GbLMI1 over-expression improves cotton aboveground vegetative growth

Leaves are the main organ for photosynthesis and organic synthesis in cotton.Leaf shape has important effects on photosynthetic efficiency and canopy formation,thereby affecting cotton yield.Previous studies have shown that LMI1(LATE MERISTEM IDENTITY1)is the main gene regulating leaf shape.In this study,the LMI1 gene was inserted into the 35S promoter expression vector,and cotton plants overexpressing LMI1(OE)were obtained through genetic transformation.Statistical analysis of the biological traits of the T_(1) and T_(2) populations showed that compared to the wild type(WT),OE plants had significantly larger leaves,thicker stems and significantly greater dry weight.Furthermore,plant sections of the main vein and petiole showed that the numbers of cells in those tissues of OE plants were significantly greater.In addition,RNA-seq analysis revealed the differential expression of genes related to gibberellin synthesis and NAC gene family(genes containing the NAC domain)between the OE and WT plants,suggesting that LMI1 is involved in secondary wall formation and cell proliferation,which promotes stem thickening.Moreover,Gene Ontology(GO)analysis revealed enrichment in the terms of calcium ion binding,and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)analysis showed enrichment in the terms of fatty acid degradation,phosphatidylinositol signal transduction system,and c AMP(cyclic adenosine monophosphate)signal pathway.These results suggested that LMI1 OE plants are responsive to gibberellin hormone signals,and have altered messenger signals(c AMP,Ca^(2+))which amplify this function,to promote stronger aboveground vegetative growth.This study found the LMI1 greatly increased the vegetative growth in cotton,which is the basic requirement for higher yield.

Vegetative Storage Proteins in Meliaceae

采用光学和电子显微镜技术及SDS_PAGE研究了营养贮藏蛋白质 (VSPs)在楝科树木中的分布和超微结构 ;并采用免疫印迹技术 ,以大叶桃花心木 (SwieteniamacrophyllaKing)的 2 1kDVSP的抗血清检测楝科树木VSPs的免疫相关性。结果表明 ,在桃花心木亚科 (Swietenioideae)的树木中普遍存在VSPs ,但楝亚科 (Melioidae)仅部分属的树木有VSPs而椿亚科 (Cedreloideae)树木没有VSPs。VSPs在同一属树木中的分布是一致的。桃花心木亚科和楝亚科树木之间的VSPs几乎没有免疫相关性 ,但是在桃花心木亚科中 ,VSPs具有相对高的同源性。楝科树木VSPs的超微结构存在一定程度的差异 ,这可能与VSPs的种类不同有关。VSPs的分布。

CHANGES OF ENDOGENOUS HORMONE CONTENTS DURING FLORAL BUD AND VEGETATIVE BUD DIF FERENTIATION IN THIN CELL LAYER CULTURE OF CICHORIUM INTYBUS L. EXPLANT

The sectioned thin cell layers (TCL) of flower stalk of Cichorium intybus L. were cultured in MS medium supplemented with NAA and BA or IAA and BA where floral and vegetative buds were developed from the explant. Endogenous IAA, DHZ+DHZR, iPA increased significantly during the floral bud formation, while Z+ZR remained changed. The levels of cytokinins, DHZ+DHZR, iPA, and Z+ZR all increased significantly during the vegetative bud formation, however IAA level was reduced during the first 7 days of culture and increased to two thirds of initial values on the day when the bud primordia were formed. The results suggested that the initiation of floral buds was associated with a high IAA/CTK ratio, whereas the induction of vegetative bud differentiation was related to a low IAA/CTK ratio.

ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE VEGETATIVE CELLS OF NOSTOC FLAGELLIFORME PREPARED WITH HIGH PRESSURE FREEZING AND FREEZE SUBSTITUTION TECHNIQUE

The ultrastructure of the vegetative cells of Nostoc flagelliforme Born. et Flah. was investigated with high pressure freezing and freeze substitution technique and compared with the results obtained by using conventional preparation methods. During the processes of chemical fixation, dehydration and embedding, the cell structures might be more artificially modified than that obtained from high pressure freezing and freeze substitution. With the present method, the sheath of N. flagelliforme could be well penetrated and no extra big space could exist between the cell and the sheath. The cell protoplasm rarely shrinked. Some fine structures of cell inclusions and unit membranes became visualized. Many bacteria were harbored in the sheath. In addition, the presence of big vacuoles in the cell of N. flagelliforme as well as the presence of bacteria in the sheath shown in the present preparation for cyanobacteria has not been described so far in the literature.

