Ceramic Laminate Veneers: Materials Advances and Selection

Porcelain laminate veneers have been a common treatment strategy in dental clinics. It is a conservative method for treatment of esthetic and functional problems in anterior region of oral cavity. Wide range of dental ceramics is now available on market for fabrication of laminate veneers. Clinician should have enough knowledge regarding the composition and properties of these materials in order to be able to choose the appropriate one according to clinical situations.

Clinical Experience with a System of Direct Componeer（Coltene/Whaledent, Switzerland） Composite Veneers.Work Difficulties and Ways of Overcoming Them

A system of finished Componeer composite veneers is a unique and having no analogy in the world elaboration of the Swisscompany Coltene/Whaledent, an outcome of almost halfa century experience of the company working in a field of composite materials.It combines the best features of direct and indirect restoration methods. The system is fulfilled of nanocomposite Synergy D6 that hashigh mechanical strength, convenience for workable consistency, color stability and a system of halftone shades, which facilitates colormatching. All this allows achieving excellent aesthetic results in minimal time. Application of an original standard scale givespossibility effectively assess optical properties of dental hard tissues and develop an implementation strategy of restoration before workstarted. Formation of Componeer form, polymerization and polishing at factory allow a practitioner fully utilize effect of＂fluorescence＂ inherent to the material. All this allows us to position the Componeer system as a serious alternative to non-directmethods of restoration with the possibility of both high aesthetic and cosmetic reconstruction reliability.

Discoloration and color’s reversion of Scot pine veneers by resin-eliminated treatment

The discoloration of Scot pine （Pinus sylvestris var. Mongolica） veneers caused by resin-eliminated treatment and the reversion of the color were studied. The result showed that the color of the veneers changed from buff to yellowish brown after the treatment of resin elimination and the discoloration of heartwood was more severe than that of sapwood; the degree of discoloration was significantly positively correlated with the medicament strength, temperature and resin-eliminated duration. The variance analysis showed the effects of those three factors on the discoloration were significant. With hydrogen peroxide （H2O2） as color reversion medicament and inorganic compound as medium of the reaction, the reversion of the color of heartwood was more inaccessible than that of sapwood; the degree of the color’s reversion was positively correlated with the H2O2 strength, temperature and treating time; the H2O2 concentration has significant effects on the discoloration. In order to reduce discoloration of Scot pine veneers, medicament of resin-eliminated used have to be at some low concentration, and the optimal concentration of H2O2 is 0.35% during the process of color’s reversion.

Effects of Hydrothermal Environment on the Deformation of the Thin Bamboo Bundle Veneer Laminated Composites

To overcome warping in thin bamboo bundle veneer laminated composites(TBLC),their hydrothermal deformation characteristics were systematically investigated in this study.It was found that TBLCs accelerated the release of internal stress in the thickness direction in a hydrothermal environment,which increased their warpage.TBLCs showed increased warpage in the width and diagonal directions upon increasing the temperature.The warpage of Type E increased by 155.88%and 66.67%in the width and diagonal directions,respectively,when the temperature increased from 25
C to 100
C.The symmetrical TBLC with cross-lay-up and odd layers displayed better hydrothermal stability.We revealed that the deformation of the TBLCs could be regulated under the synergistic effect of water and temperature.These results provide a scientific basis for improving the uniformity of bamboo bundle composite materials and for developing thin bamboo bundle fiber composite materials with designable structures and controllable performance.

Investigation of Color Change of Different Restoration Thickness, Background Color and Resin Cement Shade on CAD/CAM Glass Ceramic Materials

