Effects of Temperature,Humidity and Different Rice Growth Stages on Vertical Migration of Aphelenchoides besseyi

The vertical migration of Aphelenchoides besseyi under different temperatures and humidities and at different rice growth stages was investigated. It was found that the optimum temperature for the development and reproduction of A. besseyiwas 25-30℃. At the same temperature, the rate of vertical migration increased with rising relative humidity. Artificial inoculation tests showed that at the elongation stage, nematodes survived mainly on the upper and middle parts of rice culms and the number of nematodes decreased by 50% at 20 days after inoculation compared with that at 5 days after inoculation. Whereas at the booting stage, nematodes accumulated in young panicles and reproduced quickly,, and the average number of nematodes at 20 days after inoculation increased to 164.5, three times of that at 5 days after inoculation.

Analysis on Features of Temperature and Salinity in the Northern Taiwan Straits During February-March, 1998

The distributional features of temperature and salinity in the northern Taiwan Straits have been analyzed based on the CTD data during February-March, 1998. The characteristics of temperature and salinity are summarized as follows: (1) there exists a coastal water along the western coast of the Taiwan Straits, with low temperature and low salinity at the upper layer; (2) a high temperature and high salinity water tongue extends northeastward along the eastern coast of the Taiwan Strait.

Distributional features of temperature and salinity in the southern Taiwan Strait and its adjacent sea areas in late summer, 1994

Based on the CTD data obtained in the southern Taiwan Strait and its adjacent areas in August and September of 1994, the distributional features of the temperature and salinity in the studied area have been analyzed in detail. The results are as follows: (1) There are two low temperature and high salinity regions in the nearshore area between Dongshan and Shantou and in the southeastern Taiwan Shoal, respectively, which may be caused by upwellings. (2) There exists a cold eddy in the northwestern sea area and a warm eddy with two high temperature cores in the eastern sea area of the Dongsha Islands, which are related to the anti-cyclonic turning of the seawater near the Dongsha Islands. (3) A westward high temperature and high salinity water tongue extends through the northern Luzon Strait and reaches the sea areas near the Dengsha Islands and southern Taiwan Strait.

Study on Differences of Temperature and Humidity and Vertical Distribution of Human Comfort between City and Countryside of Heilongjiang Province in Summer

[ Objective] The research aimed to study differences of temperature and humidity and vertical distribution of human comfort between city and countryside of Heilongjiang in summer. [Method] By using temperature, humidity and wind velocity data at 10 and 70 m of two iron towers in urban and rural districts of Heilongjiang from June 1 to August 31,2010, the characteristics at temperature and humidity fields and change rule of human comfort index in urban and rural areas in summer were analyzed. [Result] Compared with rural areas, heat island effect of urban districts was obvious, and it was the strongest during 21：00 -23：00 and the weakest during 05：00 -06：00. Daily change rules of wind velocity at 10 m of two anemometer towers were basically consistent. Wind velocity was big at daytime and small at night. Daily change of wind velocity at 70 m of urban districts was consistent with that at 10 m, while wind velocity change at 70 m of rural areas was different from that at 10 m, which had obvious high-altitude wind characteristics. Daily change rules of humidity in two towers were basically consistent, and occurrence time of extremum at 70 m delayed for 1 h. At vertical height, humidity at 10 m was higher than that at 70 m at daytime, and was lower than that at 70 m at night. [ Conclusion] The city had obvious wet island effect during 00：00 -06：00 and dry island effect at nightfall. Comfort index of urban districts was higher than that in rural areas, and difference was the maximum during 19：00 -21：00. Comfort index at 10 m was higher than that at 70 m at daytime in the city and countryside, and was lower than that at 70 m at night. Occurrence frequencies of Grade Zero of comfort at 10 and 70 m of urban districts were both over 60%, while occurrence frequency of ≥ Grade Three of comfort was very small. At vertical height, human comfort had small difference at night. At daytime, as height rise, human comfort index significantly declined, and human feeling was more comfortable than that at low layer.