Association Mapping for Drought Tolerance of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) at Vegetative Stage

[Objective] This study aimed to identify possible quantitative trait loci (QTL) for vegetative drought tolerance traits of rice (Oryza sativa L.). [Method] A total of 184 rice genotypes were field screened and 156 SSR markers randomly distributed at each 3 Mb bin were used through genome-wide scanning method and association analysis to detect QTLs for vegetative drought tolerance traits leaf rolling (LER), leaf drying (LED) and drought recovery rate (DRR). [Result] The experimental rice genotypes showed varied response under vegetative drought, LER, LED and DRR were highly correlated. Population structure was detected at K=3 and K=7, certain extent of admixture existed in the experimental rice genotypes, relative kinship of the rice genotypes ranged from 0 to 0.924 5. Significant linkage disequilibrium among SSR markers was detected. Sixteen SSR markers have been detected to be associated with vegetative drought tolerance traits, four for LER, eight for LED and four for DDR. Most of the markers were associated with more than one trait, indicating a single mechanism might involve in expression of several related traits, i.e. osmotic adjustment. RM107 (Chr.9) was associated with all the three traits and fell exactly within or closely nearby to previous reported regions, was a major QTL for vegetative drought tolerance, RM477 (Chr.8) was significantly associated with DRR and extremely significantly associated with LER was probably another major QTL for vegetative drought tolerance. [Conclusion] Association mapping is a very effective method for describing complex traits like drought tolerance.

Ultrastructural Changes of Vegetative Cells in Amaryllis Pollen during Its Germination

Structural and organizational changes of the vegetative cell in Amaryllis vittata Ait. during such dynamic processes of pollen as hydration, activation and germination have been examined with electron microscopy. The mature pollen grain is composed of such organelles as plastids, mitochondria,endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes and lipid bodies which are in their resting state. Microfilaments appear as aggregates. After pollen activation, however,the organelles undergo great changes in number and shape: the lamellae of plastids and the cristae of mitochondria increase conspicuously in number, the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum become narrower; the dictyosomes produce vesicles actively the lipid bodies become degraded and the microfilament aggregates disperse. Cortical microtubules and spiny vesicles appear in the cytoplasm after germination of the pollen tube. No apparent structural changes of the organelles were noticed any longer during this period and microfilaments are distributed throughout the entire pollen tube as a three-dimensional network.

Vegetative propagation ofAesculus indica through stem cuttings treated with plant growth regulators

Cuttage propagation of Aesculus indica was tested by treatments with different concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid （IAA） @ 2000, 4000 （ppm）, indolebutyric acid （IBA） @ 2000, 4000 （ppm） and naphthlcetic acid （NAA） @ 2000, 4000 （ppm） in dry formulation in the Forest Nursery, Faculty of Forestry, SKUAST-K, Shalimar. The cuttings treated with IBA @ 4000 ppm and IBA @ 2000 ppm had a sprouting rate of 75% and 50%, respectively, which was significantly higher than that of control and other treatments. The highest rooting rate （50%） was recorded in the cuttings with the application of IBA @ 4000 ppm. The cuttings treated with IBA @ 2000 ppm had 25% rooting rate. All other treatments along with control （talc powder） failed to induce rooting. It was concluded that IBA @ 4000 ppm was a better-applied concentration for vegetative propagation ofA. indica under Kashmir conditions.

Vegetative propagation of Aesculus indica through stem cuttings treated with plant growth regulators

Cuttage propagation of Aesculus indica was tested by treatments with different concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid(IAA) @ 2000, 4000(ppm), indolebutyric acid(IBA) @ 2000, 4000(ppm) and naphthlcetic acid(NAA) @ 2000, 4000(ppm) in dry formulation in the Forest Nursery, Faculty of Forestry, SKUAST-K, Shalimar.The cuttings treated with IBA @ 4000 ppm and IBA @ 2000 ppm had a sprouting rate of 75% and 50%, respectively, which was significantly higher than that of control and other treatments.The highest rooting rate(50%) was recorded in the cuttings with the application of IBA @ 4000 ppm.The cuttings treated with IBA @ 2000 ppm had 25% rooting rate.All other treatments along with control(talc powder) failed to induce rooting.It was concluded that IBA @ 4000 ppm was a better-applied concentration for vegetative propagation of A.indica under Kashmir conditions.

