The Planck Constant and Its Relation to the Compton Frequency

The Planck constant is considered one of the most important universal constants of physics, and despite all we know much about it, the physical nature of it has not been fully understood. Further investigation and new perspectives on the Planck constant should therefore be of interest. We demonstrate that the Planck constant also can be directly linked to the Compton frequency of one, which again is divided by the Compton frequency in one kg. If this is right, it means also the Planck constant is linked to quantization of matter, not only energy. However, as we will show the frequency of one when expressed in relation to kg will be observational time dependent. This means the missing mass gap surprisingly both is equal to the Planck mass, which is larger than any known particle and also it is linked to a very small mass that again is equal to what has been suggested as the photon mass in the existing literature. This new view could be an important step forward in understanding the physical nature of the Planck constant as well as the mass gap and even the rest mass of a photon.

The Control System Simulation of Variable-Speed Constant-Frequency Wind Turbine

In general,Variable-Speed Constant Frequency (VSCF)Wind generation system is controlled by stator voltage orientation method which based on the mathematic model of VSCF Wind generation system and discussed the control strategy.Present the whole dynamic control model of variable-speed wind generator system in MATLAB/ Simulink,and the simulation results confirm the validity and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

Enriched Constant Elements in the Boundary Element Method for Solving 2D Acoustic Problems at Higher Frequencies

The boundary element method(BEM)is a popular method for solving acoustic wave propagation problems,especially those in exterior domains,owing to its ease in handling radiation conditions at infinity.However,BEM models must meet the requirement of 6–10 elements per wavelength,using the conventional constant,linear,or quadratic elements.Therefore,a large storage size of memory and long solution time are often needed in solving higher-frequency problems.In this work,we propose two new types of enriched elements based on conventional constant boundary elements to improve the computational efficiency of the 2D acoustic BEM.The first one uses a plane wave expansion,which can be used to model scattering problems.The second one uses a special plane wave expansion,which can be used tomodel radiation problems.Five examples are investigated to showthe advantages of the enriched elements.Compared with the conventional constant elements,the new enriched elements can deliver results with the same accuracy and in less computational time.This improvement in the computational efficiency is more evident at higher frequencies(with the nondimensional wave numbers exceeding 100).The paper concludes with the potential of our proposed enriched elements and plans for their further improvement.

On maximum power point tracking control strategy for variable speed constant frequency wind power generation

Based on the characteristic of AC-excited variable speed constant frequency(VSCF)wind power generation,the vector control technique was applied in a doubly fed induction generator(DFIG).Maximum wind energy or maximum output power point can be tracked by decoupling control of active power and reactive power.The research result shows that the net power of generation system delivered to grid in maximum wind energy tracking mode is not the most.We presented a novel maximum power point tracking(MPPT)control strategy by analyzing the DFIG mathematic model and power relations which delivered the maximum power to the grid.The maximum power point could be tracked automatically without measuring wind speed in the control strategy and the control was independent of optimal turbine power curve,which had excellent dynamic and static performances and robustness.Simulation and experimental results testify the accuracy and validity of the control strategy.

An Improved Frequency Domain Technique for Determining Soil Water Content

For many years a soil water content sensor with low cost, reliability and sufficient accuracy has been desirable. Thus, an improved measurement method based on the frequency domain (FD) principle for determining soil water content was considered. Unlike other measurement principles, a new measurable index, η, which was independent of the output impedance and the amplitude of the oscillator while relying on the electrical impedance of a multi-pin probe, was pro- posed. Moreover, a model for processing the impedance of the multi-pin soil probe was developed, and several important electrical parameters for establishing their operating ranges applicable to this probe were evaluated. In order to confirm the theoretical analysis, an experiment was conducted with a 4-pin probe. Using the developed model, the relationship between the proposed index η and soil volumetric water content was shown to be linear (R2 = 0.9921). Thus, as the measurable index, η seemed satisfactory.

