A Historical Review of the Development of Women’s Higher Education in China (1908-2020): Stages, Explanations, and Trends

The development of women’s higher education in China can be divided into four stages:emergence(1908-1948);foundation(1949-1976);accelerating development(1977-2008);and the qualitative leap(2009-2020).This work considers the principal institutional mechanisms that contributed to this development.First,flexibly planned parenthood gradually promoted gender equality and openness in society facilitated by systematic“awards,grants,and loans”initiatives to support women’s higher education economically.Second,compulsory education ensured that left-out and migrant children had access to higher education.Third,effective connectivity across different education types bridged education gaps between those with different levels of education.Fourth,China made great efforts to invite and integrate international experiences that promoted the development of women’s higher education.Looking beyond these achievements,we also discuss the future trends of women’s higher education in China.

Analyzing the Influences on Women’s Upbringing and Their Educational Significance Using the Case of Estella,the Heroine of Great Expectations

This paper explores the influences on women’s upbringing and their educational significance by using the character Estella from Great Expectations as a case study.Through analyzing the impact of social environment,family education,and self-awakening,this article aims to promote gender equality and the construction of a feminist cognitive community.It delves into the class divisions of 19th-century England,the manipulative family education imposed on Estella by Miss Havisham,and Estella’s journey towards self-consciousness after her foster mother’s death.The study highlights the challenges faced by women in societal constraints,family expectations,and the importance of self-discovery in overcoming these limitations.

Report on the Educational Process for the Promotion of Health of Women Attended in a Reference Center of Social Assistance

This article discusses one experienced by students and preceptors of Programs Pro-Pet-Health and Health of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte/Faculty of Health Sciences of Trairí in the Reference Center for Social Assistance (CRAS) in the municipality of experience Santa Cruz/RN, with a view to the relationship between preventive health activities and social assistance. The proposed work of Pro-Pet in the assistance unit sought to unravel the lifestyle of the target audience in order to know the risk factors and suggest the adoption of health measures for disease prevention. Work to guide the educational process for health promotion with socioeconomic and cultural contextualization built on scientific papers surveyed in Lilacs and Scielo data was used. On average, 12 women aged between 35 and 60 years participated in the group. Eight group sessions occurred in the period from March to May 2014. Regarding work methodologies, we used dynamic integration and self-knowledge;dialogued lectures;lectures;reports of experiences;thematic workshops;educational videos;wheels conversation complemented by the use of texts and poems;as well as application of the checklist in conducting health and anthropometry. The experience helped identify the characteristics of the group and plan understandable and meaningful guidance for women, facilitating the understanding of the importance of self-care in preventing disease.

The Rise of Women’s Education and the Modernity of East Asia:Focusing on the Education of“Virtuous Wives and Worthy Mothers”in China and Japan

This year marks the 50th anniversary of the normalization of diplomatic relations between China and Japan.Looking back on the past and forward to the future,we realize modernity has become a critical issue that not only China and Japan,but the whole East Asian region should pay attention to.China and Japan are both within the“Circle of Confucius Culture”and are both modern latecomer countries.As they were coerced by western countries to enter the modern age,they shared multiple common features.An exploration of the two countries’respective rising of modern women’s education is an important path to discuss the reconstruction of gender and an important method of the course of the embodiment of east-Asian women into modernization drives.With regards to conclusion,entering the modern age,Chinese and Japanese intellectuals reshaped the female gender in terms of interpersonal relationship,value system,and knowledge structure by advocating the idea of“virtuous wives and worthy mothers”education.In the concept of virtuous wives and worthy mothers in East Asia,the Confucian ethics of“docility and virtue”is the soul,and modern scientific knowledge serves this core value.On the other hand,in the course of localization in China and Japan,this imported concept from the West has encountered a completely different historical fate.