Analysis of Low-level Temperature Inversions and Their Effects on Aerosols in the Lower Atmosphere

High-quality and continuous radiosonde, aerosol and surface meteorology datasets are used to investigate the statistical characteristics of meteorological parameters and their effects on aerosols. The data were collected at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains climate research facility during 2000–15. The parameters and vertical distribution of temperature inversion layers were found to have strong diurnal and seasonal changes. For surface-based temperature inversion (SBI), the mean frequency and depth of temperature inversion layers were 39.4% and 198 m, respectively. The temperature difference between the top and bottom of SBI was 4.8℃, and so the temperature gradient was 2.4℃(100 m)^-1. The detailed vertical distributions of temperature inversion had been determined, and only the temperature inversion layers below 1000 m showed diurnal and seasonal variations. Mean surface aerosol number concentrations increased by 43.0%, 21.9% and 49.2% when SBIs were present at 0530, 1730 and 2330 LST, respectively. The effect of SBI on surface aerosol concentration was weakest in summer (18.1%) and strongest in winter (58.4%). During elevated temperature inversion events, there was no noticeable difference in surface aerosol number concentrations. Temperature differences and temperature gradients across SBIs correlated fairly well with aerosol number concentrations, especially for temperature gradients. The vertical distribution of aerosol optical properties with and without temperature inversions was different. Surface aerosol measurements were representative of the air within (below), but not above, SBIs and EIs. These results provide a basis for developing a boundary layer aerosol accumulation model and for improving radiative transfer models in the lower atmosphere.

Thermal sensation and percentage of dissatisfied in thermal environments with positive and negative vertical air temperature differences

Considering the percentage of dissatisfied due to local thermal sensation(PD LTSV),a vertical air temperature difference(ΔT_(d))threshold of about 3°C was recommended in standards.However,some novel air distribution methods might create large positive(which means the head warmer than the feet,vice versa)or negativeΔT_(d),with no suitable proved criteria to be used.In this study,sixteen subjects were seated in a climatic box placed in a climate chamber to evaluate thermal sensation and percentage of dissatisfied with negative and positiveΔT_(d) in different whole-body thermal conditions.Air temperatures were controlled independently at the upper and lower body parts,with 13 different air temperature sets combined with 22°C,25°C,28°C,and 31°C(i.e.-9°C≤ΔT_(d)≤9°C).Results showed that subjects were more thermally sensitive at the upper body and with positiveΔT_(d) than at the lower body or with negativeΔT_(d).The 80%acceptableΔT_(d) range is about-8 to 7°C in overall neutral(TSV=0),-7°C to 6°C in slightly cool(TSV=-0.5)conditions,which is wider than-3 to 3°C in slightly warm conditions(TSV=+0.5).By considering the factors of both TSV andΔT_(d),a new overall percentage of dissatisfied index(OPD P)was proposed.Case studies show that the new OPD P index is more precise and suitable for the evaluations of different air distributions to predict overall percentage of dissatisfied in thermal environments with vertical air temperature difference.

基于实测数据的高海拔大日温差地区拱上组合梁桥-无砟轨道体系温度场研究

温度作用是影响桥梁-轨道结构服役性能的重要因素之一。为探究高海拔大日温差地区拱上组合梁桥-无砟轨道体系的温度场变化规律,基于某拟建铁路上承式大跨拱桥桥址处的环境温度持续监测数据与卫星反演得到的太阳辐射数据,建立了考虑太阳辐射阴影遮挡效应的拱上组合梁桥-无砟轨道体系温度场模型,重点分析日温度变化规律和竖向温差分布规律,获得了考虑实测气温和太阳辐射逐时变化的全年日温度场;采用广义帕累托分布对竖向温差样本进行了极值分布估计,确定不同超越概率的竖向温差代表值,提出多折线形式的竖向温度梯度模式。研究结果表明,梯度相较于平原地区更为显著,无砟轨道的遮挡效应使得温度梯度分布上移,钢梁外侧腹板在冬季产生局部梯度作用;基于实测数据的温差极值估计方法考虑了环境温度和太阳辐射对结构温度场的随机影响,可为特殊地区桥梁设计阶段温度作用的计算提供参考。

不同酸化生物炭用量对滴灌棉田盐碱土水盐运移的影响

【目的】研究不同酸化生物炭用量对滴灌棉田盐碱土水盐运移的影响,确定改良棉田盐碱土的最佳木醋液酸化生物炭用量。【方法】基于一维土柱模拟试验,分别设置1%、2%、3%、4%和5%五个不同质量木醋液酸化生物炭处理(木醋液与生物炭质量比为2∶1),以空白处理作为对照CK_(1),以添加2%未酸化生物炭处理作为对照CK_(2),分析不同处理滴灌后湿润峰垂直运移距离、土壤pH值、含盐量、土壤碱化度和脱盐率的分布特征。【结果】添加酸化生物炭处理的土壤湿润峰垂直运移距离和下渗速度均显著高于CK_(2)和CK_(1);添加酸化生物炭处理下的各层土壤pH值均显著低于CK_(2)和CK_(1),且施用量越多pH值降幅越大;随着酸化生物炭施用量的增加,各土层土壤碱化度呈先降低后升高的变化趋势,2%酸化生物炭处理下的土壤碱化度降幅最大;添加未酸化生物炭和酸化生物炭处理的0~50 cm各层土壤脱盐率均有所增加,2%酸化生物炭处理下的整体脱盐效果最好。【结论】添加酸化生物炭对盐碱土的改良效果优于添加未酸化生物炭,以2%酸化生物炭用量下的效果最优。