Influence of Temperature and Frequency on Microwave Dielectric Properties of Lunar Regolith Simulant

The dielectric constant of the lunar regolith can directly influence the reflection coefficient and the trans-mission coefficient of the Moon′s surface, and plays an important role in the Moon research. In order to study the di-electric properties of the lunar regolith, the lunar regolith simulant was made according to the making procedure of the CAS-1 simulant made by Chinese Academy of Sciences. Then the dielectric constants of the lunar regolith simulant were measured with 85070E Aiglent Microwave Network Analyzer in the frequency ranging from 0.2 GHz to 20.0 GHz and at temperature of 25.1℃, 17.7℃, 13.1℃, 11.5℃, 9.6℃, 8.0℃, 4.1℃, -0.3℃, -4.7℃, -9.5℃, -18.7℃, -27.7℃, and -32.6℃, respectively. The Odelevsky model was employed to remove the influence of water in the air on the final effective dielectric constants. The results indicate that frequency and temperature have apparent influences on the dielectric constants of the lunar regolith simulant. The real parts of the dielectric constants increase fast over the range of 0.2 GHz to 3.0 GHz, but decrease slowly over the range of 4.0 GHz to 20.0 GHz. The opposite phenomenon occurs in the imaginary parts. The influences of the frequency and temperature on the brightness temperature were also estimated based on the radiative transfer equation. The result shows that the variation of the frequency and temperature results in great changes of the microwave brightness temperature emitting from the lunar regolith.

Geometrical structures, vibrational frequencies, force constants and dissociation energies of isotopic water molecules (H_2O, HDO, D_2O, HTO, DTO, and T_2O) under dipole electric field

The dissociation limits of isotopic water molecules are derived for the ground state. The equilibrium geometries, the vibrational frequencies, the force constants and the dissociation energies for the ground states of all isotopic water molecules under the dipole electric fields from -0.05 a.u. to 0.05 a.u. are calculated using B3P86/6-311＋＋G（3df,3pf）. The results show that when the dipole electric fields change from -0.05 a.u. to 0.05 a.u., the bond length of H-O increases whereas the bond angle of H-O H decreases because of the charge transfer induced by the applied dipole electric field. The vibrational frequencies and the force constants of isotopic water molecules change under the influence of the strong external torque. The dissociation energies increase when the dipole electric fields change from -0.05 a.u. to 0.05 a.u. and the increased dissociation energies are in the order of H2O, HDO, HTO, D2O, DTO, and T2O under the same external electric fields.

REGULARITY OF VIBRATION RESPONSE OF MECHANICAL SYSTEM UNDER AFFECT OF VARI-FREQUENCY EXCITING FORCE

The vibration response formulas of the mechanical system under the affect of thevari-frequency exciting force are deduced. It is proved by the theoretical analysis and experimentalresults that the vibration response amplitude of the mechanical system under the affect of thevari-frequency exciting force is far smaller than that under the affect of the constant frequency exciting force on condition that the exciting force amplitudes are just the same;while the vari-fre-quency rate a increases to 5 Hz per second the vibration amplitude will decrease to 10% only as lowas that under the affect of the constant frequency exciting force. All these conclusions will be of significance for revealing the mechanism of suppressing chatter in van-speed cutting and analyzing theexperimental results of sine-wave scanning exciting test.

Frequency Synchronization in OFDM System

An accurate frequency synchronization method using the zadoff-chu (ZC) constant envelop preamble is analyzed, and a new preamble weighted by pseudo-noise sequence is used for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Using this method, frequency offset estimator range is greatly enlarged with no loss in accuracy. The range of the frequency estimation is ±30 of subcarrier spacing using ZC sequence as preamble. Simulations in the MATLAB for an AWGN channel show that the proposed method achieves superior performance to existing techniques in terms of frequency accuracy and range.

Modeling and Analysis of Variable Frequency Inverted Sine PWM Technique for a Hybrid Cascaded Multilevel Inverter

In cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter, a variable frequency inverted sine PWM technique is modeled for hybrid electric vehicles. It has a particular advantage of increasing power which is achieved using series connection of H-bridge and also this topology is capable to produce superior spectral quality with considerable improvement of fundamental voltage. The variable frequency inverted sine PWM technique produces lesser torque ripple and enhances the fundamental output voltage mainly at lower modulation index ranges. The topologies of multilevel inverter are flying capacitor, diode clamped and cascaded inverter. In the paper, we will discuss about the cascaded multilevel inverter based on inverted sine PWM technique. The two switching strategies widely used to control multilevel inverters are constant frequency inverted sine PWM (CF-ISPWM) and variable frequency inverted sine PWM (VF-ISPWM). This implies that switch utilization substantially reduces 32.35% of the constant frequency inverted sine PWM switching technique. The performance of the technique is validated in terms of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and Torque ripple which significantly reduces when compared to constant frequency ISPWM. The analysis of conventional triangular PWM inverter and inverted sine PWM inverter using constant and variable switching scheme is done in MATLAB Simulink and verified experimentally by FPGA Spartan 3E processor.

