The Control System Simulation of Variable-Speed Constant-Frequency Wind Turbine

In general,Variable-Speed Constant Frequency (VSCF)Wind generation system is controlled by stator voltage orientation method which based on the mathematic model of VSCF Wind generation system and discussed the control strategy.Present the whole dynamic control model of variable-speed wind generator system in MATLAB/ Simulink,and the simulation results confirm the validity and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

On maximum power point tracking control strategy for variable speed constant frequency wind power generation

Based on the characteristic of AC-excited variable speed constant frequency(VSCF)wind power generation,the vector control technique was applied in a doubly fed induction generator(DFIG).Maximum wind energy or maximum output power point can be tracked by decoupling control of active power and reactive power.The research result shows that the net power of generation system delivered to grid in maximum wind energy tracking mode is not the most.We presented a novel maximum power point tracking(MPPT)control strategy by analyzing the DFIG mathematic model and power relations which delivered the maximum power to the grid.The maximum power point could be tracked automatically without measuring wind speed in the control strategy and the control was independent of optimal turbine power curve,which had excellent dynamic and static performances and robustness.Simulation and experimental results testify the accuracy and validity of the control strategy.

Intelligent control for large-scale variable speed variable pitch wind turbines

Large-scale wind turbine generator systems have strong nonlinear multivariable characteristics with many uncertain factors and disturbances. Automatic control is crucial for the efficiency and reliability of wind turbines. On the basis of simplified and proper model of variable speed variable pitch wind turbines, the effective wind speed is estimated using extended Kaiman filter. Intelligent control schemes proposed in the paper include two loops which operate in synchronism with each other. At below-rated wind speed, the inner loop adopts adaptive fuzzy control based on variable universe for generator torque regulation to realize maximum wind energy capture. At above-rated wind speed, a controller based on least square support vector machine is proposed to adjust pitch angle and keep rated output power. The simulation shows the effectiveness of the intelligent control.

Asymptotic Tracking Control for Wind Turbines in Variable Speed Mode

This paper presents a variable speed control strategy for wind turbines in order to capture maximum wind power.Wind turbines are modeled as a two-mass drive-train system with generator torque control.Based on the obtained wind turbine model,variable speed control schemes are developed.Nonlinear tracking controllers are designed to achieve asymptotic tracking for a prescribed rotor speed reference signal so as to yield maximum wind power capture.Due to the difficulty of torsional angle measurement,an observer-based control scheme that uses only rotor speed information is further developed for global asymptotic output tracking.The effectiveness of the proposed control methods is illustrated by simulation results.

PID-Type Fuzzy Controller for Grid-Supporting Inverter of Battery in Embedded Small Variable Speed Wind Turbine

Frequency and voltage of embedded variable speed wind turbine (VSWT) driving a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is strongly affected by wind speed fluctuations. In practice, power imbalance between supply and demand is also common, especially when VSWT-PMSG is connected to a weak micro grid (MG). If load demand fluctuations become high, isolated MG may be unable to stabilize the frequency and voltage so that battery storage needs to be installed into the MG to adjust energy supply and demand. To allow flexible control of active and reactive power flow from/to battery storage, grid-supporting inverters are used. For a system that contains highly nonlinear components, the use of conventional linear proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers may cause system performance deterioration. Additionally, these controllers show slow, oscillating responses, and complex equations are required to obtain optimum responses in other controllers. To cope with these limitations, this paper proposes PID-type fuzzy controller (PIDfc) design to control grid-supporting inverter of battery. To ensure safe battery operating limits, we also propose a new controller scheme called intelligent battery protection (IBP). This IBP is integrated into PIDfc. Several simulation tests are performed to verify the scheme’s effectiveness. The results show that the proposed PIDfc controller exhibits improved performance and acceptable responses, and can be used instead of conventional controllers.

