Tense and Aspect Issue of Translator Competence

This essay is a research report, which is based on results of grammatical error analysis and interviews with linguistic teachers. These researches are conducted in four language streams, namely, Chinese, Spanish, Korean and Japanese. It will talk about problems identified in all these four language streams, with Chinese as the focus. Although according to various definitions, translation competence includes several parts, which are all required for a professional translator; this essay covers mainly the linguistic competence with tense and aspect issue as the main point. Meanwhile, some major causes of mistakes will be identified, such as interference of mother tongue, lack of second language proficiency. In the end, some possible ways for improvement are presented for reaching what are needed for a professional translator.

Thermal aspect of the diurnal variation of tropical convective and stratiform rainfall

The diurnal variation of radiation plays a key role in determining the diurnal variations of tropical oceanic con- vective and stratiform rainfall, and the examination of such a relationship requires a direct link between the radiation term in a heat budget and the surface rain rate in a cloud budget. Thus, the thermally related surface rainfall budgets derived from the combination of cloud and heat budgets are analysed with two-dimensional equilibrium cloud-resolving model simulation data to study the effects of sea surface temperature （SST） and cloud radiative, and microphysical processes on the diurnal variations of convective and stratiform rainfall. The results show that the increase in SST, the inclusion of diurnal variation of SST and the exclusion of cloud radiative processes increase negative diurnal anomalies of heat divergence over rainfall-free regions during the nighttime through changing the vertical structures of diurnal anomaly of radiation in the troposphere. The strengthened negative diurnal anomalies of heat divergence over rainfall- free regions enhance positive diurnal anomalies of heat divergence over convective regions, which intensifies the positive diurnal anomaly of convective rainfall. The exclusion of microphysical effects of ice clouds increases the negative diurnal anomaly of heat divergence over rainfall-free regions during the nighttime through reducing latent heat; this appears to enhance the positive diurnal anomaly of heat divergence over raining stratiform regions, and thus stratiform rMnfall.

Effect of Aspect on Climate Variation in Mountain Ranges of Shennongjia Massif, Central China

The aim of this study was to better understand the mechanisms of regional climate variation in mountain ranges with contrasting aspects as mediated by changes in global climate. It may help predict trends of vegetation variations in native ecosystems in natural reserves. As measures of climate response, temperature and precipitation data from the north, east, and south-facing mountain ranges of Shennongjia Massif in the coldest and hottest months(January and July), different seasons(spring, summer, autumn, and winter) and each year were analyzed from a long-term dataset(1960 to 2003) to tested variations characteristics, temporal and spatial quantitative relationships of climates. The results showed that the average seasonal temperatures and precipitation in the north, east, and south aspects of the mountain ranges changed at different rates. The average seasonal temperatures change rate ranges in the north, east, and south-facing mountain ranges were from –0.0210℃/yr to 0.0143℃/yr, –0.0166℃/yr to 0.0311℃/yr, and –0.0290 ℃/yr to 0.0084℃/yr, respectively, and seasonal precipitation variation magnitude were from –1.4940 mm/yr to 0.6217 mm/yr, –1.6833 mm/yr to 2.6182 mm/yr, and –0.8567 mm/yr to 1.4077 mm/yr, respectively. The climates variation trend among the three mountain ranges were different in magnitude and direction, showing a complicated change of the climates in mountain ranges and some inconsistency with general trends in global climate change. The climate variations were significantly different and positively correlated cross mountain ranges, revealing that aspects significantly affected on climate variations and these variations resulted from a larger air circulation system, which were sensitive to global climate change. We conclude that location and terrain of aspect are the main factors affecting differences in climate variation among the mountain ranges with contrasting aspects.