基于频率切换实现恒流/恒压输出的电场耦合无线电能传输系统

电场耦合无线电能传输(electric-field coupled wireless power transfer,EC-WPT)技术的实际应用中,有些用电设备需要系统具有不同的恒定输出特性(恒流/恒压),即系统输出电压或输出电流与负载解耦,此外,系统还需具备在恒流、恒压模式间按需切换的功能。针对该需求,基于LC-CLC谐振网络提出1种具有恒流/恒压输出特性的EC-WPT系统,分析LC-CLC谐振网络特性,推导恒流/恒压输出特性的实现条件以及恒流频率和恒压频率的计算方法,并给出系统参数设计方法,分析系统对工作频率的敏感性。最后通过仿真和实验验证所提出的EC-WPT系统恒流/恒压输出特性及其参数设计方法的正确性和有效性。实验结果表明所提出的系统在输入电压恒定的不同负载工况下分别实现2 A的恒流输出以及96 V的恒压输出,其最大传输效率分别为87.83%及88.17%。

跟网型电化学储能虚拟惯性常数的常数化计算方法

在包含跟网型储能虚拟惯量控制的新型电力系统频率响应(SFR)建模应用中,跟网型储能的虚拟惯性常数具有时变特性,且无法聚合求解系统等效惯性常数,导致不能构建完整的SFR模型。基于此,提出了跟网型电化学储能虚拟惯性常数的常数化计算方法,通过计算具有等效惯性常数-能量支撑效果的常数化虚拟惯性常数,实现系统等效惯性常数的聚合求解。该方法根据能量变化关键节点和动态过程的约束条件,以及跟网型储能虚拟惯量响应的两阶段相异特征,建立了具有最相近能量变化的目标函数,以分段求解常数化虚拟惯性常数。最后,通过建立SFR模型,结合时域仿真法和相关评价指标验证了计算结果的精确性。

基于变频重构S/SP拓扑的无线电能传输系统恒流恒压研究

针对电动汽车无线充电系统耦合系数和负载变化导致系统输出电流和电压剧烈波动的问题,提出一种由交错叠放式线圈结构和变频重构控制策略组成的无线电能传输系统,通过重构补偿拓扑,并切换工作频率,实现了系统的恒流恒压输出。首先,分析了拓扑重构前后系统的恒流、恒压输出特性和零相角特性,对比恒流恒压工作模式下补偿电容的大小,给出了系统参数调整方法。其次,剖析了交错叠放式线圈结构模型,提出基于耦合系数波动最小原则的线圈结构优化策略。所提出的系统补偿元件较少,两个工作频率点符合国际标准。最后,搭建一套500 W的实验样机,验证系统的可行性和有效性。实验结果表明,交错叠放式线圈在X轴方向偏移发射线圈外径的55%(187mm)或Y轴方向偏移120mm时,耦合系数波动率小于5%。系统在恒流模式下电流波动率为3.58%,在恒压模式下电压波动率为4.83%,满足无线充电系统恒流恒压需求。

超级电容参与风电调频的动态响应优化策略

随着风电渗透率的不断提高,电力系统逐步呈现低惯量的特征。低惯量系统在故障时的频率变化率(RoCoF)和最大频率偏差显著增大,传统频率控制方法效果减弱,频率的安全、稳定面临挑战。针对上述问题,先于一次调频动作的快速频率响应(FFR)已成为解决低惯量系统频率稳定问题的重要手段。首先,建立风-火-储电力系统频率响应模型,分析FFR调频资源对低惯量系统频率响应的影响;其次,基于模糊逻辑推理,提出了一种超级电容参与风电调频的储能动态响应优化策略以控制储能,使其能够动态响应系统频率变化,在频率跌落期遏制频率跌落,在频率恢复期调控储能恢复功率以维持荷电状态稳定;最后,对提出的控制策略进行仿真验证。仿真结果表明,所提策略能够利用超级电容快速动态响应系统频率变化,从而为低惯量系统提供功率支撑,弥补风电调频的不足,相较传统的风电机组虚拟惯量控制策略,在减小最大RoCoF及抑制最大频率偏差效果上均有大幅提升。

