Spatio-temporal trends and causes of variations in runoff and sediment load of the Jinsha River in China

The Jinsha River Basin is an important basin for hydropower in China and it is also the main runoff and sediment source area for the Yangtze River,which greatly influence the runoff and sediment in the Three Gorges Reservoir.This study aims to characterize the spatial distribution,inter-annual variation of runoff and sediment load in the Jinsha River Basin,and to analyze the contribution of rainfall and human activities to the runoff and sediment load changes.The monitoring data on runoff,sediment load and precipitation were collected from 11hydrological stations in the Jinsha River Basin from1966 to 2016.The data observed at the outlet of the basin showed that 71.4%of the runoff is from the upper reaches of the Jinsha River Basin and the Yalong River,while 63.3%of the sediment is from the lower reaches(excluding the Yalong River).There is no significant increase in runoff on temporal scale in the Jinsha River Basin,while it has an abrupt change in runoff in both upstream and midstream in 1985,and an abrupt change in downstream in 1980 and2013.The sediment load demonstrated a significantincreasing trend in the upstream,no significant reducing trend in the midstream,but significant reducing trend in the downstream.The sediment load in upstream showed abrupt change in 1987,in midstream in 1978 and 2014,in downstream in 2012.Rainfall dominated runoff variation,contributing more than 59.0%of the total variation,while human activity,including reservoirs construction,the implementation of soil and water conservation projects,is the major factor to sediment load variation,contributing more than 87.0%of the total variation.

Applications of AnnAGNPS Model for Sediment and Nutrient Loadings for Funiu Mountain Area, China

The main goal of this study was to evaluate the performance of AnnAGNPS(Annualized AGricultural NonPoint Source)pollution model,in calculating runoff,sediment loading and nutrient loadings for Funiu Mountain area.Most of the model input parameters were sourced from Luanchuan Forest Ecology Station(LFES)in Funiu Mountain area.The data on 23 storms in 2018 was used to calibrate the model and the data on 33 storms in 2019 for validation.The whole evaluation consisted of determining the coefficient of determination(R^(2)),Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency(E),and the percentage volume error(VE).Results showed that the runoff volumes were underpredicted by 5.0%with R^(2) of 0.93(P<0.05)during calibration and underpredicted by 5.3%with R^(2) of 0.90(P<0.05)during validation.But sediment loading was able to produce a moderate result.The model underpredicted the daily sediment loading by 15.1%with R^(2) of 0.63(P<0.05)during calibration and 13.5%with R^(2) of 0.66(P<0.05)during validation.Nitrogen loading was overpredicted by 20.3%with R^(2)=0.68(P<0.05),and phosphorus loading performance was slightly poor with R^(2)=0.65(P<0.05)during validation.In general,the model performed well in simulating runoff compared to sediment loading and nutrient loadings.

Temporal Change of Runoff and Sediment Load and their Differential Response to Human Activities:A Case Study for a Well-vegetated Mountain Watershed of Southern China

This study examined the temporal trends of runoff and sediment load and their differential response to human activities in the Lishui river,a tributary of the Yangtze river in southern China.The long-term observation data at four gauging stations,generally involving two periods from 1954 to 1985 and from 2007 to 2011,were used.We detected no significant temporal trend for both the annual runoff volume(Q) and the annual suspended Sediment Load(SL) over more than 30 years before 1985.The flow duration curves and the Suspended Sediment Concentration(SSC) also hold constant before 1985.Compared with the period before 1985,SL has decreased by about 80% though Q remains unchanged for the period after 2007.Detailed examination shows that the flow duration curves after 2007 have changed with a significant decrease in the high-flow component,which acts as a major cause for the decreasing SL.In addition,SSC has decreased by several times,which also contributes to the decrease in SL after 2007.Both decreases in high-flow discharges and in SSC can be linked with recent human activities,mainly including vegetation establishment and dam constructions.The constant Q and the decreasing SL are also reported for the main stream of the Yangtze River and other major rivers in southern China,although they are orders of magnitude larger than our study area in drainage area size.The present study highlights the importance of high-flow discharges on SL and suggests that the use of SL is more appropriate to reflect environmental change than Q.