Tense,Aspect,Mood and Aktionsart in Mesqan:A South Ethio-Semitic language spoken in Ethiopia

Mesqan is a South Ethio-Semitic tongue which is mainly worn in day-to-day message by a people of 179,737 communities in the Gurage Zone,Ethiopia,whose linguistic skin was not well expressed.The inner aspire of this paper is to offer a complete account of tense,aspect,mood and aktionsart structures of the Mesqan tongue.The paper is expressive in character,as the lessons are mostly worried with telling what is really being in the tongue,and mostly rely on main linguistic facts.The linguistic facts,i.e.the elicited grammatical facts regarding tense,aspect,mood and aktionsart,were composed from local speakers of the tongue during 12 months of fieldwork mannered among 2011 and 2012 in four Mesqan villages and in Butajira,the managerial hub of the Mesqan Woreda.The perfective aspect in the tongue emphasizes the endpoint of the oral state with dynamic verbs,but the imperfective aspect relates with the lexical semantics of the verb,which can be practical when their purposes with stative and dynamic verbs are evaluated.Concerning tense,the past and the non-past tense in the tongue are distinguished by assisting verbs and a verb in the imperfective aspect is able to happen with states in the past and in the non-past,i.e.present or future.Future time can also be uttered by an anticipated act throughout the grouping of the future.In addition,an action happening in the past and still around in the tongue is marked by a zero morpheme in the present perfect.Concerning mood,the language has agent-oriented moods that are articulated by verb inflection,and speaker-oriented moods that are articulated by a periphrastic structure.Regarding aktionsart that denotes a specific phase in a verbal condition,like period,regularity,etc.Mesqan has two aktionsarten which are noticeable by periphrastic structures,that is the progressive and the prospective.

The Misuse of Tense and Aspect in Online English Writing: A Comparison Between Liberal Arts and Engineering Undergraduates

The core issue concerning the usage of tense and aspect is seen as significantly important(Michaelis,1994;Swales and Feak,2000),especially in English writing in college.This study identifies the erroneous use of tense and aspect in liberal arts students' writing in comparison with that of engineering students' to examine their application ability in writing and identify areas of English learning in need of intensive instruction.This paper displays the frequency rates of errors about two English tenses(the present and the past),two aspects(the progressive and the perfect)based on an online writing corpus of students in two majors,which leads to the result that students in both majors are more likely to make mistakes in the present time and perfect aspect,liberal arts students less influenced.In addition,engineering students writing score seems to be more related to their grammatical errors than that of liberal arts students.To improve their writings,practical teaching strategies such as being aware of cross-lingual influence,practicing grammar on context level,personalized instructions,are also provided.

并合理论框架下汉语体标记的分布及其生成机制研究

本文借助内部体假说和时锚定理论,重新修正与归纳汉语中常见体标记的分布,提出并论证了6个体中心语(Asp1^(0)-Asp6^(0))的存在,以及在TP和vP层的相对位置关系,包括2个动词前体中心语和4个动词后体中心语,并结合并合理论,重新解释动词和体标记的分布及移位附加机制。另外,本文从并合理论的显性条件出发,重新审视动词前体标记、体后缀及内、外部体标记的显性与隐性身份与句法排序的关系,并解释了多种体相关句法现象,如一些体标记可以共现及不能共现的现象。同时,并合理论可以将动词与动词前体标记和体后缀的相关现象进行统一阐释,从而避免共用“动词提升说”和“动词下降说”的弊端。

汉语词尾“了”是先时标记吗?

汉语词尾“了”并非先时标记。一方面,“了”在最简结构句中不一定编码句子的过去时意义;另一方面,“了”不具备独立表达相对过去时意义的语法功能。因此,无论从绝对时还是相对时的角度来看,词尾“了”都不能被定义为先时标记。在此基础上,从体貌角度对“了”的功能进一步探讨,指出“了”起到了将概念情状转化为现实情状的实现体功能,并对转换的机制和类型进行了分析,为研究时间结构与时体特征这两个层面的相互关系做好准备。

基于现代汉语语料库统计分析的“正V着”与“在V着”对比研究

汉语是一种分析性语言,缺乏严格意义上的形态变化。语法形式和语法意义并不是一一对应的,同一种语法意义可由多种语法形式来体现。现代汉语中的“正V着”与“在V着”均可表达“进行”或者“持续”的语法意义,而二者在表达“进行—持续”的语法意义的时候,在语义、句法和语用方面均存在差异。文章以北京大学现代汉语语料库中检索到的2886条“正V着”句子和3180条“在V着”句子为对象,展开定量的统计分析,在此基础上对“正V着”与“在V着”的区别作了定性的分析。

