Ecological and Economic Benefits of Vegetation Management Measures in Citrus Orchards on Red Soils

A three-year experiment was conducted to investigate and compare the economic and ecological benefits of six types of vegetation management measures in citrus orchards of the hilly red soil region of the eastern part of China.Six vegetation treatments,including tillage without herbicide(clean tillage)and no tillage without herbicide(sod culture) and with herbicide paraquat(paraquat),glyphosate(glyphosate),glyphosate-glyphosate-paraquat(G-G-P),and paraquat- paraquat-glyphosate(P-P-G),were applied in the citrus orchards on a clayey red soil with slopes of 8°and 13°and a sandy soil with slope of 25°.The results showed that the sod culture,paraquat,glyphosate,G-G-P,and P-P-G treatments reduced surface runoff by 38.8%,42.5%,18.7%,28.7%,and 37.5%,then the soil-water losses by 55.5%,51.7%,39.9%,46.8%, and 50.0%,and the N,P,and K nutrient losses by 60.3%,50.2%,37.0%,41.8%,and 45.4%,respectively,as compared with the clean tillage treatment.The weed regeneration ratios with the treatments of clean tillage without herbicide,paraquat, glyphosate,G-G-P,and P-P-G were reduced by 55.1%,67.2%,30.3%,36.8%,and 51.2%,respectively,as compared with the sod culture.The sod culture,paraquat,glyphosate,G-G-P,and P-P-G treatments could increase the soil fertility (annual accumulation of N,P,K,and OM)by 7.1%,6.9%,5.3%,6.2%,and 6.6%,respectively,whereas the clean tillage treatment without herbicide reduced soil fertility by 4.4% after the three-year experiment.The citrus fruit yields in the treatments of paraquat,glyphosate,G-G-P,and P-P-G increased by 7%-10%;the soluble solid,total sugar,total acidity,sugar-acid ratio,and single fruit weight of citrus fruits of all treatments except sod culture significantly(P>0.05) exceeded that of the clean tillage treatment.In general,the paraquat treatment showed the best economic and ecological benefits among the six treatments;therefore,it could be regarded as the best available vegetation management measure in citrus orchards of hilly red soil region to retain water and soil,enhance soil fertility,and improve the yield and quality of citrus.

A review:Health benefits and physicochemical characteristics of blended vegetable oils

Oil blending is the method of choice used worldwide to improve oxidative stability and nutritional value.There is no such edible oil/fat that meets all the recommendations from the health point of view.The fatty acid composition of vegetable oils decides the fate of the oil.Pure single oil is unable to provide a balanced amount of fatty acids(FAs)required/recommended on a daily intake basis.Blending oils/fats is an appropriate procedure of physically mixing multiple oils in suitable proportions which may provide functional lipids with improved antioxidant potential and desirable physical and chemical properties.This review piled up the accessible data on the blending of diverse oils/fats in the combination of binary,ternary,quaternary,or other types of oils into a single blended oil.Blending can be found very convincing towards appropriate FA profile,enhancement in physicochemical characteristics,and augmented stability for the period of storage or when used as cooking/frying processes which could ultimately serve as an effectual dietary intervention towards the health protectiveness.

建立科学评价体系促进水土保持措施的可持续发展

为促进水土保持措施的可持续发展,分析了当前水土保持工作的局限性,重点关注管理不足、监测体系不完善以及科研与技术创新滞后等问题。针对这些挑战,建议建立综合评价指标体系,优化数据收集与监测手段,并选择适当的评价方法,以科学评估水土保持措施的实际效果及其长期影响,促进水土保持的科学决策。通过构建多维度评价指标体系和实施综合数据监测,为有效开展水土保持工作提供指导,从而促进生态环境改善与可持续发展,确保在应对日益严峻的水土流失问题时,实现资源的高效利用与生态平衡的维护。

