Risk of permanent pacemaker implantation following transcatheter aortic valve replacement:Which factors are most relevant?

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement(TAVR)has emerged as a formidable treatment option for severe symptomatic aortic stenosis ahead of surgical aortic valve replacement.The encouraging results from large randomized controlled trials has resulted in an exponential rise in the use of TAVR even in the low-risk patients.However,this is not without challenges.Need for permanent pacemaker(PPM)post-TAVR remains the most frequent and clinically relevant challenge.Naturally,identifying risk factors which predispose an individual to develop high grade conduction block post-TAVR is important.Various demographic factors,electrocardiographic features,anatomic factors and procedural characteristics have all been linked to the development of advanced conduction block and need for PPM following TAVR.Amongst these electrophysiological variables,most notably a prolonged QRS>120 ms regardless of the type of conduction block seems to be one of the strongest predictors on logistic regression models.The index study by Nwaedozie et al highlights that patients requiring PPM post-TAVR had higher odds of having a baseline QRS>120 ms and were more likely to be having diabetes mellitus that those who did not require PPM.

Modeling the Effect of Variable Timing of the Exhaust Valves on SI Engine Emissions for Greener Vehicles

The problem with fixed valve timing that the valve train is set by the automaker for peak efficiency running at a specific point in the engine’s operating range. When the vehicle is moving slower or faster than this ideal operating point the engine’s combustion cycle fails to properly burn the air/fuel mixture leading to considerably compromised engine performance and wastes fuel. Variable Valve Timing (VVT) is a solution developed to overcome this engine deficiency, dynamically altering the valve's opening and closing for optimal performance at any speed. The intension in this work is to contribute towards pursuing the development of variable valve timing (VVT) for improving the engine performance. This investigation covers the effect of exhaust valve opening (EVO), and closing (EVC) angle on engine performance and emissions. The aim is to optimize engine power and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) where the effect of engine speed has also been considered. Power, BMEP, BSFC, NO, and CO were calculated and presented to show the effect of varying valve timing on them for all the valve timing cases. The calculations of engine performance were carried out using the simulation and analysis engineering software: LOTUS”, and engine emissions were calculated using “ZINOX” program. Sensitivity analysis shows that the reduction of 10% of (EVO) angle gave a reduction of around 2.5% in power and volumetric efficiency, also a slight increase in nitrogen oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO), while a 10% decrease in (EVC) causes around 1% improvement in Power. The effects of different (VVT) from the simulations are analyzed and compared with those in the reviewed literature.

MODELING, VALIDATION AND OPTIMAL DESIGN OF THE CLAMPING FORCE CONTROL VALVE USED IN CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE TRANSMISSION

Associated dynamic performance of the clamping force control valve used in continuously variable transmission （CVT） is optimized. Firstly, the structure and working principle of the valve are analyzed, and then a dynamic model is set up by means of mechanism analysis. For the purpose of checking the validity of the modeling method, a prototype workpiece of the valve is manufactured for comparison test, and its simulation result follows the experimental result quite well. An associated performance index is founded considering the response time, overshoot and saving energy, and five structural parameters are selected to adjust for deriving the optimal associated performance index. The optimization problem is solved by the genetic algorithm （GA） with necessary constraints. Finally, the properties of the optimized valve are compared with those of the prototype workpiece, and the results prove that the dynamic performance indexes of the optimized valve are much better than those of the prototype workpiece.

DYNAMIC MODEL AND SIMULATION OF A NOVEL ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC FULLY VARIABLE VALVE SYSTEM FOR FOUR-STROKE AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES

在现代四击的引擎技术，可变阀门预定和电梯控制提议潜力为做一台高效的引擎受益。去四击的汽车的引擎的一列新奇电镀物品水力的充分可变的阀门火车被介绍。阀门火车系统和它的动态分析的非线性的数学模型的构造也被介绍。试验性并且模拟结果证明新奇电镀物品水力的阀门火车能完成充分可变的阀门预定和电梯控制。因而，不同负担和速度上的引擎表演将显著地被增加。技术也允许消除传统在汽油引擎和增加引擎设计灵活性扼杀阀门。

Semi-empirical modeling of volumetric efficiency in engines equipped with variable valve timing system

