Out-Door Air Pollution Levels in Vehicular-Traffic Junctions in Nsukka Metropolis, Enugu Metropolis and Awgu Semi-Urban Area in Enugu State, Nigeria

Studies were carried out to investigate the outdoor air pollution levels in vehicular traffic junctions in the major cities of Nsukka, Enugu and semi-urban area of Awgu all in Enugu State, Nigeria using standard analytical procedures. PM2.5 was collected using Envirotech air sampler, APM 550 and analyzed gravimetrically. Other determined air pollutant gases such as SO2, NO2, O3 and CO were analyzed using colorimetric techniques. The mean hourly traffic density in the vehicular traffic junctions in Nsukka metropolis, Enugu metropolis and Awgu were 2015, 2873 and 587 respectively. The mean range of values of PM2.5, NO2, SO2, O3 and CO in vehicular traffic junctions within the investigated environments were 1.67 - 12.16 μg/m3, 3.72 - 23.83 μg/m3, 2.96 - 30.09 μg/m3, 5.45 - 66.54 μg/m3 and 1.18 - 15.17 ppm respectively. The mean levels of the determined air pollutants in the air around vehicular traffic junctions in Nsukka metropolis, Enugu metropolis and Awgu semi-urban area differed significantly. The mean levels of PM2.5, and CO in the air around vehicular traffic junctions in Enugu metropolis and CO in the air around traffic junctions in Nsukka metropolis were above the recommended permissible limits. Traffic density was therefore seen as the single most important factor contributing to the varying air pollution levels observed in the investigated environments.

Real traffic-data based evaluation of vehicular traffic environment and state- of-the-art with future issues in location-centric data dissemination for VANETs

Extensive investigation has been performed in location-centric or geocast routing protocols for reliable and efficient dissemination of information in Vehicular Adhoc Networks （VANETs）. Various location-centric routing protocols have been suggested in literature for road safety ITS applications considering urban and highway traffic environment. This paper characterizes vehicular environments based on real traffic data and investigates the evolution of location-centric data dissemination. The current study is carded out with three main objectives： （i） to analyze the impact of dynamic traffic environment on the design of data dissemination techniques, （ii） to characterize location-centric data dissemination in terms of functional and qualitative behavior of protocols, properties, and strengths and weaknesses, and （iii） to find some future research directions in information dissemination based on location. Vehicular traffic environments have been classified into three categories based on physical characteristics such as speed, inter-vehicular distance, neighborhood stability, traffic volume, etc. Real traffic data is considered to analyze on-road traffic environments based on the measurement of physical parameters and weather conditions. Design issues are identified in incorporating physical parameters and weather conditions into data dissemination. Functional and qualitative characteristics of location-centric techniques are explored considering urban and highway environments. Comparative analysis of location-centric techniques is carded out for both urban and highway environments individually based on some unique and common characteristics of the environments. Finally, some future research directions are identified in the area based on the detailed investigation of traffic environments and location-centric data dissemination techniques.

An analysis of vehicular exhaust derived nanoparticles and historical Belgium fortress building interfaces

Air pollution monitoring is one of the most important features in contamination risk management.This is because many of the compounds contained within air pollution present a serious risk both for the preservation of open air cultural heritage and for human health.New particle formation is a major contributor to urban pollution,but how it occurs in cities is often puzzling.As more and more people enjoy an increased quality of life through outdoor activity,managing outdoor air quality is vital.This study presents the application of a low-cost system for monitoring the current level of road traffic passengers’exposure to particulate air contamination.The global rise in tourism also leads to apprehension about its probable destructive influence on various aspects of global preservation.One of the major risks encountered by tourists,stemming from modes of transport,are nanoparticles(NPs)(<100 nm)and ultra-fine particles(UFPs)(100-1000 nm)consisting of potentially hazardous elements(PHEs).This study examines Steen Castle,a medieval fortress located in Antwerp,Belgium.Significant NPs with PHEs,were found in the air sampled in this area.The self-made passive sampler(LSPS)described in this study,consisting of retainers specially designed for advanced microscopic analysis,is used for the first time as a simple way to characterize the surrounding atmospheric contamination caused by NPs and UFPs,without the need of other commonly employed more expensive particulate focused active samplers such as cascade impactors.This study aims to assess the result of the utilization of a low-cost,LSPS,to determine outdoor NPs and UFPs in a Belgian urban(Steen Castle)and rural area(Fort van Schoten).This work is the first to detail the usefulness of LSPS for the evaluation of Belgium’s outdoor air for NPs and UFPs,which contain PHEs.

Dynamic Vehicular Clustering Enhancing Video on Demand Services Over Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks

Nowadays,video streaming applications are becoming one of the tendencies driving vehicular network users.In this work,considering the unpredictable vehicle density,the unexpected acceleration or deceleration of the different vehicles included in the vehicular traffic load,and the limited radio range of the employed communication scheme,we introduce the“Dynamic Vehicular Clustering”(DVC)algorithm as a new scheme for video streaming systems over vehicular ad-hoc networks(VANET).The proposed algorithm takes advantage of the small cells concept and the introduction of wireless backhauls,inspired by the different features and the performance of the Long Term Evolution(LTE)-Advanced network.Vehicles are clustered together to form dynamically ad-hoc sub-networks included in the vehicular network.The goal of our clustering algorithm is to take into account several characteristics,such as the vehicle’s position and acceleration to reduce latency and packet loss.Therefore,each cluster is counted as a small cell containing vehicular nodes and an access point that is elected regarding some particular specifications.Based on the exceptional features of the LTE-Advanced network(small cells and wireless backhauls)the DVC algorithm is a promising scheme for video streaming services over VANET systems.Experiments were carried out with a virtual topology of the VANET network created with four clusters to implement the DVC algorithm.The results were compared with other algorithms such as Virtual Trust-ability Data transmission(VTD),Named Data Networking(NDN),and Socially Aware Security Message Forwarding(SASMF).Our algorithm can effectively improve the transmission rate of data packets at the expense of a slight increase in end-to-end delay and control overhead.