Efficient Cultivation Mode and Benefit Analysis on Sweet Corn

[Objective] In order to research differences of economic benefits among 5planting patterns of sweet corn. [Method] Planting benefit of five kinds of planting patterns of Ditian6 were studied. They were one cropping of sweet corn per year,two cropping of sweet corn per year, multiple sowing of wheat and sweet corn, intercropping of sweet corn and vegetables（potatoes, peppers）. [Result] Planting benefit of two cropping of sweet corn in a year, multiple sowing of wheat and sweet,intercropping of sweet corn and vegetables（potatoes, peppers） were higher than that of sweet corn monoculture. The benefit of two cropping of sweet corn per year was the highest, which was 93 937.5 yuan/hm^2. The pure income increase was 41 610 yuan if the average investment of 18 480 yuan/hm^2 was eliminated. Compared with wheat monoculture, the benefit of multiple sowing of wheat and sweet increased39 060 yuan/hm^2. The pure income increase was 25 500 yuan if the average investment of 13 560 yuan/hm^2 was eliminated. The planting benefit of intercropping of sweet corn and potato was 71 460 yuan, and that of intercropping of sweet corn and pepper was 63 750 yuan. [Conclusion] There were extremely significant differences among the economic benefits of 5 planting patterns of sweet corn. According to local actual situation, farmers can choose the most suitable pattern to improve the planting efficiency of the sweet corn.

Guiding strategies for breeding vegetable cultivars

Vegetables are considered essential for well-balanced diets. The production and marketing of vegetables crops are undergoing continuous change globally. This is mainly due to the growing demands of consumers for safe and healthy vegetables, increased urbanisation of societies, and the growth in scale and influence of supermarkets chains. Horticultural science can respond to many of these challenges through research, breeding and innovation that can seek to gain more efficient methods of crop production, refined post-harvest storage and handling methods, newer and higher value vegetable cultivars and demonstration of their health benefits. Vegetable breeding has to address and satisfy the needs of both the consumer and the producer. Innovation in vegetable breeding depends on specific knowledge, the development and application of new technologies, access to genetic resources, and capital to utilise them. The driving force behind this innovation is acquiring or increasing market share. Access to technology, as well as biodiversity, is essential for the development of new vegetable cultivars. A few multinational corporations, whose vast economic power has effectively marginalized the role of public sector breeding as well as local, small/medium-scale seed companies, dominate the global vegetable seed trade. For most vegetable crops, only a few multinational seed corporations are controlling large part of the world market. This situation makes a growing part of the global vegetable supply dependent on a few seed providers. The multinational seed corporations ensued from merging some small or medium vegetable breeding programs to reduce costs. There may be fewer vegetable breeders in the future and growers will rely on seeds with a narrow genetic base. In order to meet future needs of vegetable breeders it is important that educational programs incorporate rapidly changing new technologies with classical content and methods. Active and positive connections between the private and public breeding sectors and large-scale gene banks are required to avoid a possible conflict involving breeders’ rights, gene preservation and erosion. Horticulturists will need to develop cultural practices and vegetable breeders to breed vegetables for a multifunctional horticulture (diversity, health promotion, post-harvest, year round suply, etc.) and to cope with harsher climate conditions and lower inputs than they have come to expect. Improved production systems that can cope with climate extremes must allow vegetables to produce under high temperatures, greater drought stress, increased soil salinity, and periodic flooding. This will involve a combination of improved vegetable cultivars and modified production systems.