The aim of this study is to investigate the color change of different restoration thicknesses, backgrounds and resin cement colors on lithium disilicate and zirconium reinforced lithium silicate materials in vitro. In this study, IPS emax CAD (LT C14) and Celtra Duo (LT C14) are used as full ceramic materials, and Variolink Esthetic LC (warm, neutral) used as resin cement and Tokuyama Estelite Sigma Quick (A3, A2) is used as composite materials. A total of 160 samples in the form of 40 pieces of 5 × 5 0.4 mm thick 40 pieces of 5 × 5 0.6 mm thick square discs from each of the all-ceramic materials in block form were obtained using a water jet device (DWJ1525-FA;Dardi International Corporation, Nanjing, China). Glass ceramic samples produced in 2 different thicknesses were cemented on 2 different backgrounds with 2 different resin types of cement. Color measurements of the samples before and after cementation were performed on a grey background with spectrophotometer Vita EasyShade V (Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Sackingen, Germany) and color parameters (L*, a*, b*, ΔE) were calculated according to the CIE Lab (Commission Internationale de L’Eclairage) system. Average values for each group (ΔE) were not affected by ceramic type, material thickness, background color, resin cement color, and the interaction of these four variables (p > 0.05). When the triple interactions between the groups were examined, there were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05). In the evaluation of pairwise interactions between two groups (material type-material thickness, material type-background color, and thickness of material-background interactions) statistically significant differences (p Implications: The material type, thickness, background and cement color used did not cause any statistically significant color change in lithium disilicate and zirconium-reinforced lithium silicate glass ceramic materials (p > 0.05).

如何修复口腔种植美学区域中种植体与天然牙间的“黑三角”

目的:如何关闭口腔种植前牙美学区域种植体与天然牙间的"黑三角"一直困扰着从事口腔种植工作的外科医生,修复医生和技师,结合我院种植科的7例病例,探讨应用全瓷贴面技术关闭口腔种植美学区"黑三角"的临床效果、技术特点、存在的问题。材料与方法:我科室自2006年12月至2008年5月期间为7例上颌前牙区缺损的患者植入8颗种植体,对与种植体相邻的12颗天然牙冠的颈部,应用IVOCLAR Empress-2铸瓷技术,制作全瓷小贴面,贴面边缘与天然牙冠紧密贴合并移行,根据天然牙冠颈部颜色对贴面进行染色。临床采用树脂粘接技术进行粘接。结果:种植体颈部与天然牙冠颈部间的三角间隙进行关闭自然。临床检查修复体边缘密合,修复体的色泽自然,与天然牙协调。种植体周软组织无牙龈阴影,无炎症,随访中贴面无崩脱。结论:应用全瓷贴面技术关闭口腔种植美学区中种植体与天然牙间的"黑三角"近期效果明显,远期效果有待进一步观察。

A Study on contact drying with flexible screen

Three types of material as platen in contact drying process were tested in Composition Board Laboratory of Northeast Forestry University in 1998. Poplar veneers were dried under’0.3 MPa at 160℃ or 180℃. Through comparison a non-metal flexible material was chosen as screen for designing contact dryer and replacing curved metal plate. The new type contact dryer solved the problem of long auxiliary time by loading wet veneers into press and unloading dried veneers out of press at the same time. This increased productivity. Veneer’s moisture content(MC) varied with drying time in index law. The process of contact drying with non-metal flexible screen was analyzed by stages of preheating, high-speed drying, retarded drying and extremely slow drying.

Current Trends in Aesthetic Dentistry

The level of aesthetic requirement in clinical practice has increased over the past decade, and this has made it necessary for dentist to explore this field in order to satisfy the existing demand in this field. Technology can provide a solution to many of the routine hassles in dental practice. While optimal systems are far from fully realized, technology undeniably has made enormous progress. This review aims to provide an update on some of the recent advances in the field of aesthetic dentistry. MEDLINE (1990 to Jan 2014), PubMed (using medical subject headings), and Google Scholar searched using the following terms “Dental Composites”, “Ceramic Crowns”, “Aesthetic Posts”, “Ceramic Veneers”, and “Computer-Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM)”. This was supplemented by hand-searching in peer-reviewed journals and cross-referenced with the articles accessed. Dentist and dental technician alike must be aware of the current technologies in their fields and be able to use it to their and their patient’s advantage. The learning objective of this article is to review the advantages and disadvantages of recent esthetic materials and technology to aid in the proper utilization of the available treatment options with discretion.