Enhancement of DC-Link Protection of PMSG Based Wind Turbine under Network Disturbance by Using New Buck Controller System

Protection system for DC-link circuit of back-to-back converter of PMSG （Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator） based wind turbine is essential part for the system to ride through a network fault in grid system. Voltage on the DC-link circuit can be increased significantly due to power unbalance between stator side converter and grid side converter. Increase of DC-link circuit voltage can lead to a damage of IGBT of the converter and control system failure. In this paper performance enhancement of DC-link protection of PMSG based Wind turbine by using new control system of buck converter is proposed. The buck converter is used to control supplied voltage of a breaking resistor to dissipate energy from the wind generator during network disturbance. In order to investigate effectiveness of the proposed DC-link protection system, fault analysis is performed in the simulation study by using PSCAD/EMTDC software program. In addition, comparative analysis between the proposed protection system and the conventional protection system using DC chopper is also performed.

Increasing the Efficiency of Grid Tied Micro Wind Turbines in Low Wind Speed Regimes

Major problem with grid tied micro wind turbine is synchronization and wind variability. Due to this problem the stability of available grid gets reduced. The stability can be achieved by output power control of the turbine. Major part of many countries like India, the annual mean wind speed is not high. The rated wind speed of turbine remain around 11 m/s and cut in is around 3.5 m/s. Due to this problem we aimed to develop a sustainable wind energy system that can provide stable power supply even at the locations of low wind speed of 2 - 4 m/s. To address this issue, a momentary impulse or external torque to the rotor by external motor is one of the good options to maintain the momentum of blades and thus provide stability for sufficient time. Various theoretical calculations and experiments are conducted on the above method. This would increase the output power and also the efficiency of wind turbine. We show that Return-On-Investment will be high as compared with other grid connected turbines. Our proposed concept in the present study, if implemented properly, can help the installation of number of wind turbines even at domestic level. It also makes the consumers energy independent and promotes the use of wind as a source of energy and may enter as a rooftop energy supply system similar to solar.

基于E-Wind Turbine实验平台的风力发电控制系统

风力发电系统具有规模大、实际现场培训成本高、危险系数高等特点,因此基于风力发电仿真设备的风力发电控制研究是十分必要的。以E-Wind Turbine实验平台为例,详细介绍了变速、变桨距双馈风力发电系统实验平台的构成与控制策略的实现方法。基于S7-1200系列的PLC控制器,利用PORTAL STEP 7集成开发环境,实现了风机的偏航、转速控制以及功率控制。仿真实验结果表明,设计的风力发电控制系统可以有效地模拟实际风力发电机的各种控制要求,为风力发电控制策略的研究提供了一种有效手段。

Frequency Regulation of VSC-MTDC System with Offshore Wind Farms

Frequency regulation of voltage source converter-based multi-terminal high-voltage direct current(VSC-MTDC)system with offshore wind farms enhances the frequency stability by compensating the power for a disturbed AC system.However,it is difficult to reasonably allocate frequency-regulation resources due to a lack of coordination mechanisms between wind farms and the MTDC system.Moreover,it is difficult for the frequency control of the wind farms to manage changes in wind speed;and the risk of wind-turbine stalls is high.Thus,based on the kinetic energy of wind turbines and the power margin of the converters,the frequency-regulation capability of wind turbines is evaluated,and a dynamic frequency-support scheme considering the real-time frequency-support capability of the wind turbines and system frequency evolution is proposed to improve the frequency-support performance.A power adaptation technique at variable wind speeds is developed;the active power in the frequency-support stage and restoration stage is switched according to the wind speed.A hierarchical zoning frequency-regulation scheme is designed to use the frequency-regulation resources of different links in the MTDC system with wind farms.The simulation results show that the novel frequency-regulation strategy maintains frequency stability with wind-speed changes and avoids multiple frequency dips.

Effective participation of wind turbines in frequency control of a two-area power system using coot optimization

In this paper,load frequency control is performed for a two-area power system incorporating a high penetration of renewable energy sources.A droop controller for a type 3 wind turbine is used to extract the stored kinetic energy from the rotating masses during sudden load disturbances.An auxiliary storage controller is applied to achieve effec-tive frequency response.The coot optimization algorithm(COA)is applied to allocate the optimum parameters of the fractional-order proportional integral derivative(FOPID),droop and auxiliary storage controllers.The fitness function is represented by the summation of integral square deviations in tie line power,and Areas 1 and 2 frequency errors.The robustness of the COA is proven by comparing the results with benchmarked optimizers including:atomic orbital search,honey badger algorithm,water cycle algorithm and particle swarm optimization.Performance assessment is confirmed in the following four scenarios:(i)optimization while including PID controllers;(ii)optimization while including FOPID controllers;(iii)validation of COA results under various load disturbances;and(iv)validation of the proposed controllers under varying weather conditions.