Respiratory Response of Dormant Nectarine Vegetative Buds to High Temperature Stress

High temperature stress （HT） is efficient in breaking endo-dormancy of perennial trees. The effects of HT （50°C） on the respiration of dormant nectarine （Prunus persica var. nectariana cv. Shuguang） vegetative buds were evaluated in the research. We found that bud respiration was transiently inhibited by HT and the pentose phosphate pathway （PPP） and the cytochrome C pathway （CYT） were significantly affected. On the substrate level, PPP was activated in the HT-treated buds compared with the control group. However, the activation did mot occur until hours after HT treatment. The tricarboxylic acid cycle （TCA） in both the HT-treated buds and in the control group proceeded at a low level most of the time compared with total respiration. On the electron transfer level, CYT was transiently inhibited by HT but became significantly active in the later stage. CYT operation in the control group exhibited an attenuation process. The alternative pathway （ALT） fluctuated both in the HT-treated samples and in the control. The results suggest that the temporary CYT inhibition and the following PPP activation may be involved in HT-induced bud dormancy release and budburst mechanisms.

Cytological Correlation Between Flower and Vegetative Shoot Development from Immature Embryo-Derived Calli in Wheat

In this paper, the traits of immature embryo culture from 45 genotypes of bread wheat were investigated in detail, and trait correlation analysis in combination with histomorphological examination was used to study the cytological origin of flower as well as the correlation between it and vegetative shoot development from the calli. The rate of floral development in the subculture was highly significantly and positively related to that of the differentiation culture, which reveals that the genetic system of floral development from immature embryo-derived calli in wheat was highly correspondent and stable. The rate of floral development was related neither to the traits in the dedifferentiation culture, nor to the vegetative shoot formation from the total induced calli, but significantly and positively related to that of the calli without leaf-like green spots in the differentiation culture. These findings indicate the partial correlation as well as differentiation between flower and vegetative shoot development. The floral development might only be associated with the genetic system controlling organ regeneration, while vegetative shoots formed from the two ways, including somatic embryogenesis and organ regeneration.

Vegetative Growth Characters of the Young Apple Trees Trained in Vertical Axis System

Vegetative growth of young apple trees trained in vertical axis were studied with ' Red Fuji', 'Jonagold', 'Orin' and ' Starkrimson' on M7, MM106, M26 interstocks in northern China. About 30 branches sprouted from the central leader of the trees during the 4 years after planting for ' Red Fuji' and 'Jonagold', and 26.7 and 20 branches respectively for 'Orin' and 'Starkrimson'. Moreover the 2-year-old section of the central leader had the strongest capacity to sprout new branches (and sometimes the 1-year-old section too), and sprouted more new shoots than the other section. The total new shoots including spurs on the 4-year-old trees reached 631 per tree for 'Jonagold', about 480 for 'Red Fuji' and 'Orin', and 312 for 'Starkrimson'. Percentage of spurs was about 61% for 'Red Fuji', 73% for 'Jonagold' and 'Orin', and 81% for 'Starkrimson'. Growth vigor of the central leader and limbs of the young apple trees could quickly decline: the growth of the central leader decreased markedly in the fourth year after planting, and branches from the central leader grew vigorously only in the current growth season or in the first two years after branching.

FvWRKY50 is an important gene that regulates both vegetative growth and reproductive growth in strawberry

The WRKY transcription factors play important roles in plant growth and resistance,but only a few members have been identified in strawberry.Here we identified a WRKY transcription factor,FvWRKY50,in diploid strawberry which played essential roles in strawberry vegetative growth,and reproductive growth.Knocking out FvWRKY50 by genome editing accelerated flowering time and leaf senescence but delayed anthocyanin accumulation in fruit.Further analysis showed that FvWRKY50 acted as a transcriptional repressor to negatively regulate the expression of flowering-and leaf senescence-related genes,including FvFT2,FvCO,FvFT3,and FvSAUR36.Notably,FvWRKY50 directly upregulated the expression of FvCHI and FvDFR by binding their promoter under normal conditions,but at low temperature FvWRKY50 was phosphorylated by FvMAPK3 and then induced protein degradation by ubiquitination,delaying anthocyanin accumulation.In addition,the homozygous mutant of FvWRKY50 was smaller while the biallelic mutant showed normal size.These new findings provide important clues for us to further reveal the regulatory mechanisms of strawberry growth and fruit ripening.

