cities.We also find that air pollution was to the detriment of urbanization in larger cities,which have more than 3 million residents,while it did not have a significant impact on Type II large cities,which have fewer than 3 million residents.

基于改进BSO算法的VAV空调系统GPC参数整定

针对变风量(variable air volume,VAV)空调系统具有大滞后、强耦合等控制难点,提出了一种基于改进天牛群优化(beetle swarm optimization,BSO)算法的VAV空调系统广义预测控制(generalized predictive control,GPC)参数整定方法。针对标准GPC整定算法只调节控制加权系数λ导致控制性能不佳的问题,首先,提出一种改进BSO算法,通过动态化选取权重参数与学习因子获得较佳的寻优性能。其次,提出一种基于改进BSO算法的新型GPC参数整定方法,可同时整定控制器的控制加权系数λ、控制时域Nu、预测时域Np及柔化系数α。最后,结合实际VAV空调系统,开展仿真与半实物实验。结果表明,采用改进BSO算法调优后GPC的控制效果得到显著提升,调节时间仅为7 s,超调量仅为0.28%。

VAV变风量空调系统施工技术

以某工程为例,对VAV变风量空调系统施工技术进行研究,通过采用BIM技术对风管的形状、构造及布置进行深化设计,优化了系统布置,降低了能耗;采用DDC数字控制的变风量空调系统,实现与计算机联网一体化智能控制,通过VAV末端,实施对空调房间的智能控制,消除了送风温度的变化对室内温度的影响,达到节能的目的。

过渡季节VAV空调系统送风温度的优化控制策略

变风量空调系统中,如何在良好室内空气品质与节能之间进行权衡一直是研究的难点.通过对多区域变风量空调及其控制系统进行分析研究,按照ASHRAE通风标准对新风量的要求,针对混和送风系统提出并在Trnsys仿真平台上分析了送风温度优化控制方案在不同负荷条件下的控制效果.研究结果表明,室外新风温度低于室内温度设定值时,送风温度的设定值受到设计风量和运行时刻各个空调区域风阀开度大小的限制.当过渡季节早晚的新风温度低于室内设定温度的工况时,若将送风温度由13,℃升高到16,℃,不但可以减少2.8%的空调系统能耗,而且有助于改善空气品质.

MFAC和前馈补偿组合的VAV系统解耦控制仿真

在空调机风量优化控制的研究中,变风量(Variable Air Volume,VAV)系统存在多变量、耦合强烈、非线性及带有时延等特点。针对子系统耦合严重的现象,提出了无模型自适应控制(Model Free Adaptive Control,MFAC)和前馈补偿相结合方法,建立了两个空气处理机组成的耦合系统的数学模型,设计了MFAC控制器和前馈补偿解耦网络,对所建立的耦合系统进行了解耦控制。仿真结果表明:相对PID与前馈补偿组合解耦而言,无模型自适应控制配合前馈补偿的方法可以大幅减少调节时间,且超调量为0,具有很好的解耦效果,可以解决变风量系统的耦合问题。

VAV空调系统的动态建模及其送风机控制研究

介绍了VAV空调系统的动态建模过程,建立了压力无关型VAV末端的动态子模型,该模型能真实反映末端由于风阀联接机械迟滞、电动机动作过程、执行器不灵敏区等所引发的动态特性。以具有两个独立控制区域的小型家用VAV空调系统为对象,利用所建立的系统仿真模型,对两种不同的送风机控制方法进行比较研究。认为在小型家用VAV空调系统中,应当采用具有较弱比例控制作用的PI控制方法对送风机进行控制,以保证系统整体控制的稳定性,实现室温控制效果。

基于小波神经网络辨识器的模糊神经自适应控制在VAV空调系统中的应用

针对温度控制的大惯性、大滞后、非线性特点,提出采用基于小波神经网络辨识器的模糊神经自适应控制的中央空调房间温度控制器的设计方案。由于小波神经网络的非线性映射能力比一般神经网络要强,所以基于小波神经网络的辨识器可以获得很高的辨识精度。而且,模糊神经自适应控制器随着系统动态特性的改变可以在线改变其控制规则,从而进行客观准确的控制。与普通模糊控制方法相比较,仿真试验说明了系统设计的有效性。

VAV空气处理机组故障检测与诊断方法及应用

针对变风量空气处理机组故障,考虑到变风量空调系统的动态性,给出了一种变风量空气处理机组故障检测与诊断方法.残差累积和(cumlative sum,CUSUM)控制图被用于检测空气处理机组故障,残差CUSUM控制图不仅可很好地适应变风量空调系统的动态性,还可消除数据自相关性对控制图性能的不利影响,有助于提高故障检测的准确性.根据质量守恒、能量守恒和控制原理,设计了3个基于规则的故障分类器,可用于寻找故障源.该故障检测与诊断方法在实际建筑中进行了在线应用,利用多种变风量空气处理机组故障验证了故障诊断方法的有效性和可靠性.

PID自整定调节器在VAV空调系统解耦控制中的应用

通过采用PID自整定调节器以及前馈补偿解耦网络,对变风量(VAV)空调系统中"两个空气处理机组成的耦合系统"和"风系统和水系统耦合系统"进行解耦控制.通过MATLAB仿真研究和在实际系统中的实验研究验证了调节器和解耦网络的可行性和有效性,仿真结果和实验结果令人满意,为变风量空调系统的解耦控制提供了有效的方法,为变风量空调系统的整体稳定运行奠定了基础.

基于模糊PID控制的VAV控制系统研究与实现

为了提高变风量空调系统的控制效果,分别设计了变风量空调系统的送风温度、室内温度（视为回风温度）以及新风模糊PID控制系统,通过调节冷冻水阀门的开度来控制送风温度,通过调节变频风机的转速来控制室内温度,通过调节新风阀门的开度来控制新风量,通过调节回风阀门的开度来控制回风量.应用所设计的模糊PID控制器对送风温度、空调房间的温度（即回风温度）以及二氧化碳体积分数进行了实时在线控制,控制结果表明模糊PID控制器设计合理,控制效果良好.

VAV系统中新风量的控制

介绍了变风量系统新风量控制中的风阀控制、送回风机控制、独立设置风机、混合段静压控制、ＣＯ２浓度控制和人数估计控制等方法，分析了各种方法的特点和应用范围。