Effects of Temperature,Humidity and Different Rice Growth Stages on Vertical Migration of Aphelenchoides besseyi

The vertical migration of Aphelenchoides besseyi under different temperatures and humidities and at different rice growth stages was investigated. It was found that the optimum temperature for the development and reproduction of A. besseyiwas 25-30℃. At the same temperature, the rate of vertical migration increased with rising relative humidity. Artificial inoculation tests showed that at the elongation stage, nematodes survived mainly on the upper and middle parts of rice culms and the number of nematodes decreased by 50% at 20 days after inoculation compared with that at 5 days after inoculation. Whereas at the booting stage, nematodes accumulated in young panicles and reproduced quickly,, and the average number of nematodes at 20 days after inoculation increased to 164.5, three times of that at 5 days after inoculation.

Using Geochemical Method to Distinguish Lateral Migration and Vertical Migration in Rifted Basin:A Case Study from Eastern Lujiapu Depression in the Kailu Basin,NE China

Migration fractionation diagnosis is complicated in rifted basins where migration distance is generally short and lateral migration in sandy beds and vertical migration along faults are co-existed. Quantitative data from GC-MS analysis makes it possible to distinguish lateral and vertical migration effects. Oils discovered from the Jiaolige oilfield, eastern Lujiapu Depression are derived from single source rock with similar maturity, which is an ideal case to study the migration fractionation effects. Compositional differences among oils are largely caused by the migration fractionation either laterally in sand beds or vertically along the faults. Subtle maturity differences are assessed by the classic saturated hydrocarbon parameters which have certain influence on nitrogen compounds. In a certain maturity range, the ratios of shield and semi-shield isomers to the exposed isomers of alkylcarbazoles change with maturity in an opposite direction with migration fractionation, which may conceal the migration influence. However, migration and maturation have the same effects on absolute concentrations of alkylated carbazoles and benzocarbazole [a]/（[a]＋[c]） ratios, which provides an ideal tool for migration direction assessment. Continuous variations among different samples reflect increased migration distance in sandy beds, while abrupt changes may indicate the change of migration conduit systems. Integrated both geochemical interpretation and geological constrains, not only migration direction can be determined, but also the conduit systems through the sandy beds or the faults can be recognized.

The diel vertical migration of sound scatterers observed by an acoustic Doppler current profiler in the Luzon Strait from July 2009 to April 2011

Acoustic Doppler current profiler （ADCP） receives echoes from sound scatterers, then their speed is calcu- lated by the Doppler effect. In the open ocean, most of these backscatterers are from the plankton. The sound scatterers descend down to depth at around dawn, their mean speed is 2.9 cm/s, then they ascend up to the surface layer at around dusk with a mean speed of 2.1 cm/s, in the Luzon Strait. The descending speed is faster, which suggests that this zooplankton population may accelerate its downward migration under the action of the gravity. The vertical distribution of a mean volume backscattering strength （MVB- S） in the nighttime has two peaks, which locate near the upper and lower boundary layers of halocline, respectively. However, the backscatterers only aggregate near the surface layer in the daytime. The diel ver- tical migration （DVM） of sound scatterers has several characteristic patterns, it is stronger in summer, but weaker in winter, and the maximum peak occurs in September. The DVM occurrence is synchronous with the seawater temperature increasing at around dawn and dusk, it may affect the ocean mixing and water stratification,

Diel vertical migration of mesozooplankton in the northern Yellow Sea

The Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(YSCWM),one of the most vital hydrological features of the Yellow Sea,causes a seasonal thermocline from spring to autumn.The diel vertical migration(DVM)of zooplankton is crucial to structural pelagic communities and food webs,and its patterns can be aff ected by thermocline depth and strength.Hence,we investigated zooplankton community succession and seasonal changes in zooplankton DVM at a fixed station in the YSCWM.Annual zooplankton community succession was aff ected by the forming and fading of the YSCWM.A total of 37 mesozooplankton taxa were recorded.The highest and lowest species numbers in autumn and spring were detected.The highest and lowest total densities were observed in autumn(14464.1 inds./m^(3))and winter(3115.4 inds./m^(3)),respectively.The DVM of the dominant species showed obvious seasonal variations.When the YSCWM was weak in spring and autumn,most species(e.g.Paracalanus parvus,Oithona similis,and Acartia bifilosa)stayed above the thermocline and vertically migrated into the upper layer.Calanus sinicus and Aidanosagitta crassa crossed the thermocline and vertically migrated.No species migrated through the stratification in summer,and all of the species were limited above(P.parvus and A.crassa)or below(C.sinicus and Centropages abdominalis)the thermocline.The YSCWM disappeared in winter,and zooplankton species were found throughout the water column.Thus,the existence of thermocline influenced the migration patterns of zooplankton.Cluster analyses showed that the existence of YSCWM resulted in significant differences between zooplankton communities above and below the thermocline.