Women and the Transnational Dynamics of Science Education in Early Twentieth Century China:A Quiet Revolution

This article explores both the personal and transnational dimensions of domestic science education and study abroad for the pioneering generation of Chinese women in science.By focusing on women’s unique calculus of risk and reward,the article not only distinguishes Chinese women’s experiences from those of their male counterparts but also delineates the special contours of the Chinese case within the global advancement of women in science.The article begins by outlining some of the features and dynamics of early Chinese girls’schools that affected students’interest in and preparation for further scientific study.Then it traces the emerging college-level opportunities that made it possible for women who were studying science in China to contemplate advanced work overseas.Turning to study abroad,the article highlights the radicalness of the decision to study abroad by examining the impact of both family background and national circumstances on Chinese women’s strategies of mobility.The article argues that if we are to take women’s experiences seriously,we cannot just look at scientific pursuits in terms of achievements in the development of Chinese science,we also need to consider the ways that·scientific ambitions forced individuals—both male and female—to navigate and reimagine multiple social norms and expectations.

Failure of a “Modern” Education: Mansfield Park as a Case Study

This paper explores the moral anarchy caused by the failed education in Mansfield Park, and demonstrates the insufficiency of mere intellectual education and the absolute necessity of moral education in the formation of a mature and responsible character.

Analysis and Commentary on Mao Zedong’s Views on Women’s Liberation in His Early Manuscripts

The Mao Zedong Zao Qi Wen Gao[Early Manuscripts of Mao Zedong]is a collection of young Mao Zedong’s manuscripts from 1912 to 1920 and is a record of his growth during his youth.It is worth mentioning that the views of women’s liberation and progress have a place in Mao Zedong’s early manuscripts.This study focuses on reviewing and discussing the motivation behind young Mao Zedong’s attention to women’s liberation and progress issues,his relevant views in these manuscripts,and how these views played a role in his growth into a Marxist.This study aims to explore,from the perspective of women’s studies,the thought basis and virtues that led young Mao Zedong to become a Marxist.

Facilitators and Constraints:Perceptions of Gender Differences on Women’s Career Advancement

The underrepresentation in top management positions has made women’s status in the hospitality industry a great concern.The study examined hospitality students’,educators’,and industry recruiters’perceptions of facilitators and constraints on women’s career advancement and identified if there were any significant differences among them.Data were collected through an online survey.Perceptions of gender differences of facilitators and constraints in women’s career advancement and gender issues were analyzed within the three groups(students,educators,and recruiters).Results revealed significant gender differences between male and female educators and recruiters.The findings suggested that hospitality education should make a contribution and reveal barriers and gender issues in the industry.

Korean New Women： Korean New Women＇s Fluctuation in International and Korean Contexts

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, ＂New Woman＂ was an international phenomenon. Although various national contexts contributed many different shades of meaning to the concept of ＂New Woman＂ in each country, New Women across the world shared common ground. In the 1920s, when American New Women experimented with their new identity, New Women in Korea also discovered a new sense of selfhood and confidence to make inroads into public spheres. Under Japan＇s colonial rule （1910-1945）, Korean women, valued as a national hidden reservoir, gained access to education and made attempts to remove traditional constraints. Despite different situations surrounding Korean and American New Women, their recognition, pursuit, and places in history echoed one another＇s. The bold and innovative nature of Korean New Women has attracted much academic as well as public attention. Most of the rich body of scholarship on this topic focuses on famous figures whose flamboyant defiance met a tragic end or on the sacrifices and failures of New Women＇s pursuit in confronting nationalism. The nation is an important and useful framework in history, but additional factors should be considered for a better understanding of New Women. Not only does this paper consider national context, it also pays much needed attention to an international connection in women＇s history.