A Conservative Approach to Treatment of Dental Erosion: Case Report

Tooth surface loss is a common condition with nearly three-quarter of the population in Trinidad & Tobago exhibiting signs and about one-fifth of those persons have moderate or severe wear. These patients become difficult to treat due mainly to loss of clinical crown height and also loss of occlusal vertical dimension. This case depicts the use of a conservative approach to treating a patient with moderate tooth surface loss, as assessed via the tooth wear index, with aetiology of acid erosion. The poor appearance of the dentition was the patient’s chief presenting complaint. With the use of 3M Filtek? Z 250 Universal Restorative Composite (St Paul, MN, USA), temporary posterior build-ups were placed to increase the patient’s Occlusal Vertical Dimension (OVD) and were subsequently replaced with metal onlays. Anterior composite veneers were placed to achieve an aesthetically pleasing result at the increased OVD. The combined use of composite and metal onlays allowed for an economical and more conservative treatment modality for dental erosion rather than full coverage posterior and anterior crowns.

ARM处理器中ARM和Thumb状态的切换

主要介绍了在ARM处理器中,ARM/Thumb状态切换的原因和方法。在基于ARM处理器的嵌入式开发中,为了增强系统的灵活性以及提高系统的整体性能经常需要使用16位的Thumb指令,所以需要在ARM和Thumb状态之间来切换(Interworking)微处理器状态,这部分内容也是实际项目设计中需要重点考虑的内容。

Preparation of electromagnetic shielding wood-metal composite by electroless nickel plating

Electrical and electromagnetic shielding wood metal composite was prepared by using electroless nickel plating. The effects of solution amount, plating time and plating temperature on surface resistivity and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness were investigated. And P content, microstructure and surface feature of layers obtained at different temperatures were analyzed by energy dispersion spectrometer （EDS）, X-ray diffraction （XRI）） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The results showed that layers with higher electro-conductivity and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness were obtained under the optimum conditions that plating solution was 500 mL, plating time was 30 min and plating temperature was 62℃. The results showed by EDS analysis; that P content increased gradually in a small extent with plating temperature increased. It was showed by XRD and SEM analysis that layers plated at different temperatures were all microcrystalline structure and uniform and successive, which had noticeable metal luster. Those indicated that plating temperature had little influence on microstructure and surface feature under pH value invariable.

Productive test of a newly drying technology of veneer： intermittent-contact drying of veneer with flexible screen belt

A newly drying technology, intermittent-contact drying of veneer with flexible screen belt (ICD-fbs), was invented and used in poplar veneer drying. Productive test was carried out for validating the practical use of this drying method. The test result shows that to dispose flexible screen belts on the two sides of hot board could help steam discharge remarkably. The veneer dried using ICD-fsb method had smooth and level surface, less deformation and warping, even moisture content, and high utilization rate. The time for opening hot board to discharge steam,which, early or late, is a key to obtain good drying result, was determined at the time when the core's temperature of veneer reaches 100℃ (vaporization). Using ICD-fsb method, the shrinking rates in tangent of veneer were from 1.90% to 2.26% for veneer of 0.4 mm in thickness,2.49% to 4.50% for veneer of 1 mm in thickness and 1.34% to 3.30% for veneer of 1.7 mm in thickness, which are much lower than the results obtained by other drying methods. The method of ICD-fsb offers a reliable technological guarantee for solving the deformation problem of veneer drying, especially the deformation of wood from quick-growing plantation.

Surface characteristics of electroless nickel plated electromagnetic shielding wood veneer

Wood is a kind of porous natural material with very poor electro-conductivity, and it has almost no function of electromagnetic shielding. The method of electroless nickel plating was used to produce wooden material with electrical and effective electromagnetic shielding properties. Ni-P alloy layer was obtained on wood surface. The surface feature of plated wood veneer was observed by SEM and the surface composition and microstructure of the layer under different conditions were investigated by EDS and XRD respectively. Meanwhile, the relevant surface resistivity and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness were measured. Correlations of the phosphorous content in the layer to the structure of Ni-P alloy, electro-conductivity and electromagnetic shielding of plated veneers were discussed. SEM photos showed that the surface of electroless nickel plated veneers were covered with Ni-P alloy layer entirely, which made wood veneers more like metal. At the same time, the results showed that with the decreasing of the phosphorous content in the layer, the microstructure of Ni-P alloy layer transformed to be microcrystalline and electro-conductivity and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness were improved. When the phosphorous content was less than 2.37wt pct in the layer, the microstructure of Ni-P alloy layer was microcrystalline structure and its sur- face resistivity and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness were nearly 0.5Ω/□ and 55-60dB respectively.