Diel vertical migration of the copepod Calanus sinicus before and during formation of the Yellow Sea Cold Bottom Water in the Yellow Sea

To understand the effects of the Yellow Sea Cold Bottom Water （YSCBW） on the diel vertical migration （D- VM） of the copepod Calanus sinicus, we surveyed vertical distribution of C. sinicus at a fixed station in the Yellow Sea before （spring） and during （summer） formation of the YSCBW. Cold water （〈10℃） was observed in the bottom layer when the water column was thermally stratified in summer, but the water column was thermally well-mixed in spring 2010. Samples were collected from five different layers at 3-h intervals using an opening-closing net. Adult females （1-155 ind./m3） showed a clear normal DVM pattern throughout the entire water column in spring, whereas adult males did not migrate. DVM of copepodite V （CV） individuals was not clear, but the maximum abundance of CI-CIV occurred consistently in the upper 10-20 m layer, where there was a high concentration of chlorophyll-a （Chl-a） （0.49-1.19μg/L）. In summer, weak DVM was limited to cold waters beneath the thermocline for adult females （〈30 ind./m3）, but not for adult males. The maximum abundance of CI-CIV also occurred consistently in the subsurface layer （20-40 m） together with high concentrations of Chl-a （0.81-2.36 μg/L）. CV individuals （1-272 ind./m3） moved slightly upward noc- turnally to the near-surface layer （10-20 m）, where the average temperature was 25.74℃, but they were not found in the surface layer （0-10 m; 28.31℃）. These results indicate that the existence of the YSBCW affected food availability at depth and the vertical temperature distribution, leading to variation in the amplitude and shape of stage-specific vertical distributions （CI to adults） in C. sinicus before and during the formation of cold waters in the Yellow Sea during the study period.

Vertical Migration of Petroleum via Faults in Zhu

The problem that faults act as a conduit for hydrocarbon bearing fluid flow has been under debate for a long time. The southern boundary fault (F S) and No.2 fault belt in the Zhu Ⅲ subbasin in the Pearl River Mouth basin (PRMB) of South China Sea (SCS) are considered as the conduit of hydrocarbons for the oil and gas fields in the hydrocarbon generating half grabens. Based upon the basin modeling and seismic velocity inversion simulation, there are abnormal pressure compartments in the central part of half grabens. Wenchang, Enping and Zhuhai FormationⅡare seated within the abnormal pressure zone, while the Zhuhai Formation Ⅰ is within the pressure transition zone. The abnormal pressure was mainly caused by undercompaction due to the high rate of sedimentation for layers with an abnormal pressure. The increase of temperature of inclusions as the increase of depth supports vertical migration via faults in the study area.

The diel vertical migration of the sound-scattering layer in the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water of the southeastern Yellow Sea: focus on its relationship with a temperature structure

Using the hydroacoustic method with a 200 kHz scientific echo sounding system, the diel vertical migration （DVM） of the sound-scatteringlayer （SSL） in the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water （YSBCW） of the southeastern Yellow Sea was studied in April （spring） and August （summer） of 2010 and 2011. For each survey, 13-27 hours of acoustic data were continuously collected at a stationary station. The acoustic volume scattering strength （Sv） data were analyzed with temperature profile data. In the spring of both 2010 and 2011, the SSL clearly showed the vertical migration throughout the entire water column, moving from the surface layer at night to near the bottom during the day. Conductivity, temperature, and depth data indicated that the entire water column was well mixed with low temperature of about 8℃. However, the SSL showed different patterns in the summers of 2010 and 2011. In the summer of 2010 （≈28℃ at the surface）, the SSL migrated to near the bottom during the day, but there were two SSLs above and below the thermocline at depth of 10-30 m at night. In the summer of 2011 （≈20℃ at the surface）, the SSL extended throughout the entire water column at night, possibly owing to an abrupt change in sea weather conditions caused by the passage of a Typhoon Muifa over the study area. It was cancluded that the DVM patterns in summer in the YSBCW area may be greatly influenced by a strengthened or weakened thermocline.