Advances in Transgenic Vegetable and Fruit Breeding

Vegetables and fruits are grown worldwide and play an important role in human diets because they provide vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and phytochemicals. Vegetables and fruits are also associated with improvement of gastrointestinal health, good vision, and reduced risk of heart disease, stroke, chronic diseases such as diabetes, and some forms of cancer. Vegetable and fruit production suffers from many biotic stresses caused by pathogens, pests, and weeds and requires high amounts of plant protection products per hectare. United States vegetables farmers are benefiting from growing transgenic squash cultivars resistant to Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, Watermelon mosaic virus, and Cucumber mosaic virus, which were deregulated and commercialized since 1996. Bt-sweet corn has also proven effective for control of some lepidopteran species and continues to be accepted in the fresh market in the USA, and Bt-fresh-market sweet corn hybrids are released almost every year. Likewise, transgenic Bt-eggplant bred to reduce pesticide use is now grown by farmers in Bangladesh. Transgenic papaya cultivars carrying the coat-protein gene provide effective protection against Papaya ring spot virus elsewhere. The transgenic “Honey Sweet” plum cultivar provides an interesting germplasm source for Plum pox virus control. Enhanced host plant resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum, which causes the devastating banana Xanthomonas wilt in the Great Lakes Region of Africa, was achieved by plant genetic engineering. There are other vegetable and fruit crops in the pipeline that have been genetically modified to enhance their host plant resistance to insects and plant pathogens, to show herbicide tolerance, and to improve features such as slow ripening that extends the shelf-life of the produce. Consumers could benefit further from eating more nutritious transgenic vegetables and fruits. Transgenic plant breeding therefore provides genetically enhanced seed embedded technology that contributes to integrated pest management in horticulture by reducing pesticide sprays as well as improving food safety by minimizing pesticide residues. Furthermore, herbicide-tolerant transgenic crops can help reducing plough in fields, thereby saving fuel because of less tractor use, which also protects the structure of the soil by reducing its erosion. Transgenic vegetable and fruit crops could make important contributions to sustainable vegetable production and for more nutritious and healthy food. Countries vary, however, in their market standards of acceptance of transgenic crops. Biotechnology products will be successful if clear advantages and safety are demonstrated to both growers and consumers.

Nutritional Quality and Effect on Disease Prevention of Vegetables

Vegetables have remarkable nutritional and health benefits. There are good reasons to include vegetables in human diet since they are enriched in bioactive compounds and by this reason they may help reduce the risk of some diseases. In this paper it was analyzed the nutrition quality and effect on disease prevention of vegetables. Each vegetable family and each vegetable contain a unique combination of bioactive compounds. The health benefit of vegetables should not be linked to one type of vegetable. It is presented some experimental research evidences that vegetables exert anti-oxidative, anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic and cardiovascular disease lowering effects. The mechanism by which vegetable bioactive compounds decrease the risk of some of these diseases is complex and sometimes unknown.

Food Functionality of Popular and Commonly Consumed Indigenous Vegetables and Fruits from Bangladesh

Functional food can be either natural or processed. Food contains known biologically active compounds, which provides clinically proven and documented health benefit. So far, no database is available in Bangladesh regarding the functionality of the indigenous foods. As a primary step, this study had been conducted with an aim to identify and characterize functionality of the indigenous foods of Bangladesh. Eight fruits and vegetables, which are very popular for their taste, price and easy availability, have been selected for in vitro screening of their functionality. High levels of fat and sugar binding capacity were observed in Pineapple (500% and 270.891% respectively). High nuplli mortality rate was found in cytotoxicity test with Pomelo extract (100%), which also contained high level of vitamin C (155 mg/100g). Pomelo contained the highest level of antioxidant among all these foods (0.674 nMol/100μl/mg protein). Red amaranth contained highest amount of protein (4.31 g/100g). In stem amaranth, Iron level was highest (1855.67 mg/kg). Total phenolics content of Water spinach and Stem amaranth were found higher than the other samples (59.339 and 55.728 mg GAE/g respectively). All these experiments showed these vegetables and fruits have high health impacts and can be act as potential functional foods.

Effect of Different Cultivation Practices on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties for Greenhouse Vegetables under Long-Term Continuous Cropping

Five kinds of greenhouse vegetables( eggplant,loofah,tomato,cucumber and pepper) were selected in summer uprooting stage from greenhouse in Shouguang area,Shandong Province. Total nitrogen,ammonium nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen,available phosphorus,available potassium,organic matter content and p H,EC value of three soil layers were measured,respectively. The results showed that the total nitrogen,ammonium nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium in the soil were mainly accumulated in the upper soil,which made the soil acidification trend,because different farmers adopted different cultivation practices for different greenhouse vegetables in Shouguang region,but there was no significant effect on soil EC value. The input of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen and other related fertilizers to greenhouse cucumber was higher than that of other greenhouse vegetables,but the amount of available potassium fertilizer and organic matter input to greenhouse tomato under different cultivation practices was lower than other greenhouse vegetables. In Shouguang area,the input of organic matter into greenhouse vegetables should be increased by increasing the proportion of manure input to increase the content of soil organic carbon,so as to achieve the balance of carbon and nitrogen ratio,and to provide a scientific basis for the establishment of an evaluation system for the environmental benefits brought about by chemical fertilizer reduction in greenhouse vegetables in Shouguang area.