Yield and mechanical properties of veneer from Brachystegia nigerica

In an effort to find suitable wood from natural forest to meet the demand for veneer products, the yield and tensile strength of veneers produced from Brachystegia nigerica were investigated. Two trees of B. nigerica were separately selected from 10 different natural forest zones while two logs were obtained from each tree. The logs were debarked and steamed in a vat prior to rotary peeling and slicing for veneer production. The optimum steam temperature was determined by considering different temperatures： 50℃, 60℃, 70℃, 80℃ and 90℃ for 24 h. Thereafter, optimum steam time was determined at the optimum temperature by considering durations of 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. The average taper of 0.75 mm per 1.0 m length was recorded for B. nigerica, indicating that the logs were reasonably cylindrical; thereby its logs are good for the production of veneer. The yield ranged from 44% to 61% with an average of 52% of the log input. The tensile strength of the veneer was tested perpendicular to grain and both peeled and sliced veneers had the highest tensile strength between 70℃ and 90℃, suggesting that softening of wood polymers, especially lignin, is between 70℃ and 90℃. The optimum temperature and time for veneer production are 70℃ and 48 h, respectively. Commercial production of veneer from B. nigerica is feasible based on the yield and mechanical properties of the obtained veneer, thereby encouraging the expansion of the scope of its utilization.

Equilibrium thallium isotope fractionation and its constraint on Earth’s late veneer

Equilibrium isotope fractionation of thallium(Tl) includes the traditional mass-dependent isotope fractionation effect and the nuclear volume effect(NVE). The NVE dominates the overall isotope fractionation, especially at high temperatures. Heavy Tl isotopes tend to be enriched in oxidized Tl^3+-bearing species. Our NVE fractionation results of oxidizing Tl^+ to Tl^3+ can explain the positive enrichments observed in ferromanganese sediments. Experimental results indicate that there could be0.2–0.3 e-unit fractionation between sulfides and silicates at 1650 ℃. It is consistent with our calculation results,which are in the range of 0.17–0.38 e-unit. Importantly,Tl’s concentration in the bulk silicate Earth(BSE) can be used to constrain the amount of materials delivered to Earth during the late veneer accretion stage. Because the Tl concentration in BSE is very low and its Tl isotope composition is similar with that of chondrites, suggesting either no Tl isotope fractionation occurred during numerous evaporation events, or the Tl in current BSE was totally delivered by late veneer. If it is the latter, the Tl-contentbased estimation could challenge the magnitude of late veneer which had been constrained by the amount of highly siderophile elements in BSE. Our results show that the lateaccreted mass is at least five-times larger than the previously suggested magnitude, i.e., 0.5 wt% of current Earth’s mass. The slightly lighter 205 Tl composition of BSE relative to chondrites is probable a sign of occurrence of Tlbearing sulfides, which probably were removed from the mantle in the last accretion stage of the Earth.

Late veneer and the origins of volatiles of Earth

Late veneer is an important paradigm in early Earth and planetary studies.It refers to the late addition of extraterrestrial materials to the Earth’s mantle after the core formation,which leads to the overabundances of highly siderophile elements in the primitive upper mantle.In this review,the origin,evolution,and expansion of the late veneer hypothesis are summarized,including some unresolved problems.I hope this review would be helpful for the new entrants to this field.

Tungsten Isotopic Constraints on the Nature of Earth's Accreting Materials

Tungsten isotope is a powerful tracer for the Earth’s accreting materials because of the distinct W isotope compositions of the non-carbonaceous meteorites and carbonaceous meteorites.To better understand the evolution of the early Earth,here we calculated the expectedμ^(183)W of the bulk silicate Earth for different assumed compositions of the proto-Earth’s mantle,the Moon-forming giant impactor,and the late veneer using a Monte Carlo approach.The result shows that the proto-Earth likely has a non-carbonaceous composition,while the carbonaceous chondrite-like materials were delivered to the Earth at the late stages of accretion.The predicted difference inμ^(183)W values between the bulk silicate Earth and the non-carbonaceous meteorites of the scenarios assuming a pure carbonaceous composition for the giant impactor is slightly bigger than that of the scenarios assuming either a pure non-carbonaceous or a mixed carbonaceous-non-carbonaceous composition for the giant impactor(~5 ppm versus~2 ppm).The ancient mantle reservoir that partially lacks the late veneer with carbonaceous composition should have a negativeμ^(183)W value(from-3 to 0).Uncertainties introduced by the cosmogenic effects and mass-independent fractionation should be concerned during the high precision measurement ofμ183W for meteorites and ancient terrestrial samples in further work.