Volumetric efficiency and air charge estimation is one of the most demanding tasks in control of today's internal combustion engines.Specifically,using three-way catalytic converter involves strict control of the air/fuel ratio around the stoichiometric point and hence requires an accurate model for air charge estimation.However,high degrees of complexity and nonlinearity of the gas flow in the internal combustion engine make air charge estimation a challenging task.This is more obvious in engines with variable valve timing systems in which gas flow is more complex and depends on more functional variables.This results in models that are either quite empirical(such as look-up tables),not having interpretability and extrapolation capability,or physically based models which are not appropriate for onboard applications.Solving these problems,a novel semi-empirical model was proposed in this work which only needed engine speed,load,and valves timings for volumetric efficiency prediction.The accuracy and generalizability of the model is shown by its test on numerical and experimental data from three distinct engines.Normalized test errors are 0.0316,0.0152 and 0.24 for the three engines,respectively.Also the performance and complexity of the model were compared with neural networks as typical black box models.While the complexity of the model is less than half of the complexity of neural networks,and its computational cost is approximately 0.12 of that of neural networks and its prediction capability in the considered case studies is usually more.These results show the superiority of the proposed model over conventional black box models such as neural networks in terms of accuracy,generalizability and computational cost.

Gear Drive Mechanism for Continuous Variable Valve Timing of IC Engines

Continuous variable valve actuating (CVVA) technology provides high potential in achieving high performance, low fuel consumption and pollutant reduction. To get full benefits from (CVVT) various types of mechanisms have been proposed and designed. Some of these mechanisms are in production and have shown significant benefits in improving engine performance. In this investigation a newly designed gear drive mechanism that controls the intake valve opening (IVO) and closing (IVC) angles is studied. The control scheme is based on maximizing the engine brake power (P) and specific fuel consumption (BSFC) at any engine speed by continuously varying the phase between the cam shaft angle and the crank shaft angle. A single-cylinder engine is simulated by the “LOTUS” software to find out the optimum phase angle for maximum power and minimum fuel consumption at a given engine speed. The mechanism is a planetary gear drive designed for precise and continuous control. This mechanism has a simple design and operation conditions which can change the phase angle without limitation.

Nonlinear variable structure excitation and steam valving controllers for power system stability

A set of novel nonlinear variable structure excitation and steam-valving controllers are proposed in this paper. On the basis of the classical dynamic equations of a generator, excitation control and steam valving control are simultaneously considered. Design of these controllers combines the differential geometry theory with the variable structure controlling theory. The mathematical model in the form of ＂an affine nonlinear system＂ is set up for the control design of a large-scale power plant. The dynamic performance of the nonlinear variable structure controllers proposed for a single machine connected to an infinite bus power system is simulated. Simulation results show that the nonlinear variable structure excitation and steam-valving controllers give satisfactory dynamic performance and good robustness.

Principle and Experimental Verification of Caudal-fin-type Piezoelectric-stack Pump with Variable-cross-section Oscillating Vibrator

In the traditional flow-resistance-differential (FRD) type valve-less piezoelectric pump, the generated outflow and pressure are discontinuous because of the inherent periodicity and fluctuation of the pump. To overcome these drawbacks, utilizing the bending vibration of piezoelectric bimorph to drive fluid was conducted. However, our investigation on the current status of this piezoelectric bimorph pump shows that larger driving force and vibration amplitude are required for fluid pumping; the pumping can be realized through the centrifugal force; and the mechanism of fluid pumping is no longer further studied. Based on these cases, the paper designed a piezoelectric-stack pump with variable-cross-section oscillating (VCSO) vibrator by imitating the swing of the caudal-fin of tuna, and the pump is neither the rotating type nor the volumetric type according to the taxonomy. The interaction between the oscillating vibrator and the fluid parcel is firstly analyzed from the viewpoint of momentum conservation, and the analytical expression of pump flow rate is obtained. Then the modal and harmonic response analyses on the vibrator immerged in water are carried out. From the analyses the first two orders resonance frequencies are 832 Hz and 1 939 Hz, respectively, and the peak value of the tip amplitude is 0.6 mm. Laser Doppler vibrometer is used to measure both the frequency and vibration amplitude, and the determined first two orders resonance frequencies are 617 Hz and 1 356 Hz, respectively. The measured tip amplitude reaches to the peak value of 0.3 mm. At last, experimental measurement for the flow rates with different driving frequencies is conducted. The results show that the flow rate can reach 560 mL/min at 1 370 Hz when the pump runs under the backpressure of 30 mm water column. And the flow rate is as much as 560% of that of experiment results carried out by researchers from Brazil. The proposed pump innovates in both theory and taxonomy; in addition, the pump overcomes the drawbacks such as large flow fluctuation and low flow rate in the traditional FRD type pumps, which will help to broaden the application of the valve-less piezoelectric pump.