Sediment Load in Runoff Under Laboratory and Field Simulated Rainfall

Soil erosion is one of the most important problems in the Loess Plateau of China affectingsustainable agriculture. Near Luoyang (Henan Province, China), field plots were constructed tomeasure soil erosion rates under conventional tillage practices using field-simulated rainfall.Field rainfall experiments were carried out to compare previous results from laboratoryrainfall simulations on the same soil for interrill conditions. Although in the laboratoryexperiments, a strong correlation was found between the stream power of the runoff water andthe unit sediment load, this sediment transport equation overestimated the field rainfallsimulation results. Another sediment transport equation derived by Nearing et al. for rillerosion was in better agreement with the results of the field experiments, although it alsooverestimated these values. The measured sediment load values during the field rainfallsimulations were also lower than those found during field experiments on the same soil but witha loosened surface layer. This difference indicates the importance of soil physical conditionof surfce like soil structure and aggregate size, which may contribute to the discrepancybetween the field and laboratory experiment results.

The Intra-Annual Variability of Discharge, Sediment Load and Chemical Flux from the Monitoring: The Yukon River, Alaska

The covered-ice breakup in subarctic to arctic rivers in the early snowmelt season often gives any damage to instruments monitoring physical and chemical factors of water. The serious condition has brought few time series data during the snowmelt runoff except the river stage or discharge. In this study, the contribution of snowmelt runoff to the discharge and sediment load is quantified by monitoring water turbidity and temperature at the lowest gauging station of U. S. Geological Survey in the Yukon River, Alaska, for more than 3 years (June 2006 to September 2009). The turbidity was recorded by a self-recording turbidimeter with a sensor of infrared-ray back-scattering type, of which the window is cleaned by a wiper just before a measurement. The turbidity time series, coupled with frequent river water sampling at mid-channel, produce time series of suspended sediment (SS) concentration, particulate organic carbon (POC) concentration and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) concentration (mg?L–1) by using the high correlation (R2 = 0.747 to 0.790;P 11 to 2.01 × 1011 m3), 8.7% - 22.5% of the annual sediment load (3.94 × 107 to 5.08 × 107 ton), 11.6% - 23.7% of the annual POC flux (4.05 × 105 to 4.77 × 105 ton), and 10.3% - 24.5% of the annual PON flux (2.80 × 104 to 3.44 × 104 ton). In the snowmelt season, the peak suspended sediment concentration preceded the peak discharge by a few days. This probably results from the fluvial sediment erosion in the river channels.

Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Changes on Surface Runoff and Sediment Yield in the Little Ruaha River Catchment

Little Ruaha River catchment (6370 Km2) in the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania (SAGCOT), is one of the country’s most significant waterways due to its ecological composition and economic value. Regardless of its ecological and economical value, the regional hydrologic condition has been tremendously affected due to land uses alteration, influenced by different socio-economic factors. This study aimed to understand the associated impacts of the present Land Use Land Cover (LULC) change on the surface runoff and sediment yield in the Little Ruaha River Catchment. Hydrological modelling using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT Model) was done to quantify the impact of land use and land cover dynamics on catchment water balance and sediment loads. The calibration and validation of the SWAT model were performed using sequential uncertainty fitting (SUFI-2). The results showed that, for the given LULC change, the average annual surface runoff increased by 2.78 mm while average annual total sediment loading increased by 3.56 t/ha, the average annual base flow decreased by 2.68 mm, ground water shallow aquifer recharge decreased from 2.97 mm and a slight decrease in average annual ground water deep aquifer recharge by 0.14 mm. The model predicts that in the future, there will be a further increase in both surface runoff and sediment load. Such changes, increased runoff generation and sediment yield with decreased base flow have implications on the sustenance flow regimes particularly the observed reduced dry season river flow of the Little Ruaha River, which in turn cause adverse impacts to the biotic component of the ecosystem, reduced water storage and energy production at Mtera Hydroelectrical dam also increasing the chances of flooding at some times of the year. The study recommends land use planning at the village level, and conservation agricultural practices to ameliorate the current situation. Developing multidisciplinary approaches for integrated catchment management is the key to the sustainability of Little Ruaha River catchment.