Advanced Control of a PMSG Wind Turbine

In this work, an intelligent artificial control of a variable speed wind turbine (PMSG) is proposed. First, a mathematical model of turbine written at variable speed is established to investigate simulations results. In order to optimize energy production from wind, a pitch angle and DC bus control law is synthesized using PI controllers. Then, an intelligent artificial control such as fuzzy logic and artificial neural network control is applied. Its simulated performances are then compared to those of a classical PI controller. Results obtained in MATLAB/Simulink environment show that the fuzzy and the neuro control is more robust and has superior dynamic performance and hence is found to be a suitable replacement of the conventional PI controller for the high performance drive applications.

Circulating current suppression for ground tied variable frequency to constant frequency converter system in aircraft

This paper presents a solution to the circulating current fault of aircraft power supply.The DC-link type Variable Frequency to Constant Frequency(VFCF)converter system is the preferred scheme to feed the constant 400 Hz load in an aircraft with a variable frequency power supply.Due to the requirement of aircraft standards,both grounds of the rectification and inversion stage are tied to the metal frame of the aircraft.With such a tied ground,the DC bus voltage rises greatly,and a large circulating current appears in the casing as the ground,which leads to equipment failure and potential safety hazards.According to the existing methods of circulating current fault suppression,this paper analyzes the causes of the above faults and the harmonic components of circulating current and points out the limitations of the existing methods.Therefore,a Common-Mode(CM)choke-based method is proposed to provide a high impedance in the path of the CM circulating current.By doing so,the circulating current can be suppressed without the additional burden of the hardware and control algorithm,which is quite friendly for quality control of mass-production aircraft.Moreover,a simplified mathematic model of the VFCF converter system is derived to calculate the minimum inductance value reference of the CM choke,which saves the weight of passive devices to the greatest extent.Finally,simulation and experimental results are studied to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

变转速下基于改进多阶概率方法的风电齿轮箱故障诊断研究

阶次跟踪是一种有效的解决变转速故障诊断问题的方法,其关键前提是存在转速信号作为参考。然而,由于强背景噪声和弱谐波关系的影响,现有转速估计方法的准确性和自适应性有待进一步提高。因此,提出一种融合多传感器信号的改进多阶概率方法(MOPA)用以估计瞬时转速。首先,依据不同传感器信号的基频统一性和主导分量差异性,通过时频图瞬时切片归一化融合的方式,构建具有强谐波关系的时频图;其次,为消除时变工况下时频图中横纵方向上的间歇恒频和短时宽频背景噪声,提出滑动消噪方法;最后,基于处理后的时频图执行MOPA,实现瞬时转速自动估计,结合阶次跟踪解决风电齿轮箱变转速故障诊断问题。经实测数据验证,改进MOPA估计的瞬时频率的准确性和自适应性均优于对方法,平均绝对百分比误差为0.56%,均小于对比方法的15.73%、13.99%和1.21%。结合阶次分析诊断了变转速下风电齿轮箱异常。

基于滑模变结构的风电机组一次调频算法研究

针对并网风电场中,经典一次调频控制方法存在抗干扰能力弱、机组易脱网的问题,提出一种基于滑模变结构的风电机组一次调频控制算法。首先,在永磁同步风电机组工作原理的基础上,建立含有大电网的风电机组模型。其次,为了解决传统比例积分微分(proportional integral differential,PID)控制下抗干扰能力弱的问题、引入经典滑模变结构控制器。然后,针对经典滑模变结构控制器导致执行机构存在抖振较多的缺点,提出一种基于sigmoid函数趋近率的滑模变结构一次调频控制算法。最后,通过MATLAB/Simulink对风电机组一次调频进行建模仿真,并与经典控制算法相比,验证了所提算法的可行性,在风速波动和电网故障的环境下,滑模变结构一次调频控制算法更具有效性。