Zooplankton diel vertical migration and influence of upwelling on the biomass in the Chukchi Sea during summer

The diel vertical migration （DVM） of zooplankton and the influence of upwelling on zooplankton biomass were examined using water column data of current velocity and mean volume backscattering strength （MVBS） collected by moored acoustic Doppler current profilers （ADCPs） deployed in the southeastern Chukchi Sea during the 5th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition （CHINARE） in summer 2012, combined with the satellite observational data such as sea surface temperature （SST）, wind, and chlorophyll a （Chl a）. Hourly acoustic data were continuously collected for 49-d in the mooring site. Spectral analysis indicated that there were different migrating patterns of zooplankton, even though precisely classifying the zooplankton taxa was not available. The prevailing 24-h cycle corresponded to the normal DVM with zooplankton swimming upwards at sunrise and returning to deep waters at sunset. There was a clear DVM in the upper 17 m of the water column during the period with distinct day-night cycles, and no active DVM throughout the water column when the sun above the horizon （polar day）, suggesting that light intensity was the trigger for DVM. Also there was a second migrating pattern with 12-h cycle. The upwelling event occurring in the northwest of Alaskan coastal area had important influence on zooplankton biomass at the mooring site. During the upwelling, the SST close to the mooring site dropped significantly from maximal 6.35℃to minimal 1.31℃ within five days. Simultaneously, there was a rapid increase in the MVBS and Chl a level, suggesting the aggregation of zooplankton related to upwelling.

Diel vertical migration of dominant planktonic crustaceans in the south branch of Yangtze Estuary,China

Zooplanktons are important food organisms of fishes,and their spatial and temporal distribution pattern has an important influence on the growth and reproduction of fishes in local habitats.The Yangtze River Estuary of China is rich in fishery resources,but the knowledge on the distribution pattern of zooplankton in this area is still very limited.The diel vertical migration(DVM)patterns and seasonal variations of the crustacean community,and their relationship with environmental factors were investigated in the south branch of the Yangtze Estuary,from June 2017 to May 2018.The results showed that the dispersion patterns of dominant crustacean taxa in the Yangtze Estuary were mostly aggregated.Migration amplitudes of crustacean were greater in spring and summer than in autumn and winter,and different migratory patterns occurred in different seasons.Sinocalanus dorrii,Schmackeria inopinus,Mesmackeria leuckarti,Bosmina longirostris,and B.fatalis,unlike S.forbesi,showed a significant DVM.The DVM patterns of crustaceans was possibly influenced by light dentisy,temperature,and total dissolved solids in the water column,and the fish predation effect;whereas,the nutrient concentration and pH were not supposed to be key factors.

Distribution and migration of lead in soil of Xiao River, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province

The Xiao River sewage irrigation area in Luancheng where wastewater from Shijiazhuang flows through was taken as the research area. Five groundwater monitoring wells were set perpendicular to Xiao River, the research reveals the migration law and distribution characteristics of poisonous metal lead, through collecting and analyzing soil samples at different depths, investigating lithologic structure and pollution. The result shows that soil type has great impact on vertical lead distribution in aeration zone, which means that lead concentrates more in clay than in sand. Lead migrates fast in silty soil and silty clay, but slow in sand. The content of lead soil adsorbed decreases with grain size increasing. The most important factor influencing the distribution of lead is the soil type.

Vertical Migrating and Cluster Analysis of Soil Mesofauna at Dongying Halophytes Garden in Yellow River Delta

For the first time, we used Tullgren method made a study on vertical migrating and cluster analysis of the soil mesofauna in Dongying Halophytes Garden in the Yellow River Delta （YRD）, Shandong Province. The results showed that the soil mesofauna tended to gather on soil surface in most samples at most times, but the vertical migrating greatly varied in different seasons or environment conditions. Acari was the dominant group. The index of diversity of the soil fauna was correlated with the index of evenness. The Acari＇s number of individuals infected other species and numbers. Dominant group-Aeari made greater contribution to the result of cluster analysis, and there were significant differences between communities in different habitats by cluster analysis with both Bray-Curtis and Jaccard similarity coefficient.