The response of sedimentary record to catchment changes induced by human activities in the western intertidal flat of Yalu River Estuary,China

The response to the catchment changes of the sedimentary environment of the western intertidal flat of Yalu River Estuary was investigated by analyzing the vertical variations of the grain size of sediment cores,along with the hydrologic data and human activities in the catchment.The results demonstrated a stepwise decreasing trend for the variations of both the sediment load and water discharge into the sea,which could be divided into three stages as 1958–1970,1971–1990 and 1991–2009.Reservoir construction and the changes of catchment vegetation coverage turned out to be the two predominant contributors to the changes.There are four periods for the variation of the sensitive components of the sediment cores from 1940 to 2010,i.e.,1940–1950,1951–1980,1981–1990 and 1991–2010.The vertical distribution of grain size in the cores mainly varied with the changes of vegetation coverage in the catchment and reservoir construction from 1960 to 1980,whereas it varied depending on the intensity of water and soil erosion in the catchment from 1980 to 1990.Despite the further reduction of the water and sediment input into the sea from 1990 to 2009,this period was characterized by coarsening trends for the grain size of sediment in the estuarine intertidal flat and correspondingly,the significantly increased silt contents of the sensitive component.

疏勒河流域径流量和输沙量变化规律

[目的]探索疏勒河流域水沙变化特性,可为国家实施西部生态安全战略提供科学支撑。[方法]基于疏勒河流域昌马堡、潘家庄、党城湾3个水文站的实测径流量和输沙量序列资料,运用滑动平均、Mann-Kendall突变趋势检验和小波分析法等方法,分析了疏勒河流域径流量和输沙量变化规律。[结果]疏勒河流域年径流量和年输沙量均呈递增趋势,且输沙量增大趋势大于径流量,昌马堡、潘家庄、党城湾3个水文站径流量分别在1999年、2016年、1982年发生突变,昌马堡和潘家庄年输沙量突变均发生在1998年,党城湾输沙量没有突变;疏勒河流域3个代表站的径流量和输沙量都呈现出多时间尺度的演化特征,昌马堡径流量主周期为58 a,31 a,14 a,9 a和5 a,输沙量主周期为48 a,23 a,14 a,7 a和5 a,潘家庄径流量主周期为59 a,32 a,14 a,输沙量主周期为37 a,14 a,8 a和5 a,党城湾径流量主周期为42 a和5 a,输沙量主周期为16 a和8 a。[结论]疏勒河流域水沙总体呈递增趋势,且存在明显的周期变化,除党城湾的输沙量没有突变发生以外,其余站点水沙均有突变发生,同一水文站输沙量的突变的发生滞后于径流量的突变。

北方主要河流水沙变异及其成因

为研究我国北方河流的水沙变异及主要成因,本文利用M-K检验法和水文量累积曲线法,分析了1950—2020年我国北方河流代表站径流量和输沙量的变化特征,探讨了影响北方河流水沙变化的主要因素。结果表明,淮河代表站年径流量没有明显的变化趋势,其他北方河流的年径流量具有减小或显著减小趋势;松花江代表站年输沙量无趋势变化,其他北方河流代表站年输沙量都有显著减少趋势;影响北方河流水沙变化的主要因素包括水土保持、水库拦沙、流域降水变化、引水引沙与泥沙综合利用、工程建设等,其中水土保持是北方河流流域保水减沙的主要措施,水库拦沙在江河水沙态势变异中发挥重要作用,流域降水变化也是北方河流水沙变异的影响因素,引水引沙与泥沙综合利用也对北方平原河流水沙变化发挥一定的作用。