动词复制结构的特征和构造

本文从句法角度对动词复制结构的句法特征、生成过程和生成限制问题进行了分析。在对动词复制结构进行多种理论的分析尝试之后,本文提出了VP1作主语、V2作谓语的分析模式,即动宾词组作主语。如果VP1含有逻辑主语,则可视为主谓词组作主语。由于VP1是一个词组,而不是一个小句,因此其作主语时,其中的V1自然不可携带时体标记、补语标记和副词修饰语,以及被否定词否定。这一分析模式不仅合理解释了动词复制结构的时体标记、副词修饰语、否定词和补语的句法分布问题,而且合理解释了宾语不能复制的深层原因,尤其是动词复制结构的推导机制及其必须遵守的句法限制等诸多理论问题和经验问题。更为重要的是,该模式同样适用于瓦塔语、希伯来语等语言的动词复制结构,因而在一定程度上具有语言普遍性意义。

略论类时体标记在汉语口语互动中的功能——以“起来”“下去”“来着”为例

在描述一些用法灵活的时间义词语时,既需要参考权威语文辞书的规范释义,又应当吸收互动语言学提供的新视角。文章将能够表示但不专门表示时体的虚词和半虚词统称为类时体标记,认为这是汉语时间范畴的重要承载形式。这些类时体标记往往在口语中高频出现,在表示汉语句子的时间信息上具有很强的稳定性,但是又有各自的其他角色,且在不断变化发展之中。文章基于汉语口语互动语料的真实情况,着重考察了两类类时体标记——趋向动词“起来”“下去”和助词“来着”,指出它们分别表示“起始变化”“主观增维”和“回顾过去”,旨在说明汉语类时体标记在实现时制和体态时能够反映出词汇本身的核心功能,从而构建汉语口语中时间范畴和情态、语气范畴在语法层面的联动关系。

杨柳羌语趋向前缀及其语法意义

趋向范畴是羌语以及羌语支其他语言独特的语法范畴之一。四川茂县杨柳羌语有tə-,ɦə-,ȵi-,sə-,ku-,ha-,zə-、də-8个趋向前缀表达8个不同的方向意义。这8个前缀与动词相伴相随,也出现在特定的体范畴和式范畴中,成为语法化程度很高的显赫范畴。

数理语言学框架下英语“时”“体”“态”的构建和教学启示

“时”“体”“态”是语言学习者必须掌握的重要语法内容之一,直接影响到语言的正确理解和表达,高效的“时”“体”“态”教学方法和模式有待深入挖掘。文章在数理语言学框架下,将简单的数学概念应用到英语语法教学中,发现英语“时”“体”“态”复合结构的构建可分为三个步骤,即选择构建的基本元素、遵循“时→完成体→进行体→被动态”的构建顺序、运用列竖式的加法运算法则。本研究用直观、系统的方式感知和描述“时”“体”“态”的内部结构和深层逻辑,为语法教学提供了一种新思路。

汉英机器翻译中时体态处理

作为机器翻译系统,我们必须处理目标语中句子的时态和体态。介绍了汉语中句子的时体态形式,给出了汉语中时态、体态抽取分析算法,归纳出汉英机器翻译时时体态转换规则,介绍了时体态处理系统流程。

北疆地区积雪时空变化的影响因素分析

利用新疆北部地区2000-2007年观测的积雪资料分析北疆地区积雪开始时间、积雪结束时间、积雪日数、年最大雪深、积雪期平均雪深和年平均雪深随海拔、经纬度、坡度、坡向和植被的变化.结果表明:随着海拔增加,积雪各变量变化明显,温度在海拔变化中起着关键作用;植被对积雪各变量有影响,但影响程度不明显.在北疆区域范围内,纬度变化及温度差异不大,对积雪各变量影响很小;经度对积雪各变量的影响是由空间差异造成的;坡度对积雪变量的影响主要通过空间分布及坡度产生的阴影造成,进而影响太阳直射;坡向对积雪各变量的影响主要由水汽运动方向和太阳光照造成.因此,在北疆区域内,对积雪各变量的影响程度为海拔>坡向>坡度>植被>纬度>经度.