基于惯量同步的构网型永磁直驱风电机组频率支撑及转速恢复策略

针对风电机组频率响应后有功支撑与转速恢复切换易诱发二次频率跌落的问题,提出了一种考虑转速恢复的构网型风电机组频率支撑策略。首先阐述了构网型风电机组的“惯量同步”原理;其次,基于转子运动方程,分析了构网型风电机组调频及转速恢复策略对频率最低点及二次频率跌落的影响机理;最后,基于PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台,构建基于惯量同步的构网型风电并网系统,并在不同扰动下验证所提控制策略的有效性。

实际风况下萨沃纽斯风力机集群性能及布局规律研究

为探究风况条件对萨沃纽斯风力机集群功率输出和安装方向的影响,基于变转速控制策略和计算流体力学仿真结果,获得了集群在我国8个典型站点不同安装方向下的输出功率,分析了集群在实际风况下的最佳布局规律,并验证了规律的普适性。仿真结果表明:在沈阳、厦门、昆明、呼和浩特、青岛、喀什、大连以及郑州8个站点合理安装集群,可使单台机组的输出功率分别提升至原来的1.14、1.23、1.31、1.20、1.21、1.24、1.12、1.11倍;对于有明显单一主风能风向的地区,集群应正对此方向摆放;对于两个主风能风向相位差较大的地区,需选择两者中周围风能更丰富的方向排布集群;对于有3个主风能风向、主风能风向不明显或风能分布比较均匀的地区,应先使机组相互格挡的方位避开风能相对集中区,再选择风能资源较丰富的方向排布集群。该研究可使实际风况下萨沃纽斯风力机集群耦合增益最大化,并为复杂风场条件下集群安装方向的选择提供参考。

改善惯性响应与一次调频的风电全直流系统协调控制策略

针对风电全直流系统并网给交流电网带来的系统惯量降低、调频能力不足等问题,提出一种改善惯性响应与一次调频的变系数风电全直流系统协调控制策略。在惯量响应方面,网侧换流站采用惯性同步控制,直流升压站采用恒变比控制,实现直流电容对电网的惯量支撑及直流低压侧的直流电压对交流系统频率的感知,在此基础上对直流风电机组(direct current wind turbine,DCWT)附加变虚拟惯性系数的虚拟惯量控制,使风电全直流系统在不同频率响应阶段具备不同的等效惯量。在一次调频方面,DCWT采用超速与变桨相结合的减载运行方式,通过变下垂控制来改变其有功出力,充分利用不同风速下的备用容量,使风电全直流系统更有效地参与一次调频。仿真算例表明,文中所提策略改善了风电全直流系统接入后电力系统的惯性响应及一次调频。

风电场与多分布式变速抽水蓄能协同调频控制

针对单个变速抽蓄调频容量不足和风电场调频后转子转速恢复容易引发频率二次跌落的问题,提出一种风电场与多分布式变速抽水蓄能协同调频控制策略。首先,当电网发生频率事件时,该策略根据风电场风速和区域内多分布式变速抽水蓄能可调节容量对电网频率提供支撑。然后,针对风电调频后转子转速恢复过程容易引发系统频率二次跌落的问题,在风电转子转速恢复时通过多分布式变速抽蓄提供功率支撑来缓解系统频率二次跌落。最后,以含风电场与分布式变速抽蓄的四机两区域系统为例,通过Matlab/Simulink仿真验证了所提控制策略相比风电场和多分布式变速抽水蓄能独立调频对于系统具有更好的调频效果。

变速抽水蓄能机组功率优先控制模式的运行稳定域分析

变速机组相较于传统定速机组在运行和调节中具有快速、高效、灵活和可靠等优点。然而变速抽水蓄能电站刚刚起步,其在有功功率调节过程中的运行稳定性需要进一步研究。本文中基于MATLAB和Simulink作为主要工具研究变速抽水蓄能电站在有功功率调节中的动态稳定性。首先,建立了一个变速抽水蓄能电站的水-机-电耦合的数学模型。然后,建立13阶状态矩阵用于理论研究系统的动态稳定性,并进行时域模拟进一步验证和分析,验证了理论矩阵和数学模型的有效性和合理性。结果表明,变速抽水蓄能机组在并网条件下的有功功率调节的过程中,可能面临失去稳定性的风险,这是定速机组不会出现的新问题。因此,在变速抽水蓄能电站的设计和运行过程中,需要重点关注系统特性参数与控制参数的匹配问题。研究结果可为提高变速抽水蓄能电站调节稳定性提供技术参考。