黄河上游近60年水沙变化特征及其影响因素

由于受人类活动及气候变化影响,黄河上游干流水沙特征发生显著变化。为探究黄河上游水沙变化情况,基于黄河上游5个水文站19642019年水沙、遥感影像等数据,利用Mann-Kendall检验法、滑动t检验法、累积距平曲线和双累积曲线等突变检验方法和小波分析法,对黄河上游水沙变化特征进行研究。利用水沙关系曲线及线性回归法等方法估算人类活动和气候对水沙变化的贡献率,并着重讨论梯级水库建设及土地利用变化对水沙的影响。结果表明:1)黄河上游玛曲-小川段流域内降雨量和径流量变化幅度不明显,贵德站、循化站、小川站19862019年年均输沙量分别减至19641985年的9.8%、24.6%、38.8%,输沙量大大减少。黄河上游玛曲-小川段径流量突变多在1986年,输沙量突变多在1969、1986、2004年,径流量存在8、16、22 a周期,输沙量存在4~8、18~21、27 a周期。2)1969年后,河流输沙能力增强,水沙关系显著改变。在不同时段内,人类活动对径流量变化在19872019年贡献率为66.3%,对输沙量变化在19701986、19872004、20052019年的贡献率为72.96%、70.73%、69.7%。人类活动对黄河上游干流水沙影响占据主导因素。3)刘家峡水库淤积最为严重,单库运行期水库淤积量为2.39亿t,排沙比变化范围为1.39%~10.7%。梯级水库联调使得径流量在19642004年间减少47.8%,19642019年间梯级水库减沙94.8%,梯级水库对输沙量影响远大于对径流量的影响。4)19802020年间,草地面积增加了1880.03 km 2,增幅3.1%,有利于减少输沙量,草地拦沙效益大于截流效益。

1986-2018年黄土丘陵区典型小流域不同水文年水沙变化

[目的]探讨黄土丘陵区罗玉沟典型小流域水沙变化趋势以及不同水文年径流输沙对水土流失治理的响应差异,量化降水和人类活动对流域水沙影响的相对贡献,以期为黄土丘陵第三副区流域水土流失治理和水资源管理提供参考。[方法]基于罗玉沟流域1986—2018年的降雨、径流、输沙等数据,采用Mann-Kendall检验法、累积距平法及双累积曲线法分析流域水沙变化趋势及驱动因素。[结果]1986—2018年罗玉沟流域河流由常流河转变为季节性河流,干河日数显著上升(p<0.01),2000年以来干河日数多在300 d以上;同期,罗玉沟流域径流输沙显著下降(p<0.05),与基准期1986—1993年相比,1994—2007年减水减沙率分别为61.9%,44.3%,2008—2018年径流输沙分别减少67.5%,76.4%;在2008—2018年平水年和枯水年间罗玉沟流域输沙模数分别为(1 080.0±107.5) t/km^(2),(167.8±111.4) t/km^(2),而在暴雨频发丰水年,输沙模数仍接近4 000 t/km^(2);流域产流产沙能力降低,水沙关系发生改变,相同径流条件下输沙量减少,即流域径流含沙量水平降低,开始变清;相比降雨变化而言,人类活动是流域水沙变化的主导因素,1994—2007年人类活动对减水减沙的贡献率分别为83.3%和79.5%,而2008—2018年人类活动的贡献率分别为91.8%,94.4%,表明流域水沙变化受人类活动影响越来越大,其中,坡改梯及退耕还林还草工程是主要影响因素。[结论]因沟道治理工程建设不足,罗玉沟流域在丰水年因沟道重力侵蚀导致流域输沙仍然剧烈,因此,需要加强沟道治理进一步减少流域水土流失。

渭河径流输沙变化及其对降水和人类活动的响应

[目的]探究渭河径流量与输沙量的变化特征及其驱动因素,为渭河流域水资源管理和生态环境建设提供科学依据。[方法]利用渭河流域降水量数据以及华县和状头两个控制水文站1957—2019年实测径流量及输沙量资料,采用现代数理统计方法,分析渭河流域年降水量、径流量和输沙量的变化趋势,检测水文要素的突变年份,计算了渭河径流量和输沙量变化的驱动因素贡献率,最后探讨了人类活动对渭河径流、输沙变化的主要影响因素。[结果]渭河1957—2019年径流量和输沙量都呈现出极显著的减少趋势(p<0.01);年降水量随机波动,没有明显的变化趋势。年径流量在1990年发生突变(p<0.01),年输沙量在1996年发生突变(p<0.01)。降水因素对渭河流域径流量减少贡献率为19%,对输沙量减少贡献率为17%;人类活动对径流量减少的贡献率为81%,对输沙量减少的贡献率为83%。[结论]人类活动在渭河径流和输沙的变化过程中具有决定性的影响,是导致渭河径流、输沙减少的主要原因。