Progress in Relationship between Anatomical Structures of Vegetative Organs and Drought Resistance in Forage Germplasm Resources

The anatomical structures of roots, stems and leaves are very important indicators to＇evaluate drought resistance. The paper reports the relationship between anatomical structures of vegetative organs and drought resistance in forages.

Changes in Soil Hot-Water Extractable C,N and P Fractions During Vegetative Restoration in Zhifanggou Watershed on the Loess Plateau

The study was conducted in Zhifanggou Watershed,Shaanxi Province,China,to evaluate the effect of different vegetation types on hot-water extractable C,N and P fractions,with the aim to determine whether hot-water extractable fractions could be used as indicators of soil quality change in Loess Plateau.The six vegetation types established in 1975 were（i） Robinia pseudoacacia L.,（ii） Caragana korshinkii Kom.,（iii） Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.,（iv） P.tabulaeformis-Amorpha fruticosa L.,（v） R.pseudoacacia-A.fruticosa,and（vi） grassland.A cropped hillslope plot and a Platycladus orientalis L.native forest plot were used as references.The results indicated that the conversion of native forest to cropland resulted in a significant decline in the hot-water extractable C,N and P fractions.Hot-water extractable C,N,and P increased when cultivated land was revegetated,but after 30 years the amount of hot-water extractable C,N,and P in revegetated fields was still much lower compared to native forest.Hot-water extractable fractions increased more under mixed-forest than under pure-forest stands.Furthermore,there was a significant correlation between the hot-water extractable fractions and soil chemical and microbiological properties.The results showed that hot-water extractable fractions could be used as indicators of soil quality change on the Loess Plateau.

Preliminary Experimental Study on Effectiveness of Vegetative Filter Strip to Pollutants in Surface Runoff

Vegetative filter strip (VFS) is a main kind of Best Management Practices for the control of non-point source pollution. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of VFS in Chinese northwest regions. Three VFSs with natural grass and Hippophae rhamnoides/grass patterns have been constructed in the bank slope of Xiaohuashan reservoir, Huaxian County, Shannxi Province. The removal effects of VFS and influencing factors have been analyzed based on field experiment data. The result reveals a positive effect on reducing the transportation of suspended solids, phosphorus and nitrogen in surface runoff, and it is more efficient on suspended solids removal. The experiment also shows that most of the suspended particles and pollutants bound to them were entrapped in the first 10 m of VFS. The main factors influencing effectiveness of VFS include vegetation patterns and inflow rate. In addition, inflow pollutant concentration has a larger impact on reducing total nitrogen and total phosphorus by VFS, but the reduction effect on SS has no significant difference.

Hydrogen inhalation promotes recovery of a patient in persistent vegetative state from intracerebral hemorrhage:A case report and literature review

BACKGROUND Persistent vegetative state(PVS)is a devastating and long-lasting clinical condition with high morbidity and mortality;currently,there are no available effective interventions.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of an 11-year-old boy with PVS caused by severe intracerebral bleeding in the left hemisphere following anticoagulation treatment.The patient’s PVS severity showed no notable improvement after 2-mo neuroprotective treatment and rehabilitation,including nerve growth factor and baclofen,hyperbaric oxygen,and comprehensive bedside rehabilitation therapies.Daily inhalation treatment(4-6 h)of high-concentration hydrogen(H2)gas(66.6%H2+33.3%O2)was provided.Surprisingly,the patient’s orientation,consciousness,ability to speak,facial expressions,and locomotor function were significantly restored,along with improvements in essential general health status,after H2 gas inhalation treatment,which was consistent with stabilized neuropathology in the left hemisphere and increased Hounsfield unit values of computed tomography in the right hemisphere.The patient finally recovered to a near normal conscious state with a Coma Recovery Scale-Revised Score of 22 from his previous score of 3.CONCLUSION Phase 1 clinical trials are needed to explore the safety and efficacy of H2 gas inhalation in patients with PVS.

Successful vegetative propagation by stem cuttings of Tetraena mongolica Maxim.