Vegetable Tunnel House Technology in Tropical Island Countries

A complete set of techniques for the design,installation,maintenance and use of vegetable tunnel houses in tropical island countries was developed,which achieved the goals of rain prevention,wind protection,corrosion resistance,insect and bird prevention,water-saving irrigation,and economic efficiency,significantly improving the production capacity and technical level of vegetables in Samoa.The techniques have become a key vegetable production technology promoted nationwide in Samoa,with universal promotion value for tropical island countries.

内蒙古半干旱地区不同人工林土壤因子与林下植物多样性的相关性

以内蒙古半干旱地区生态修复工程营造的人工林为研究对象,探究不同林分类型的林下植物多样性、土壤理化性质差异以及土壤因子与林下植物多样性的相关性,并通过搭建结构方程模型评估林分类型、土壤因子对林下植物多样性的影响。结果表明:不同林分类型的植物多样性、土壤理化性质存在显著差异(P<0.05),混交林的林下植物多样性指数、土壤理化性质指数均高于纯林(P<0.05)。多元回归分析结果表明:林分类型、土壤密度、最大持水量、土壤有机碳质量分数、土壤有机质质量分数、土壤全氮质量分数是影响林下植物多样性的主导因素。结构方程模型结果表明:林分类型、土壤理化性质对林下植物多样性分布均具有决定性作用(P<0.01)。其中,林分类型可通过调节土壤理化性质,间接影响林下植物多样性的分布,土壤化学性质也可通过对土壤物理性质的调节,间接影响林下植物多样性的分布。

蔬菜种苗嫁接机与嫁接苗规模化生产的融合

嫁接育苗是蔬菜生产过程中克服土壤连作障碍和高温高湿病害的重要技术手段,近年蔬菜种苗嫁接技术在生产中得到广泛应用,我国年蔬菜嫁接苗生产量已达500亿株。目前,蔬菜嫁接苗主要依靠人工作业生产,如此巨大的嫁接苗生产量给蔬菜种苗生产企业带来了非常大的压力,因此,自动嫁接机的开发一直受到重视。但是,到目前为止,自动嫁接机除进行先进技术示范,一直未能在蔬菜嫁接苗实际生产得到应用。本文在深入分析自动嫁接机未能得到实际应用原因的基础上,进一步探讨了自动嫁接机开发中自动化程度、作业模式、评价与嫁接苗生产农艺的融合问题。为使规模化生产与嫁接机优势切实融合,将自动化嫁接技术真正服务于嫁接苗生产,最终给出以下建议:①在栽培方面,要关注规模化培育嫁接用苗特殊形态与均一化需求的栽培技术,为自动化作业提供良好的基础条件,通过农机农艺融合实现高效自动化嫁接生产;②在嫁接生产辅助机械作业方面,保证精量播种精度减少自动化作业对嫁接用砧木苗的伤害,砧木苗采用纸钵基质育苗减轻自动化嫁接作业对嫁接苗根系的扰动和损伤;③在自动化嫁接机方面,要以提高嫁接作业生产率为主要目标,以减少人工辅助作业介入为基本要求,考虑到育苗企业的装备技术条件,嫁接机尽量采用常规工业技术,降低设备故障排除与保养维护难度,减轻嫁接机使用对用户的技术压力;④在嫁接设备实际应用方面,当前阶段应大力推广简单、易行、可靠的轻简化嫁接装置,提高嫁接作业生产效率、降低作业技术难度、降低人工作业劳动力成本。