窟野河流域水沙变化及其驱动因素

[目的]探究窟野河流域径流和输沙变化特征,量化气候变化及人类活动对流域水沙变化的贡献,以期为窟野河流域水资源合理利用和水土保持措施的优化配置提供科学依据。[方法]基于窟野河流域新庙、王道恒塔、神木和温家川水文站1960—2020年径流、输沙及降雨资料,采用线性趋势法、Mann-Kendall趋势检验和Pettitt突变检验法分析了流域径流输沙时空变化特征,结合双累积曲线法定量分析了不同时期气候变化与人类活动对河流水沙变化的贡献。[结果]窟野河流域1960—2020年径流输沙均呈现极显著减少趋势(p<0.01),新庙、王道恒塔、神木和温家川4站径流量减少速率分别为0.024亿m^(3)/a,0.034亿m^(3)/a,0.081亿m^(3)/a,0.106亿m^(3)/a,输沙量减少速率分别为43.8万t/a,69.3万t/a,160.3万t/a,272.1万t/a,且各水文站年径流量和输沙量均在1979年、1996年发生突变,由此可将径流输沙序列划分为基准期(1960—1979年,P 1期)和变化期(1980—1996年,P 2期;1997—2020年,P 3期)。研究时段内不同子流域多年平均径流深和输沙模数均呈减小趋势,但在空间上存在差异。[结论]流域不断增强的人类活动(水利水保措施与煤矿开采等)是窟野河流域水沙变化的主导因素,相较基准期,各水文站径流输沙量在P 2期、P 3期均减少,且P 3期减少幅度更剧烈,不同水文站在P 2和P 3期内,人类活动对径流输沙减少的贡献高于降雨变化。

黄河河南段水沙变化规律与影响机制研究

黄河河南段为典型游荡型河段,其水沙变化剧烈、主槽摆动频繁、河床变形严重,对河道生境产生了严重影响。以1960—2019年小浪底、花园口、高村水文站水沙数据为研究对象,结合Mann-Kendall检验、滑动T检验、小波分析等统计方法探究了黄河河南段水沙变异周期特征,并应用双累积曲线法定量评估了降雨和人类活动对河南段径流量和输沙量减少的贡献率。结果表明:河南段年输沙减少趋势大于年径流减少趋势,小浪底到花园口间基本冲淤平衡,花园口到高村间以淤积为主,河南段汛期以泥沙淤积为主、非汛期冲刷;小浪底站输沙量在1997年发生突变,而花园口、高村站径流量和输沙量均在1985年发生突变;调水调沙对于径流量增加效果要大于输沙量增加,人类活动对河南段径流输沙减少起主导作用,对河南段径流量平均贡献率为80.94%,对输沙量平均贡献率为94.95%。

北京地区主要河流水沙量变化分析

河流水沙量是水利工程和各类涉水基础设施建设中需要考虑的重要要素,其大小和变化对于水资源开发利用及河道治理等意义重大。通过收集北京地区主要河流13个水文站自开展水沙实测(或1950年)至2022年的年径流量和年输沙量数据,系统分析各站的水沙变化过程及趋势,研究表明,北京地区主要河流的水沙量年内分布不均,年际变幅大,水沙变化基本同步。几乎所有河流的年径流量和年输沙量均呈下降趋势且2000年后水沙量锐减。潮白河水系干支流的下堡站、张家坟站、下会站、前辛庄站和口头站2001—2022年的年径流量均值约为多年均值的12,2001—2022年的年输沙量均值为多年均值的2%~19%,苏庄站2000年之后大多数年份河干断流;永定河水系雁翅站2001—2022年的年径流量均值为多年均值的30%,2001—2022年的年输沙量均值接近0;三家店站和卢沟桥站2000年后大多数年份的年径流量和年输沙量为0。大清河水系漫水河站和张坊站2001—2022年的年径流量均值约为多年均值的20%,2000年后漫水河站大多数年份年输沙量为0,张坊站2001—2022年的年输沙量均值为多年均值的17%。河流水沙量大幅降低的主要驱动因素是受人类活动的影响,主要包括上游库坝拦截、塘坝和灌区增加、小流域治理和水土保持工作的成效等。气候变化引起年降水量(特别是汛期降水量)的减少对河流水沙量有一定的影响。