Techniques have been developed for the vegetative propagation of Tetraena mongolica,a rare and endangered species endemic to the western Ordos Plateau in the northcentral portion of China.The purpose of the study was to investigate the rooting characteris-tics of the plant species from the aspects of length and ages of cuttings,external hormone concentration,leaf retention,cutting orientations,and cutting positions.The results obtained from the experiments indicated that the rooting ratio of 2-year or 3-year old cuttings was larger than more than of 4-year old cuttings.The influence of external hormone concentration on rooting was ob-vious;the rooting ratio of cuttings was increased by external hormone treatment,especially when treated by ABT1(ABT No.1 Rooting Powder) 50 mg/L for 3 hours,in which case,the rooting ratio reached 91 percent.Leaf retention influenced rooting sig-nificantly;the rooting rate of cuttings became greater as the leaf retention increased.There was no significant difference in rooting capability between south and north orientations of the ortets.The rooting ratio of the cuttings obtained from the distal portions of shoots was significantly larger than those obtained from the middle and the basal portions of the shoots.On day three after treat-ment,calluses started appearing at the incisions of some cuttings dipped in 500 mg/L IAA(indole acetic acid).Most cuttings were healed or swelled,and 6 percent of cuttings rooted on day 6 after treatment.Higher rooting period occurred 7-10 days after the experiment was set up.

Application of biostimulants for vegetative propagation of endangered Abies gracilis

Abies gracilis Kom.(Pinaceae)is one of the rarest and endangered conifers in the Russian flora,which must be cultivated ex situ to ensure its survival.Cuttings of A.gracilis do not take root without biostimulants.We used a selection of biostimulants,concentrations,and conditions of their use to significantly increase Abies gracilis rooting,and to accelerate the production of planting material,and to reduce rooting time to one season.We tested 4 rooting systems:IBA,IBA with glucose and glycine,and original biostimulants(S-try and S-5).The original S-5 biostimulating system had the most balanced ratio of components.The number of rooted samples increased 2.7 times and the length of roots increased 1.8 time when using S-5 as compared to IBA.S-try and S-5-original biostimulant systems were synthesized and collected in 2011 and 2014,respectively,and were tested in St.Petersburg Forest Technical University.

Transformation of vegetative cover on the Ustyurt Plateau of Central Asia as a consequence of the Aral Sea shrinkage

The gradual shrinkage of the Aral Sea has led to not only the degradation of the unique environments of the Aral Sea,but also numerous and fast developing succession processes in the neighborhood habitats surrounding the sea.In this study,we investigated the vegetative succession processes related to the Aral Sea shrinkage in the Eastern Cliff of the Ustyurt Plateau in Republic of Uzbekistan,Central Asia.We compared the results of our current investigation(2010–2017)on vegetative communities with the geobotany data collected during the 1970s(1970–1980).The results showed great changes in the mesophytic plant communities and habitat aridization as a result of the drop in the underground water level,which decreased atmospheric humidity and increased the salt content of the soil caused by the shrinkage of the Aral Sea.In the vegetative communities,we observed a decrease in the Margalef index(DMg),which had a positive correlation with the poly-dominance index(I-D).The main indications of the plant communities'transformation were the loss of the weak species,the appearance of new communities with low species diversity,the stabilization of the projective cover of former resistant communities,as well as the appearance of a new competitive species,which occupy new habitats.

TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER CHARACTERISTICS IN PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATUS,LOCKED-IN SYNDROME AND BRAIN DEATH

Aim. Comparison of the trascranial Doppler (TCD) characteristics of cerebral circulation in persistent vegetative status (PVS), locked in syndrome and brain death patients. Methods. Using TCD ultrasound to detect the flow velocity and waveform patterns of middle cerebral artery (MCA) and basilar artery (BA) in patients with PVS, locked in syndrome and brain death. Results. The mean velocities of middle cerebral artery (Vmca) and basilar artery (Vba) were 30.0cm/s and 24.3cm/s in PVS patients respectively, which decreased 45.0% and 14.4% in comparing with normal value. For patients with locked in syndrome, Vmca and Vba were 49.7cm/s and 9.8cm/s, which decreased 5.0% and 61.7% than the normal value respectively. These results showed that the decrease of anterior circulation was predominant in PVS, and the decrease of posterior circulation was predominant in locked in syndrome. A unique diastolic reverse flow, short peak systolic wave or undetectable flow signal in middle cerebral artery were predominant in brain death patients, which was completely different from that of either PVS or locked in syndrome. Conclusion. TCD was a valuable tool in distinguishing PVS, locked in syndrome and brain death patients according to the differences in velocities and patterns of anterior and posterior cerebral arteries.