Preliminary study of the retention mechanism of planktonic copepods in the Jiulong Estuary in China

The horizontal and vertical distribution patterns of five planktonic copepods, Calanus sinicus, Acartia pacifica, Tortanus derjugini, Acartiella sinensis and Pseudodiaptomus poplesia, predominant in the Jiulong Estuary, were investigated from May 2003 to April 2004. The results showed that the distribution of these copepods was related to the tidal period but that each species had its own specific pattern. C. sinicus showed no tidal vertical migration behavior and was thought to be a non-resident species in this estuary. Among Acartia pacifica, T. derjugini,Acartiella sinensis, more individuals occurred in the surface than in the bottom waters during flood tide, and the pattern was reversed during ebb tide. The epibenthic copepod P. poplesia usually remained in the bottom waters in the upstream part of the estuary, but it displayed strong tidally-oriented vertical migration in the middle reaches of the estuary. Taking into account the hydrographic characteristics of the Jiulong Estuary, it was hypothesized that the planktonic copepods in this estuary had more or less adopted the mechanism of vertically migrating to the surface waters during flood tide in order to make use of the inflowing tide, and then sinking to the bottom during ebb tide to avoid being carried out of the estuary by net outflow.

Behavioral and physiological photoresponses to light intensity by intertidal microphytobenthos

Behavioral and physiological responses to light are the two major mechanisms by which natural microphytobenthic assemblages adapt to the intertidal environment and protect themselves from light stress. The present study investigated these photoresponses with diff erent light intensities over 8 h of illumination, and used a specific inhibitor(Latrunculin A, Lat A) for migration to compare migratory and non-migratory microphytobenthos(MPB). Photosynthetic activity was detected using rapid light curves and induction curves by chlorophyll fluorescence. It showed distinct variation in migratory responses to diff erent light intensities; high light induced downward migration to avoid photoinhibition, and low and medium light(50–250 μmol/(m^2 ·s)) promoted upward migration followed by downward migration after certain period of light exposure. No significant difference in non-photochemical quenching(NPQ) or PSII maximal quantum yield(F v/F m) was detected between low and medium light irradiance, possibly indicating that only high light influences the photosynthetic capability of MPB. Decreased photosynthetic activity, indicated by three parameters, the maximum relative electron transport rate(r ETR_(max)), minimum saturating irradiance(E _k) and light utilization coefficient(α), was observed in MPB after exposure to prolonged illumination under low and medium light. Lat A ef fectively inhibited the migration of MPB in all light treatments and induced lower F v/F _m under high light(500 and 100 μmol/(m^2 ·s)) and prolonged illumination at 250 μmol/(m^2 ·s), but did not significantly influence F _v/F m under low light(0–100 μmol/(m^2 ·s)) or NPQ. The increase of NPQ in Lat A treatments with time implied that the MPB assemblages can recover their physiological photoprotection capacity to adapt to light stress. Non-migratory MPB exhibited lower light use efficiency(lower α) and lower maximum photosynthetic capacity(lower r ETR_(max)) than migratory MPB under light intensities above 250 μmol/(m ~2 ·s) after 4.0 h illumination.

Spatial patterns and environmental associations of deep scattering layers in the northwestern subtropical Pacific Ocean

The mesopelagic communities are important for food web and carbon pump in ocean,but the large-scale studies of them are still limited until now because of the difficulties on sampling and analyzing of mesopelagic organisms.Mesopelagic organisms,especially micronekton,can form acoustic deep scattering layers(DSLs)and DSLs are widely observed.To explore the spatial patterns of DSLs and their possible influencing factors,the DSLs during daytime(10:00–14:00)were investigated in the subtropical northwestern Pacific Ocean(13°–23.5°N,153°–163°E)using a shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler at 38 kHz.The study area was divided into three parts using k-means cluster analysis:the northern part(NP,22°–24°N),the central part(CP,17°–22°N),and the southern part(SP,12°–17°N).The characteristics of DSLs varied widely with latitudinal gradient.Deepest core DSLs(523.5 m±17.4 m),largest nautical area scattering coefficient(NASC)(130.8 m^(2)/n mile^(2)±41.0 m^(2)/n mile^(2)),and most concentrated DSLs(mesopelagic organisms gathering level,6.7%±0.7%)were observed in NP.The proportion of migration was also stronger in NP(39.7%)than those in other parts(18.6%in CP and 21.5%in SP)for mesopelagic organisms.The latitudinal variation of DSLs was probably caused by changes in oxygen concentration and light intensity of mesopelagic zones.A positive relationship between NASC and primary productivity was identified.A four-months lag was seemed to exist.This study provides the first basin-scale baselines information of mesopelagic communities in the northwest Pacific with acoustic approach.Further researches are suggested to gain understandings of seasonal and annual variations of DSLs in the region.