Fluid-solid coupling numerical simulation of charge process in variable-mass thermodynamic system

A joint solution model of variable-mass flow in two-phase region and fluid-solid coupling heat transfer,concerned about the charge process of variable-mass thermodynamic system,is built up and calculated by the finite element method(FEM).The results are basically consistent with relative experimental data.The calculated average heat transfer coefficient reaches 1.7×105 W/(m2·K).When the equal percentage valve is used,the system needs the minimum requirements of valve control,but brings the highest construction cost.With the decrease of initial steam pressure,the heat transfer intensity also weakens but the steam flow increases.With the initial water filling coefficient increasing or the temperature of steam supply decreasing,the amount of accumulative steam flow increases with the growth of steam pressure.When the pressure of steam supply drops,the steam flow gradient increases during the maximum opening period of control valve,and causes the maximum steam flow to increase.

Research on gas leakage through suction valves of reciprocating compressor under varying load conditions

A research concerning the coupling conditions of gas leakage through suction valves and capacity regulation is performed in an industrial reciprocating compressor.Both internal flow and thermodynamic characteristic are discussed in detail.The results show that the capacity of compressor can be regulated steplessly by controlling suction valve closure moment.And then the quantitative relationship between the capacity load and the closing angle of suction valve is revealed.The capacity load and valve leakage rate show obvious different features in P-V diagrams,which makes it easier to define appropriate features for detecting cracked or broken reciprocating compressor valves under varying load conditions.A set of curves of compression work and discharge gas mass are obtained and a method for rating thermal performance of a compressor is presented using these curves.

Use of nonlinear variable structure control with equivalent term in design of coordinated controls for turbo generators

Presents the coordinated controls of nonlinear variable structure with an equivalent control term designed for turbo generators following the theory of nonlinear variable structure control, which integrates the valve control with the excitation control and reduce the problem of high frequency shiver with conventional variable structure control in addition to a simplified design, and concludes from simulation results that the use of this control can improve the transient of the system.

动态气门运行特性及二冲程制动性能耦合研究

基于自主研发的变模式气门驱动装置,进行发动机和该气门驱动装置联合仿真,研究了二者的强耦合运行特性,为该装置的装机应用提供理论依据.研究结果表明:缸内压力和气门运行之间的强耦合关系在上止点附近排气门运行阶段尤为明显,尤其是在2300 r/min以下,发动机转速越高,气门动态升程损失程度越大,最大缸内压力越高;高于该转速后,二者变化程度逐渐减小;排气制动凸轮在上止点后设置过渡升程可消除排气门反跳的问题,并且可进一步改善制动功率和最大缸内压力之间的矛盾关系;与理想四冲程制动相比,二冲程制动的制动功率明显增加,最大缸内压力明显降低,发动机转速分别为1600、1900和2400 r/min时,实际二冲程制动功率分别提高了35.94%、45.61%和27.54%,最大缸内压力分别降低了45.42%、27.20%和7.35%.

电磁阀异步启闭的PWM喷雾系统设计与试验

PWM变量喷雾是国内外精准农业领域的研究热点,但PWM变量喷雾过程中电磁阀的快速启闭在管路内易形成压力脉冲,致使喷头喷雾压力发生变化,导致喷雾质量下降。为了降低压力脉冲,设计了一种相邻电磁阀异步启闭的PWM喷雾系统,由移动底盘、药箱、隔膜泵、稳压罐、PWM控制器、电磁阀及压力表等组成,通过延时控制,实现电磁阀异步启闭。在室内无风环境条件下,探究了喷雾系统电磁阀前管路内压力波动特性和沉积量分布均匀性。试验表明:与电磁阀同步启闭的PWM喷雾系统相比,电磁阀异步启闭可有效降低管路内压力峰值,不同PWM频率工况条件下,50%占空比时降幅最大,降幅最高为14%;20Hz频率条件下,异步启闭PWM喷雾的沉积量分布均匀性变异系数略高于常规连续喷雾,但均小于15%。上述结果符合喷杆喷雾机技术性能国家标准。

多联式热泵空调用电子膨胀阀进出口流向控制对节流噪声影响的实验研究

多联机热泵空调用电子膨胀阀因具有进出口管相互垂直的结构特性,使制冷剂具有以垂直阀针轴线方向和以平行阀针轴线方向进入电子膨胀阀两种流向形式,制冷剂在这两种流向型式下节流时产生的节流噪声具有明显差异,需要明确进出口流向控制对节流噪声的影响。设计并搭建了可对流经电子膨胀阀的制冷剂进行状态调控和流型观测且可对节流噪声的声压级进行测量的实验装置,获得了不同制冷剂流量和干度工况下制冷剂流向对节流噪声的影响规律。研究表明:制冷剂从与阀针轴线方向垂直的进口管流入时,节流噪声主要表现为制冷剂节流空化时产生的空泡溃灭噪声,声压级范围较低;制冷剂从与阀针轴线方向平行的进口管流入时,节流噪声表现为空泡溃灭与阀针振动相互耦合的噪声,声压级范围较高;在实验中这两种流向下节流噪声的声压级范围分别为47.1~57.1 dB及61.9~67.7 dB。通过对空调系统的制冷剂流向进行优化设计,保证制冷剂始终从与阀针轴线方向平行的进口管流入电子膨胀阀,可降低多联机热泵空调系统在运行过程中的噪声水平。