隧道内双火源间竖向温度分布特征实验研究

为探究自然通风隧道内双火源间区域的竖向温度分布特性,利用1:10小尺寸隧道模型开展了一系列隧道双火源火灾实验,重点探究了火源尺寸和火源间距对火源间区域的竖向温度分布的影响。结果表明,随着距离顶棚高度的增大,火源间竖向温度逐渐降低,并且距离顶棚高度达到一定值后火源间竖向温度开始趋于稳定;随着火源间距的增大,火源间区域受到的热辐射作用降低,因此火源间竖向温度会快速降低;McCaffrey模型能够较为精准地预测火焰完全合并以及火焰不完全合并时火焰合并点上部的竖向温度分布;通过量纲分析和实验数据拟合的方法建立了一个能够准确预测火焰不完全合并时火焰合并点下部的竖向温度分布分段表达式。

长江中下游地区雪和雨夹雪垂直热力特征的聚类分析

基于ERA5逐小时再分析资料和地面观测资料,对2019—2022年长江中下游地区雪和雨夹雪的垂直热力特征进行分析,并应用K-means聚类方法分型探讨其物理过程特征。结果表明:1)雪和雨夹雪的聚类均可分为“冷型”和“逆温型”两簇,“冷型”降雪、雨夹雪多数出现在28°N以北地区,江南地区以“逆温型”为主。2)通过湿球温度曲线的聚类分析可以较好地区分雪、雨夹雪相态,优于样本合成平均。3)大部分雪、雨夹雪的云顶温度都低于-10℃,且量级越大,云顶温度越低,“冷型”雪、雨夹雪云顶温度低于“逆温型”。4)“逆温型”雪和雨夹雪的降雪率高于对应的“冷型”样本,且“逆温型”南风、北风风速均强于“冷型”。5)“逆温型”雪和雨夹雪比“冷型”样本出现暖层比例高,且“冷型”样本暖层绝大部分都位于近地面层。

焦炉循环烟气加热技术控制氮氧化物生成的研究与实践

阐述循环烟气加热技术在焦炉生产过程中改变了燃烧机理,使焦炉燃烧室垂直温度分布均匀,降低焦炉生产标准温度,从而控制氮氧化物的生成,分析循环烟气燃烧模式变化带来的节能减排效果;介绍将该技术应用于焦化生产实践所增加的工艺控制点、设备配置情况及其产生的效果。

Vertical distribution of snow cover and its relation to temperature over the Manasi River Basin of Tianshan Mountains, Northwest China

How snow cover changes in response to climate change at different elevations within a mountainous basin is a less investigated question. In this study we focused on the vertical distribution of snow cover and its relation to elevation and temperature within different elevation zones of distinct climatology, taking the mountainous Manasi River Basin of Xinjiang, Northwest China as a case study. Data sources include MODIS 8-day snow product, MODIS land surface temperature(LST) data from 2001 to 2014, and in situ temperature data observed at three hydrological stations from 2001 to 2012. The results show that:(1) the vertical distribution of snow areal extent(SAE) is sensitive to elevation in low(<2100 m) and high altitude(>3200 m) regions and shows four different seasonal patterns, each pattern is well correspondent to the variation of temperature.(2) The correlation between vertical changes of the SAE and temperature is significant in all seasons except for winter.(3) The correlation between annual changes of the SAE and temperature decreases with increasing elevation, the negative correlation is significant in area below 4000 m.(4) The snow cover days(SCDs) and its long-term change show visible differences in different altitude range.(5) The long-term increasing trend of SCDs and decreasing trend of winter temperature have a strong vertical relation with elevation below 3600 m. The decreasing trend of SCDs is attributed to the increasing trend of summer temperature in the area above 3600 m.