文明发展视野中的女性教育

从终身教育的视角,女性一生可划分为五个阶段:女婴、女童、女生、母亲、祖母。女性在教育中的地位包括自身所受的教育和对后代的教育,这两方面是不可分割的。探究女性从出生到晚年每阶段“生命周期的健康密码”,能更深刻地认识女性教育与文明发展的关系。东西方女性观的差异,产生了不同的教育体系、社会价值判断和审美导向。女性在哲学殿堂中的地位是妇女解放的学术尺度,也是哲学繁荣解放的天然尺度。21世纪的女性研究和妇女解放运动,应该在多元文化对话中创造和谐发展的女性新世界、人类新文明。

线上直播联合回馈教学法在孕妇学校中的应用

目的 探讨线上直播联合回馈教学法在孕妇学校中的应用效果。方法 选择2019年1月至2022年8月在该院产检及分娩的584例孕产妇作为研究对象,其中2019年1月至2021年8月产检及分娩的孕产妇(308例)为对照组,2021年9月至2022年8月产检及分娩的孕产妇(276例)为试验组。对照组采用传统孕妇学校模式进行健康教育,试验组采用线上直播联合回馈教学法进行健康教育。分别对2组孕产妇听课情况、课程满意度、健康教育效果及分娩自我效能进行评价对比。结果 试验组孕产妇在听课次数、分娩自我效能、操作类课程满意度方面优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组孕产妇理论课程满意度比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。试验组孕产妇健康教育效果相较于对照组有待提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 线上直播联合回馈教学法能提高孕妇的健康教育参与度及其分娩自我效能,但学习效果及学习满意度仍有待提高。

中国的师道传统与教育家精神

师道是中国教师哲学的一个根本范畴,是回答“何以为师”的根本问题。中国是一个教育文化悠久的国家,历史上形成了非常独特的师道传统,不仅指涉教师的具体教育教学活动,而且还指涉教师的文化理想、政治担当、道德情操以及人格形象等。习近平总书记提出的中国特有的教育家精神无论在内容上还是在结构上都与中国的师道传统有着密切的关联,是对中国师道传统的创造性继承和创新性发展,是当代中国的师道,与习近平总书记其他有关教师地位、作用和素质要求的丰富论述具有内在一致性,为新时代高素质专业化创新型教师队伍建设指明了方向,提供了思想引领。

马克思劳动观视角下劳动教育的哲学阐释

教育与劳动相结合是唯物史观的内在要求,是社会主义教育观的重要内容。在劳动方式和劳动形态日益复杂多样的今天,看似老生常谈的劳动教育事实上也面临着诸多新的问题。从根本上说,新时代劳动教育的核心在于正确人生观价值观的培育、健康人格的养成,而不只是技能的培养,因此,从马克思劳动观视角,阐明新时代劳动教育必须注意的前提性理论问题就显得十分必要。马克思将人类劳动提升为人的类本质特性,为劳动教育提供了本体论根基;劳动作为人的创造性活动,内在地蕴涵了对真善美的追求,为劳动教育提供了知识论依据;劳动的社会历史特性与辩证本质彰显了人类解放和人的全面发展的价值导向,为劳动教育提供了价值观指向。

基于MVC框架的思政教学管理关键技术研究

思政教学模式不断更新,针对如何提高学生的学习效率和教师管理效率的问题,设计了一种基于模型-视图-控制器框架(Model View Controller,MVC)的思政教学管理系统。该框架采用B/S三层架构模式,在数据挖掘中采用了改进协同过滤优化算法。通过算法挖掘推荐思政教学管理的个性化资源,并对数据集中构建的系统进行推荐精度和问卷调查验证。实验证明,通过将框架优化和数据挖掘结合,该框架在思政教学管理系统优化中适应性较广泛,资源推荐性能较优越。