蔬菜废弃物循环堆肥的性能及经济效益评价

蔬菜废弃物含水率高,在堆肥堆制中需要添加大量高碳低水辅料进行调节,生产成本高,资源化利用率低,为了研发适用于消纳高含水率蔬菜废弃物的好氧堆肥发酵工艺体系以促进废弃物高效资源化利用,通过设置传统好氧堆肥和循环堆肥两组试验,研究蔬菜废弃物循环堆肥的性能,评价其工艺的可行性和经济效益。结果表明:在第一、二次循环过程中,堆肥性能稳定,堆体升温迅速,高温期分别持续10、5 d;在第三次循环中,系统稳定性开始波动,温度≥50℃保持5 d,第四次循环堆肥系统恶化,堆体无法达到50℃,终止循环过程。循环堆肥物料最终pH值为6.72、电导率值为3.43 mS·cm^(-1),种子发芽指数为72.0%,满足无害化标准要求,不会对植物产生毒害。循环堆肥能使蔬菜废弃物迅速脱水,并将堆体水分保持在50%~60%的最佳范围以利于有机物质的降解,4次循环蔬菜废弃物最高降解率分别为92.9%、88.6%、59.4%、21.7%。经济效益分析表明,与常规堆肥相比较,循环堆肥辅料用量及成本减少48.8%,同时,添加同量的辅料,循环堆肥能消纳更多的蔬菜废弃物,其利润是常规堆肥的7.15倍。综上所述,循环堆肥工艺可行、性能稳定,最大循环次数为3次,辅料应用量少,利润高,是处理高含水率蔬菜废弃物经济可行的技术。

常见食用植物油营养成分与健康功效的研究进展

食用植物油能给人体的生命活动带来所需要的能量物质,包括必需脂肪酸和多种营养元素,所以食用植物油在人们的膳食过程中扮演着重要角色。随着越来越重视自身健康,人们对食用植物油的要求越来越高,更加注重其对人体健康带来的益处。然而,消费者对食用植物油营养成分和功效了解还不系统,以常用的动物猪油为对照,综述了常用食用植物油所含的营养物质特性和脂肪酸种类及其对健康的影响,有利于增强消费者对食用植物油的消费意识和提高生活健康水平,对促进油脂产业和发展特质食用植物油具有重要作用。

Role of bitter contributors and bitter taste receptors:a comprehensive review of their sources,functions and future development

Bitterness,one of the 5“basic tastes”,is usually undesired by humans.However,abundant literature reported that bitter fruits and vegetables have beneficial health effects due to their bitter contributors.This review provided an updated overview of the main bitter contributors of typical bitter fruits and vegetables and their health benefits.The main bitter contributors,including phenolics,terpenoids,alkaloids,amino acids,nucleosides and purines,were summarized.The bioactivities and wide range of beneficial effects of them on anti-cancers,anti-inflammations,anti-microbes,neuroprotection,inhibiting chronic and acute injury in organs,as well as regulating behavior performance and metabolism were reported.Furthermore,not only did the bitter taste receptors(taste receptor type 2 family,T2Rs)show taste effects,but extra-oral T2Rs could also be activated by binding with bitter components,regulating physiological activities via modulating hormone secretion,immunity,metabolism,and cell proliferation.This review provided a new perspective on exploring and explaining the nutrition of bitter foods,revealing the relationship between the functions of bitter contributors from food and T2Rs.Future trends may focus on revealing the possibility of T2Rs being targets for the treatment of diseases,exploring the mechanism of T2Rs mediating the bioactivities,and making bitter foods more acceptable without getting rid of bitter contributors.

长期植被覆盖对紫色土坡面减流减沙能力的影响

[目的]研究长期林草植被覆盖小区减流减沙能力的变化速率,为西南土石山区水土保持植被恢复提供科学依据。[方法]2018—2021年在贵州省赤水市天台镇径流场观测了15°裸地、15°草地、15°林地、30°林地与30°草地5个径流小区的产流产沙、植被覆盖、土壤表层含水量数据,用径流系数和含沙量的变化反映各小区减流减沙能力的变化。[结果]5个小区减流减沙效益排序为30°草地>15°林地>30°林地>15°草地>裸地。其中,30°草地小区植被覆盖度最高,为92.8%,其径流量和土壤侵蚀模数分别为2.43 mm和6.51 t/(km^(2)·a)。裸地小区径流量最高,为153.49 mm,土壤侵蚀模数最高,为1214.5 t/(km^(2)·a);15°草地小区径流系数降低速率最快,为-0.292%/a,其含沙量降低速率也最快,为-14.6 g/(L·a)。植被覆盖度与径流量之间负相关关系极显著,与含沙量负相关关系显著,与土壤表层含水量呈极显著正相关关系。[结论]高植被覆盖度有利于植被恢复、水源涵养和控制水土流失。对于水土流失相对严重的15°草地坡面,其长期植被覆盖的水土保持效益更为明显。