Simulation of Velocity and Temperature Distributions of Displacement Ventilation System with Single or Double Heat Sources

In order to obtain a better understanding of flow characteristics of displacement ventilation, the three-dimensional numerical models are developed using the CFD technology. The numerical simulation results are verified by experiments, based on this, the velocity and temperature distribution of three-dimensional displacement ventilation system with single and double heat sources are studied. Velocity and temperature fields under two different cases of heat source are analyzed and compared. The numerical results show that there are three layers in vertical temperature fields of displacement ventilation system with single or double heat sources, and the vertical temperature distribution of single heat source is different from that of double heat sources. When indoor load is large, the comfort requirement of people indoor can＇t be satisfied with displacement ventilation system only, thus an additional refrigeration system is necessary. Furthermore, under the condition of two heat sources, the displacement ventilation parameters can＇t be computed simply according to single heat source inlet parameters, therefore the interaction between heat sources should be considered.

特高含水油藏剩余油分布特征与提高采收率新技术

渤海湾盆地胜利油区经过60多年开发,整装、断块油藏已处于特高含水开发阶段,含水率超过90%,稠油油藏进入高轮次吞吐开发阶段,整体采出程度不到40%,仍有大幅度提高采收率的潜力,需要攻关进一步提高采收率技术。针对整装油藏特高含水后期高耗水层带发育、低效水循环严重,断块油藏剩余油分布差异大、有效动用难度大,深层、薄层超稠油注汽难、热损失大,有碱复合驱油体系结垢严重,聚合物驱后油藏动态非均质性更强、剩余油更加分散以及特高含水后期套损井多、出砂加剧、精细分层注采要求高等难题,明确地质及剩余油分布特征,深化驱油机制认识,围绕整装油藏经济有效开发、断块油藏高效均衡开发、稠油油藏转方式开发、高温高盐油藏化学驱开发开展技术攻关,形成整装油藏精细流场调控技术、复杂断块油藏立体开发技术、稠油油藏热复合驱提高采收率技术、高温高盐油藏化学驱技术、特高含水期主导采油工程技术等特高含水油田提高采收率技术系列,开辟先导试验区,取得显著开发效果,实现工业化应用,支撑胜利油区持续稳产。

考虑温度和初始孔压非均布的竖井地基固结解

针对目前竖井地基热固结理论的不足,建立了基于轴对称下竖井地基固结计算模型,采用解析解法推导了考虑温度和初始孔压非均布影响的竖井地基固结一般解;给出了初始孔压呈梯形分布、矩形分布、正三角形分布和倒三角形分布下的超静孔压和固结度的计算表达式。根据所得解析解,编制计算程序,通过参数敏感性分析对竖井地基的固结特性进行研究。结果表明:在温度不变时,初始孔压的分布形式对固结特性有较大影响;初始孔压呈矩形和正三角形分布时,温度越高,超静孔压的消散速率越快;竖井地基底部的孔压值在固结过程中总是最大的,当初始孔压呈倒三角和梯形分布时,随着温度的升高,地基底部孔压值呈现由小变大的特点。

基于拉丝塔光纤光栅的准分布式温盐传感器

提出了一种基于拉丝塔光纤光栅(DTG)的准分布式温盐传感器,可以同时测量海水的温度和盐度。该传感器由多个聚酰亚胺(PI)涂敷DTG和无涂敷DTG串联构成,PI涂敷DTG作为盐度传感组件,盐度的变化会导致聚酰亚胺涂层吸收或释放水而产生膨胀或收缩作用,进而引起光纤光栅中心波长的漂移。温度串扰可以通过使用无涂敷光纤光栅中心波长的变化来补偿。实验结果表明,该传感器能实现温度和盐度的实时测量,对温度和盐度的变化表现出线性响应,且具有良好的重复性。其中,盐度灵敏度平均为−5.58 pm/(mol/L),温度灵敏度平均为10.02 pm/℃。由于拉丝塔光纤光栅的超弱反射特性,该方法可以实现大规模海水温度和盐度的准分布式测量,在海洋工程中有一定的应用前景。