Surface roughness of zirconia for full-contour crowns after clinically simulated grinding and polishing

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of controlled intraoral grinding and polishing on the roughness of full-contour zirconia compared to classical veneered zirconia. Thirty bar-shaped zirconia specimens were fabricated and divided into two groups（n515）. Fifteen specimens（group 1） were glazed and 15 specimens（group 2） were veneered with feldspathic ceramic and then glazed. Prior to grinding,maximum roughness depth（Rmax） values were measured using a profilometer, 5 times per specimen. Simulated clinical grinding and polishing were performed on the specimens under water coolant for 15 s and 2 N pressure. For grinding, NTI diamonds burs with grain sizes of 20 mm, 10 mm, and 7.5 mm were used sequentially. The ground surfaces were polished using NTI kits with coarse, medium and fine polishers. After each step, Rmaxvalues were determined. Differences between groups were examined using one-way analysis of variance（ANOVA）. The roughness of group 1 was significantly lower than that of group 2. The roughness increased significantly after coarse grinding in both groups. The results after glazing were similar to those obtained after fine grinding for non-veneered zirconia. However, fine-ground veneered zirconia had significantly higher roughness than venerred, glazed zirconia. No significant difference was found between fine-polished and glazed zirconia, but after the fine polishing of veneered zirconia, the roughness was significantly higher than after glazing.It can be concluded that for full-contour zirconia, fewer defects and lower roughness values resulted after grinding and polishing compared to veneered zirconia. After polishing zirconia, lower roughness values were achieved compared to glazing; more interesting was that the grinding of glazed zirconia using the NTI three-step system could deliver smooth surfaces comparable to untreated glazed zirconia surfaces.

Effect of the Thickess on Color of Porcelain Laminate Veneer

Objective : To evaluate the color change of the two-layer porcelain laminate veneer after adding veneering porcelain of different thickness to the 0. 2 mm thick aluminum oxide. Methods : Ten aluminum oxide disks were randomized into 2 groups. Each of five disks was veneered with Vita Lumin Shade 54 porcelain of thickness 0/0.4 mm and 0. 6 mm respectively. The L'a'b* color notations of the substrate covered with nan-veneered disks and 2 thickness porcelain veneered disks were measured separately and the color differences (AE) were calculated. Results ?Statistically significant differences in color coordinates of dark substrates were recorded after the substrate was covered by an aluminum oxide disk and also after the addition of veneering porcelain to the aluminum oxide disks in group 1 (P=0. 000 2) and group 2(P=0. 007 5) and between 2 groups (P=0. 000 1). Conclusion -The ability of masking underlying discoloration was increased and shifted to gray when the thickness of veneering porcelain increased.

Shear bond strengths between alumina-toughened zirconia cores and veneering ceramics and their susceptibility to aging

Objective:To evaluate the shear bond strength(SBS) between alumina-toughened zirconia (ATZ) cores and veneering ceramics,investigate the effect of aging in artificial saliva on SBS and compare it with that of yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals(Y-TZP).Methods:Bars of ATZ and Y-TZP were layered with veneering ceramics in accordance to the recommendation of the manufacturer.Half of each group(n = 10) was aged at 134℃.(under 2 bar pressure) in an autoclave for 48 h.Subsequently,all specimens were subjected to shear force in a universal testing machine.The interface and fractured surface of the specimens were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy.Results:The initial mean SBS values in MPa±SD were 28.9±8.0 for ATZ and 26.2±7.6 for Y-TZP.After aging,the mean SBS values for ATZ and Y-TZP were 22.9±4.9 MPa and 22.8±6.9 MPa,respectively.Neither the differences between the SBS values of the ATZ and Y-TZP groups nor the influence of aging on all groups were statistically significant.Conclusions:The SBS between the ATZ core and the veneering ceramics was not affected by aging.The SBS of ATZ to veneering ceramics was not significantly different compared with that of Y-TZP.