北京市设施蔬菜科学施肥模式应用现状及其推广建议

设施蔬菜生产中,特别是小农户,农业科学技术仍未得到充分应用,不合理的茬口安排和施肥依然存在。通过对北京市设施蔬菜不同施肥模式的应用现状及其生产效益进行分析,挖掘农业科学技术推广难点并提出相应的建议。结果表明,北京市设施蔬菜种植模式以单作为主,施肥模式主要为化肥与有机肥配施;使用测土施肥技术的种植户占总种植户的13.0%;种植户认知水平、是否加入合作社、对外合作情况、技术成本与政府补贴等均影响种植户对农业科学技术的采纳决策。建议通过提高种植户认知水平,改善农业技术推广手段,加强种植户与高校、企业交流合作,完善绿色转型政府帮扶机制等措施,促进农业科学技术的推广和应用,推动设施蔬菜生产中的资源高效利用和绿色发展。

宁夏设施番茄和黄瓜主要土传病害生态治理技术集成与示范效果评价

针对宁夏设施番茄和黄瓜土传病害危害严重,连作障碍普遍发生的现状,集成了两套生态治理技术,并在宁夏银川市永宁县和固原市头营镇开展了试验示范。试验设置技术模式(土壤熏蒸与微生物菌剂/菌肥协同应用)和农户模式(常规化学农药与肥料管理)。试验结果表明:技术模式下番茄株高和茎粗分别比农户模式下提高了7.96%和25.13%,黄瓜分别提高了24.47%和5.32%;技术模式下番茄根腐病发病率为1.11%,防效达80.70%,黄瓜根结线虫病情指数为5.20,防效达88.00%;技术模式下番茄平均亩产提高了28.49%,黄瓜平均亩产提高了58.37%。技术模式下番茄利润比农户模式下增加140.38%,黄瓜利润增加100.29%。技术模式下番茄减施化学农药6次,减施化学肥料6次,而黄瓜减施化学农药17次,减施化学肥料16次。综上所述,该研究集成的生态治理技术对设施番茄和黄瓜的生长发育、品质及产量有一定的促进作用,对土传病害具有显著的防治效果,可实现设施蔬菜节本增效。

川南丘陵区油蔬两用甘蓝型油菜品种筛选试验

为筛选适合川南丘陵区种植、综合生产效率高的油蔬两用甘蓝型油菜品种,以‘狮山菜薹’‘20崇1-2’‘20崇1-3’‘宜早油1号’‘宜杂16-5873’‘宜杂16-5717’‘宜杂16-5744’‘宜杂18-5630’‘宜杂18-5716’‘宜杂19-3718’‘宜杂19-3719’11个甘蓝型油菜新品种(品系)为材料,分析了各品种的生育期、菜籽产量、菜薹产量及综合经济效益。结果表明,‘宜杂16-5717’‘宜早油1号’‘宜杂16-5873’综合经济效益最高,适合作为油蔬两用甘蓝型油菜品种在川南丘陵区示范应用。油蔬两用甘蓝型油菜品种的推广,有利于提高广大农户种植油菜的积极性和川南油菜经济效益。

黄河上游景泰川电力提灌工程的经济与生态效益

为促进景泰川电力提灌工程及其灌溉区(以下简称“景电工程”及“景电灌区”)持续健康发展,通过时间序列分析法,对比分析景电工程自建设以来产生的经济效益;利用2000—2020年的归一化植被指数数据,采用Slope趋势分析法,分析2000—2020年景电灌区植被指数的时空动态变化。结果表明:1980—2020年农村人均纯收入增加19854元;城乡居民储蓄存款增加近100倍;地区生产总值增加122亿元;财政收入增加5.78亿元,40年的时间里财政收入增加289倍。2000—2020年植被指数持续增加,区域生态呈显著改善状态,景电灌区灌溉面积已发展到60784 hm^(2),荒漠化土地面积减少2.0667万hm^(2),景电工程建成以后,生态得到有效恢复,促进了区域农业经济的快速发展,居民生活水平显著提高。