DVVT对缸内直喷增压发动机性能影响的试验研究

通过对GDI增压发动机进行DVVT扫点试验,研究了DVVT对GDI增压发动机外特性性能、部分负荷燃油经济性和怠速稳定性的影响。试验结果表明:对于试验发动机的凸轮轴型线而言,排气VVT的开启对发动机性能起到负面影响;外特性方面,中等转速工况采用较大的气门重叠角可提高体积效率;高转速采用较小的气门重叠角可提高充量系数;怠速和部分负荷工况下,较小的气门重叠角对改善发动机稳定性有一定帮助。

摩托车发动机VVT系统参数的设计与优化

针对中小排量摩托车发动机的特点,研制了可切换双进气正时参数VVT系统。以发动机工作过程循环模拟为基础,通过嵌入VVT机构运行模式和控制策略的系统参数,分析了VVT结构参数、控制参数、以及相应运转参数对发动机性能的影响,对VVT系统高速和低速工况的进气迟闭角、气阀升程、切换转速等参数进行了优化设计。研究表明,在JH125摩托车发动机上装载所设计的可切换双进气正时参数VVT系统,可有效提高其整个转速工况范围的动力性指标。

摩托车发动机VVT系统控制策略的分析

针对中小排量摩托车发动机的特点,研制了可切换双进气正时参数VVT系统.以一维CFD计算为基础,建立了摩托车发动机VVT系统的循环仿真模型。在此基础上,对发动机怠速低负荷、中等负荷、低转速高负荷、高转速高负荷不同工况条件下VVTL(Variable Valve Tim ing and Lifting)运行模式的控制策略进行了详细探讨.结合JH125摩托车发动机所进行的研究表明,VVT系统可以在各种不同工况下实现发动机动力性、经济性以及排放性能的有效提高.

汽车发动机VVT技术探讨

分析了汽车发动机可变气门正时技术原理,分析、介绍了几种类型的气门控制技术,并指出了气门控制技术的发展方向。

大型阀门环形焊缝变姿态焊接路径规划

针对大型阀门环形焊缝,采用等高圆弧填充路径规划策略,建立了基于坡口尺寸和焊接道次、焊枪碰撞验证、焊枪角度修正的多层多道路径规划方法。通过将焊缝拟合成扇形焊缝、等腰圆弧梯形焊缝与扇环焊缝,计算出每一道焊缝的焊枪位置、焊枪角度、摆动幅度,对焊缝干涉判断,确定焊枪偏转角,实现机器人阀门变姿态焊接的离线编程,避免了焊接过程中的机器人干涉碰撞。最终实现了大型蝶阀的焊接,焊接接头表面平面,无裂纹、未熔合的缺陷,经过超声探伤,无内部缺陷,焊缝合格率为100%。焊接接头组织由珠光体和铁素体组成,晶粒细小均匀,其抗拉强度为536 MPa,屈服强度为468 MPa,断后伸长率为14%,0℃冲击吸收能量为54 J。

控制软抓取器的电流变阀门的设计与性能探究

针对电流变流体驱动的软体机器人目前存在的如软体易损坏、复杂的腔体更换成本高、电流变液难以制得等诸多问题,提出一种由电流变阀门控制的软抓取器。该软抓取器使用了模块化的思想,将控制系统集中在了电流变流体控制阀中,而软体手指则是标准件,具有便于装配更换、控制系统简单的优点。电流变效应是指在外加电场作用下,电流变流体会由自由流动状态瞬间变刚度,呈现出凝固状态,当外加电场消失,又能迅速复原。为利用电流变效应去设计控制阀门系统,进行了电流变流体变刚度性能试验,通过试验讨论了不同影响因素对电流变流体变刚度能力的影响。试验结果表明,电场强度、两电极板之间的距离、电极的长度、电极的宽度、硅油的黏度对电流变流体变刚度性能产生不同的影响。通过试验结果,可以筛选出电流变流体工作的最优环境条件。此外,由电流变阀门控制的软抓取器可以通过控制流体的流动方向来控制机械手的抓取模式。软抓取器样机试验验证了其对不同形状物品的抓取能力。