2009—2019年黄河宁夏段干流水沙动态变化特征

为了探究黄河宁夏段干流水沙的年/月动态变化特征,为区域水沙资源合理利用提供数据支撑,利用2009—2019年《黄河泥沙公报》(宁夏石嘴山水文站)和《宁夏水资源公报》数据,研究了干流水沙的年/月动态变化规律,分析了径流量、输沙量、降水量的相互关系。结果表明,11年间黄河宁夏段年径流量和年输沙量分别增加了139%和86%,但年均泥沙含量降低了22%,年径流量和年输沙量峰值分别出现在2019年和2018年;月径流量和月输沙量分别集中在5—10月(57.0%~73.9%)和7—10月(51.5%~83.5%),但水沙量峰值并不完全同步;年径流量与年输沙量、年输沙量与年均含沙量、月径流量与月输沙量,月均降水量与月均径流量、月均输沙量均呈极显著正相关;黄河宁夏段输沙量与径流量密切相关,从而影响泥沙含量;区域降水是影响水沙量的重要因素,且强降水对来年水沙量有明显的延迟效应。

近70年黄河宁夏河段干支流水沙变化规律

根据黄河宁夏河段干支流的水沙实测资料,采用变异系数、Mann-Kendall检验法和小波分析法,从水沙量的年际变幅、变化趋势、突变特性和周期波动等方面分析黄河宁夏河段水沙变化的规律,为河段治理和工程布局提供依据。黄河宁夏河段年输沙量的年际变化程度大于年径流量,支流的年来水来沙量年际变化程度大于干流。干流的年水沙量呈显著下降趋势,年径流量突变点为1986年,支流各站的年径流量和年输沙量则处于增加趋势。泉眼山站的年径流量突变点为1993年、2003年和2012年,干支流年径流量的突变与水库的调蓄有关。宁夏河段干支流年径流量和年输沙量的周期变化具有相似性和差异性,这说明宁夏河段水沙变化具有相关性,同时也反映了水沙异源的特性。

清水河流域场次洪水输沙特性及关键影响因素

[目的]揭示水沙对关键环境因子的响应规律,以期为促进黄河流域水土保持综合治理提供理论基础。[方法]利用清水河流域场次洪量和输沙量数据,基于径流侵蚀功率理论和随机森林等方法系统分析了清水河流域场次洪水输沙特性及其关键影响因素。[结果]流域产洪输沙量呈现显著的空间分异特性,影响不同子流域洪水输沙过程的主要参量有所区别。随机森林结果表明在小量级洪水频发的区域主要影响因素为径流深、洪水历时与洪峰流量,而在中量级洪水频发的区域则分别为径流深、洪峰流量与平均流量。在侵蚀产沙的解释变量中引入表征径流过程的复合指标更能综合体现天然降水和流域下垫面属性对次洪过程侵蚀产沙的影响,其拟合精度相较于传统的径流-输沙关系更高。[结论]相比于传统的径流深、平均流量或者洪峰流量等单一径流参量指标,径流侵蚀功率更适宜描述次洪尺度水沙关系。

不同时间尺度濂水流域水沙变化及其驱动因素分析

为深入分析流域水沙变化特征及其驱动因素,揭示水沙变化机理机制。以赣南濂水流域为研究区,基于1965—2020年的水文气象数据和土地利用数据,在年尺度和场次暴雨尺度,利用Mann-Kendall检验法、累积距平法、水沙关系曲线、经验统计分析法等,分析水沙变化特征,建立不同时期水沙关系,并定量评估降雨变化和人类活动对水沙变化的贡献率。结果显示:(1)在年尺度,流域径流深、输沙量分别呈非显著下降和极显著上升趋势,突变年份分别为1998年和1995年。(2)与基准期相比,变化期不同时间尺度的径流深和输沙量波动更大,且水沙相关性均增强,表征外界人为干扰的参数(a)和河流本身输沙能力的参数(b)均增大。(3)在年尺度和场次暴雨尺度,降雨变化和人类活动对径流减少的贡献率分别为-1.1%,101.1%和30.2%,69.8%,对输沙增加的贡献率分别为0.5%,99.5%和-2.0%,102.0%。研究成果可为流域的水沙合理调控及生态可持续发展奠定基础。