苏皖鲁豫典型区域臭氧垂直结构及其影响因素分析

苏皖鲁豫交界地区已成为全国大气污染防治的重点关注区域之一.为探究苏皖鲁豫区域臭氧垂直结构特征及气象因素与潜在来源的影响,利用激光雷达对淮北市2021年11月臭氧和气象垂直结构进行观测.结果表明:(1)淮北市地面臭氧浓度呈单峰日变化特征,2021年11月16—18日出现了持续3 d的高空臭氧污染.在清洁日(高空臭氧小时浓度<200μg/m^(3)),1.5 km以下臭氧浓度随高度的增加呈先升后降的趋势;在污染日(高空臭氧小时浓度≥200μg/m^(3)),2021年11月16日和17日臭氧为双层分布,18日臭氧浓度在1.5 km以下随高度的增加而下降.(2)在垂直高度上,污染日的温度高于清洁日,风速低于清洁日,即高温低风有利于高空臭氧污染产生,16日逆温层对臭氧浓度的积累有重要作用,风向转变和下沉气流也是造成污染日高空臭氧聚集的重要原因.(3)臭氧潜在来源及贡献分析显示,观测日(整个观测期,2021年11月10—19日)的高臭氧浓度可能与淮北市本地生成及其南部、东部的区域输送有关,清洁日的臭氧浓度主要受河南省的影响,污染日的高空臭氧污染不仅与本地生成有关还与周边城市的臭氧及臭氧前体物输送有关.研究显示,温度、风速、风向以及区域输送对淮北市臭氧浓度的垂直结构演变有显著影响.

夏季高温双块式无砟轨道道床板早期温湿度分布特征

为了研究夏季高温道床板浇筑早期温度和湿度分布规律,制作了新建高铁桥上双块式无砟轨道道床板试验模型,开展了道床板浇筑早期温湿度长期监测试验,研究了温湿度分布规律和温度竖向、横向和纵向分布形式,并基于GEV模型提出了日温度最值代表值和日最大竖向正、负温度梯度代表值。研究结果表明:1)当龄期为11 h时,道床板温度达到最大值;在水化热影响下,浇筑后92 h内道床板温度随着埋深增加而呈递增趋势,随后受气温影响,温度呈相反规律变化;纵向板中湿度减小率比板端的高;2)道床板竖向温度是埋深和时间的非线性函数,分布呈“抛物线”形;埋深100~230 mm是高温核心区;道床板板中处竖向温度梯度最大,且竖向温度梯度随着埋深增加呈现出较大差异性;3)受线路走向影响,横向温度呈凸形非对称分布;纵向温度梯度较小,为了简化计算可以忽略不计;4)板中竖向负温度梯度代表值为67.17℃/m,大于规范值,建议竖向温度梯度取值在有条件情况下可根据现场实测数据确定;5)道床板早期温湿度、竖向温度梯度分布应重点研究板中断面,为了防止道床板浇筑后表面出现裂纹,应注重洒水养护,尤其是道床板板中洒水要均匀且充足。

QFW-6000型微波辐射计在福建沿海地区探测性能的分析

以微波辐射计在福建沿海地区的温度观测资料为研究对象,系统分析了微波辐射计大气温度廓线的反演数据,通过对微波辐射计的温度反演数据与探空和ERA5的温度进行对比,分析微波辐射计探测大气温度的能力,以及反演的数据质量,并进一步把微波辐射计的反演数据应用于分析边界层大气温度的日变化情况。结果表明:微波辐射计温度与探空温度一致性好,相关系数为0.971,平均偏差为2.716℃,均方根误差为5.131℃;降雨强度越大,降雨对微波辐射计探测大气温度准确性的影响越显著。将ERA5温度和探空获取的大气温度分别与微波辐射计获取的大气温度进行对比分析,其相关系数、平均偏差和均方根误差的逐月变化趋势一致;各月份ERA5与微波辐射计在中层大气的温度偏差小于近地面和高层大气;在高度2 km以上,ERA5与微波辐射计的温度廓线的变化趋势基本一致。在高度3 km以下,在相同的海拔高度,夏季温度日变化比冬季温度日变化小;随着海拔高度的增大,夏季大气温度变化大,冬季大气温度变化小。

多产层油藏直定井温度剖面影响规律

由于缺乏可靠的温度剖面预测模型导致多产层油藏直定井温度剖面影响规律认识不清,使得基于分布式光纤温度监测(distributed temperature sensing,DTS)定量解释多产层油藏直定井产出剖面仍十分困难。鉴于此,通过建立考虑多种微量热效应和非等温渗流的多产层油藏直定井温度剖面预测模型,模拟分析了不同单因素变化对多产层油藏直定井温度剖面的影响规律,并通过正交试验分析评价了油藏直定井温度剖面对各影响因素的敏感性程度,依次为:单井产量>渗透率>含水饱和度>井筒直径>原油密度>井筒倾斜角>储层导热系数,确定了影响油藏直定井温度剖面的主导因素为单井产量、渗透率和含水饱和度。研究结果为实现基于DTS数据定量解释多产层油藏直定井产出剖面、储层特征参数等奠定了理论基础。