抽油机井恒功率变频控制系统研究

抽油机作为陆上油田最重要的机械采油装备之一,近年来已发展出一系列的变频节能技术,但其研究主要集中在硬件方面,缺乏相关基础理论,导致现场应用普适性差,应用效果参差不齐。为此,研究有杆泵变频测控机理,优选了主要部件,对测试数据提出了要求,形成了有杆泵抽油变频控制系统。构建BP神经网络系统对正常井和漏失、柱塞碰泵、气体影响等异常井进行识别,分类提出变频计算模型:考虑负扭矩和抽油机冲次界限等建立了正常井恒功率变频计算模型,实例对比分析了变频后抽油机速度、加速度变化规律,产液量一定时,负功功率和有功功率分别下降了65%和44%。建立了上行程漏失的异常井变频计算模型,针对性地提高上行程冲次,形成“上快下慢”运行模式。实例计算表明:该系统缩短上行程时间2.6 s,较好地解决有杆泵上行程漏失和变频节能的问题。研究成果可为抽油机变频技术提供理论支持,对油田节能和提产具有指导意义。

计及恒定减载桨距角控制的风电高占比电力系统频率动态特性分析

在新型电力系统中,风电主动参与电网频率调节已成为必然,如何评估风电参与调频对频率动态特性的影响也成为了研究热点。围绕现有的风电调频措施,提出一种可以在额定风速前减少变桨动作次数的恒定减载桨距角的改进风电机组变桨控制,推导出该控制下风电机组参与一次调频的调差系数表达式。基于此构建了含恒定减载桨距角控制的电力系统频率响应模型。推导出频率动态特性指标的解析表达式,揭示了风速、初始桨距角等对风电机组调差系数及频率动态特性的影响机理。通过改进的IEEE三机九节点系统验证了所构建频率等值模型的准确性以及所提调频方法的有效性和可行性。

基于PLC与变频器的恒压供水系统设计

采用PLC和变频器相结合设计恒压供水系统,采集管网的水压力,经A/D转换后送入PLC,经PLC的PID运算后输出信号来控制变频器的输出电压和频率,改变电动机的转速来改变供水量,最终使管网水压力值稳定在恒定值。实践证明,该系统稳定可靠,同时还具有良好的节能效果。

基于驯服钟控技术的时间频率源设计

标准时间频率信号是系统高效工作的基石,越来越高的时间频率测量精度对时频信号的产生提出了高稳定高准确度的要求。介绍了时间频率源的基本概念,阐述了一种基于驯服钟控技术的高稳定度高准确度时间频率源的基本工作原理及其设计,其输出的频率信号短期稳定度可达1.46×10-13/s。该设计方案已经成功应用于多个车载测控通信系统。

高压油泵阻尼孔对燃油系统压力特性的影响研究

为实现更高的热效率和更优的排放,柴油机的喷射压力不断提高。阻尼孔作为高压油泵等压出油阀的关键结构,对燃油系统的压力特性有重要影响。本文研究了阻尼孔大小对喷油器的喷射特性以及高压油管压力波动特性的影响,结果表明:随着阻尼孔由0.1 mm增大至2.0 mm,喷油器喷油持续期相对缩短,循环喷油量减小,这是不同阻尼孔对应的高压油管残余压力大小不同,以及不同阻尼孔大小对系统压力调节的速度不同的结果;此外,阻尼孔较小(0.1 mm)时,燃油系统存在二次喷射现象,而阻尼孔过大(3 mm)时,系统内还会存在零压区,即存在穴蚀的风险;对高压油管残余压力的频谱分析发现,阻尼孔较小时,高压油管内压力脉动与出油阀的运动存在较强的相关性,而阻尼孔较大时,压力脉动与回油阀的运动相关,即供油系统中多种阀件的运动是高压油管压力脉动的主要原因。

基于DSP的恒流超声电源谐振频率自动识别技术研究

针对换能器在加工过程中因温度升高与负载变化导致的谐振频率偏移问题,采用最小阻抗法与相位差控制法相结合的谐振频率识别策略,利用基于DSP控制的恒流超声电源样机测试了电源谐振频率识别的精确性与一致性。结果表明超声电源识别出的换能器谐振频率与阻抗分析仪测得的谐振频率最大差值为25 Hz、误差小于0.1%;激光测振仪测得振幅最大时的谐振频率与超声电源识别的谐振频率最大相差24 Hz;使用超声电源多次测试三种负载下的换能器,相同负载下识别出的换能器谐振频率波动范围在15 Hz以内。