Vermicompost:In situ retardant of antibiotic resistome accumulation in cropland soils

The dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs)in soil has become a global environmental issue.Vermicomposting is gaining prominence in agricultural practices as a soil amendment to improve soil quality.However,its impact on soil ARGs remains unclear when it occurs in farmland.We comprehensively explored the evolution and fate of ARGs and their hosts in the field soil profiles under vermicompost application for more than 3years.Vermicompost application increased several ARG loads in soil environment but decreased the high-risk bla-ARGs(bla_(ampC),bla_(NDM),and bla_(GES-1))by log(0.04-0.43).ARGs in soil amended with vermicompost primarily occurred in topsoil(approximately 1.04-fold of unfertilized soil),but it is worth noting that their levels in the 40-60 cm soil layer were the same or even less than in the unfertilized soil.The microbial community structure changed in soil profiles after vermicompost application.Vermicompost application altered the microbial community structure in soil profiles,showing that the dominant bacteria(i.e.,Proteobacteria,Actinobacteriota,Firmicutes)were decreased 2.62%-5.48%with the increase of soil depth.A network analysis further revealed that most of ARG dominant host bacteria did not migrate from surface soil to deep soil.In particular,those host bacteria harboring high-risk bla-ARGs were primarily concentrated in the surface soil.This study highlights a lower risk of the propagation of ARGs caused by vermicompost application and provides a novel approach to reduce and relieve the dissemination of ARGs derived from animals in agricultural production.

Distribution of 137Cs and 60Co in plough layer of farmland: Evidenced from a lysimeter experiment using undisturbed soil columns

Radionuclide fallout during nuclear accidents on the land may impair the atmosphere, contaminate farmland soils and crops, and can even reach the groundwater. Previous research focused on the field distribution of deposited radionuclides in farmland soils, but details of the amounts of radionuclides in the plough layer and the changes in their proportional distribution in the soil profile with time are still inadequate. In this study, a lysimeter experiment was conducted to determine the vertical migration of 137Cs and 60Co in brown and aeolian sandy soils, collected from the farmlands adjoining Shidaowan Nuclear Power Plant(NPP) in eastern China, and to identify the factors influencing their migration depths in soil. At the end of the experiment(800 d), >96% of added 137Cs and 60Co were retained in the top 0–20 cm soil layer of both soils;very little 137Cs or 60Co initially migrated to 20–30 cm, but their amounts at this depth increased with time. The migration depth of 137Cs was greater in the aeolian sandy soil than in the brown soil during 0–577 d, but at the end of the experiment, 137Cs migrated to the same depth(25 cm) in both soils. Three phases on the vertical migration rate(v) of 60Co in the aeolian sandy soil can be identified: an initial rapid movement(0–355 d, v = 219 ± 17 mm year-1), followed by a steady movement(355–577 d, v = 150 ± 24 mm year-1) and a very slow movement(577–800 d, v = 107 ± 7 mm year-1). In contrast, its migration rate in the brown soil(v = 133 ± 17 mm year-1) was steady throughout the 800-d experimental period. The migration of both 137Cs and 60Co in the two soils appears to be regulated by soil clay and silt fractions that provide most of the soil surface area, soil organic carbon(SOC), and soil pH, which were manifested by the solid-liquid distribution coefficient of 137Cs and 60Co. The results of this study suggest that most 137Cs and 60Co remained within the top layer(0–20 cm depth) of farmland soils following a simulated NPP accident, and little reached the subsurface(20–30 cm depth). Fixation of radionuclides onto clay minerals may limit their migration in soil, but some could be laterally distributed by soil erosion and taken up by crops, and migrate into groundwater in a high water table level area after several decades.Remediation measures, therefore, should focus on reducing their impact on the farmland soils, crops, and water.