话语主观性在时体范畴中的体现

“主观性”指说话人在说出一段话的同时表明自己对这段话的立场、态度和感情等。“主观化”是指语言为表现这种主观性而采用相应的结构形式或经历相应的演变过程。话语的主观性在不同语言层面上都有所体现。本文主要从认知的角度探讨话语的主观性在时体范畴中的体现。

英语过渡语中记叙文语篇结构与时体使用的关系——一项基于口语语料库的研究

本文利用中国英语学习者口语语料库(SECCL),研究记叙文语篇结构和时体使用的关系.结果发现,前景部分和背景部分的时态分布有不同的特点:前景部分使用的主要时体形式是一般过去时和动词原形,背景部分主要是一般现在时和动词原形,但背景部分的时体形式更趋于多样化.这一发现与语篇假设的预测基本一致.

“就”与“才”主观量对比研究

文章采用实验室方法,在最简结构上逐一加入变量成分并通过由此构成的最小差异对分析"就"与"才"在主观量(物量、时量、序列量)语义、时体等意义上的差别。文章证明,在最简结构中"就"表达"主观少量"和"未实现短时将来"的意义。"才V"最简结构表达"已实现短时过去","才"与其他体词构成的最简结构表达主观"少量"义。"X就Y了2"结构式表达量的"前低后高"的对比,而"X才Y"则表达量的"前高后低"的对比,并且由于其高于预期而与"了2"冲突。

时态、时制理论与汉语时间参照

由于汉语有相对丰富的时态标记,而缺乏显性的时制标记,很多学者在对汉语句子中的时间进行诠释时,往往将时态或体作为依据。从汉语句子能否成句这个问题着手,文章的考察表明,汉语的场景体中有无"定点"对句子的成句性有决定意义。含缺少"定点"的场景体,必须要借助其他功能成分方能成句。含有"定点"的场景体的句子,其定点必须在句中明确表示出来,才能成句,否则亦需要借助其他功能成分方能成句。文章将所罗列的现象归纳为句子的固有成分,并探讨如何将这一系列的句法固有成分统一分析为‘指涉’这一语法功能,即时空上的参照点。一个句子为何要有这样的参照成分?自然语言的名词通过功能化以后,用来指涉实体,那么句子就是动词及其论元通过功能化以后,用来指涉事件或状态。时制通过时空上的参照点来调节和确定说话时间和事件时间的顺序,从而将某个场景(事件或状态)在时空中定位,使说话者可指涉该事件或状态,所以文章尤其关注对句子中参照点的确认,尝试如何确定其在时空定点上的功能。通过演绎,文章证明这些成分都与建立在时空上的参照点并与指涉事件有关,从而推断汉语的句子中具有时制中心语,它支配句子的构建。

油松针叶精油萜烯组成的研究（Ⅱ）──萜烯含量与季节、叶龄及朝向的关系

对辽宁兴城油松种子园１４＃无性系的针叶精油做了ＧＣ－ＭＳ定性、ＧＬＣ定量分析和统计检验。最主要成分为α－蒎烯、β－蒎烯和β－石竹烯。Ｆ检验的结果表明，叶龄萜烯各成分相对含量的影响大于树冠朝向；一年生针叶中单萜和倍半萜的相对含量随季节波动不显著；当年生针叶中仅树冠南向的含量波动显著，其中β－蒎烯的波动是造成单萜含量变化的主要原因。对一些同分异构体的含量随季节变化的趋势作了比较。

次降雨后不同时段坡地表层土壤水分和容重的空间变异特征

采用经典统计学方法,通过网格布点,研究黄土高原坡地表层土壤水分和容重在降雨后不同时段的空间变异特征。结果表明:(1)降雨后第1天,表层土壤水分和容重的变异程度分别为中等、弱变异性;在各坡向间土壤水分呈阴坡>阳坡>山脊的变化趋势,容重为阴坡>山脊>阳坡;(2)降雨后第20天,土壤水分和容重的变异程度均保持不变,但土壤水分在不同坡向间的数量特征发生改变(阴坡>山顶>阳坡),而容重的变化趋势保持不变;(3)表层土壤水分具有弱的时间稳定性,而容重的时间稳定性较强。(4)相关分析表明,降雨后第1天,山脊上的土壤水分与容重具有极显著的负相关关系(P<0.01),而降雨后第20天,阴坡土壤水分(容重)与山顶土壤水分呈显著正(负)相关(P<0.05)。相关结果可为黄土高原坡地水分管理、水土过程调控提供参考。