马克思主义幸福观视阈下妇女幸福生活教育口号研究——基于《新中国妇女》(1949—1966)文本内容的考察

《新中国妇女》(1949—1966)文本中关于妇女幸福生活教育口号展现了中国共产党如何以马克思主义幸福观为指导,推动妇女教育与发展的具体实践。在马克思主义幸福观的视角下,这些口号不仅体现了国家对妇女的深切关怀,还通过多元化教育手段促进了妇女的自我提升和社会融入。它们鼓励妇女将个人追求与社会建设相结合,实现了个人幸福与社会进步的和谐统一。同时,这些教育口号也塑造了新时代妇女的精神面貌,增强了她们对新中国的认同感和归属感,为理解妇女运动历史与探索幸福生活路径提供了宝贵视角。

外求与内铄:严修与近代中国女子教育的发轫

严修是启动清末新式女子教育的重要人物。他在“新政”改革期间结合日本近代女子教育经验,以私学形式创办严氏系列女学,培养了近代华北地区首批知识女性和幼教人才。并在担任直隶和学部官员期间,持续督办女学,扶持女性教育家,推进出台《女学章程》,一定程度上改变了直隶乃至全国女子教育的形势。从教育史的宏观进程来看,作为旧式科举出身的文人,严修在时代变革来临时,能主动吸收国外教育近代化经验并身体力行,由微观而至全局,于民国到来前完成中国女子教育的“起手式”,代表了大变局之下中国教育传统自我转型的努力。

以妇女儿童为主体 发挥妇联网络优势开展HIV/AIDS预防教育与关怀活动

以妇女儿童为主体,发挥妇联网络优势,与联合国儿基会合作通过层层培训及大众传媒,深入开展了艾滋病预防知识宣传培训的社会动员工作,包括培养骨干,将宣传材料翻译成11种少数民族文字,利用各种途径传播相关知识,开展针对辍学女童等不同人群为目标人群的HIV/AIDS预防教育培训。通过以上措施,提高了广大妇女儿童有关预防和控制HIV/AIDS知识。

How did women’s education and differential family planning policies shape transition to second and third births in historical China? New evidence from micro data

The influence of China’s family planning policies on fertility transition is widely acknowledged in research studies.However,little is known about how improve-ments in women’s education have shaped reproductive decisions of Chinese women across different family planning regimes,particularly at micro level.This study uses retrospective pooled birth history data from five consecutive population and fam-ily planning surveys collected over the period 1982-2006 to systematically examine the interrelationship between family planning policies and women’s education,and their interactive effect on the second and third birth transitions.We hypothesize that family planning policies had a differential influence on educational groups in reduc-ing the transition to second and third births.The results from discrete time com-plementary log-log survival models provide strong evidence of differential repro-ductive behavior of education groups across time in China,and the simultaneous influence of women’s education and family planning policies in lowering risks to higher parities.The rates of progression to second and third births tend to be lower after the introduction of rigid family planning policies,and more importantly,the policy impact persisted even after adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic factors.The increase in women’s education overall had a depressing effect on transi-tion to higher parities,and family planning policies implemented overtime have had differential effects on women from different educational groups.The findings show that both family planning policies and women’s education have been instrumental in shaping fertility behavior in China.

Women's Higher Education in China

AT the Huairou NGO Forum on Women, participants in the Workshop on Women’s Higher Education in China were inspired by Chinese speakers to give voice to their own ideas. The line for speaking grew so long as to require Qi Wenying, Workshop Chairwoman and Professor from Beijing University, to announce a new time limit of

The Development of Women's Education in China

Ⅰ THE long-standing Chinese traditionalculture embodies numerous excellencieswhich have survived the test of time andbeen carried on generation by generation.However, there is no need for reticence inobserving that some obsolete elements have alsosurvived which fetter people’s mind and hindersocial progress. For a long time, distorted gendervalues such as "Man is superior to woman","Three-obedience and four virtues" and"Husband sets the guide for wife", hadcontributed to the weakness and inferioritycomplex in local women’s mentality. Not untilthe democratic movement of contemporaryChina was the progress of women’s liberationwitnessed. The values fettering women’s mindswere shaken and the spiritual shackles shattered.Women’s roles in China’s social developmenthave become prominent.