The Effect of Vineyard Cover Crop on Main Monomeric Phenols of Grape Berry and Wine in Vitis viniferal L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon

This study was conducted to determine the effect of cover crop inter-row in vineyard on main mono-phenol content of grape berry and wine. Three such cover crops, two perennial legumes （white clover and alfalfa） and a perennial gramineous grass （tall fescue） were sown in vineyard. The main phenolic compounds of mature grape berry and wines vinified under the same conditions were extracted with ethyl acetate and diethyl ether and analyzed by high- performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） by comparing to soil tillage. A total of ten phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in the different grape berry and wines, including nonflavonoids （hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids） and flavonoids （flavanols and flavonols）. The concentration of flavonoid compounds （409.43 to 538.63 mg kg^-1 and 56.16 to 81.30 mg L^-1） was higher than nonflavonoids （76.91 to 98.85 mg kg^-1 and 30.65 to 41.22 mg L^-1） for Cabernet Sauvignon grape and wine under different treatments, respectively. In the flavonoid phenolics, Catechin was the most abundant in the different grapes and wines, accounting for 74.94 to 79.70% and 48.60 to 50.62% of total nonanthocyanin phenolics quantified, respectively. Compared to soil tillage, the sward treatments showed a higher content of main mono-phenol and total nonanthocyanin phenolics in grapes and wines. There were significant differences between two cover crop treatments （tall fescue and white clover） and soil tillage for the content of benzoic acid, salicylic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, and total phenolics in the grape berry （P 〈 0.05 or P〈0.01）. The wine from tall fescue cover crop had the highest gallic acid, caffeic acid and catechin. Cover crop system increased the total nonanthocyanin phenolics of grapes and wines in order of the four treatments： tall fescue, white clover, alfalfa, and soil tillage （control）. Cover crop in vineyard increased total phenols of grape berry and wine, and thus improved the quality of wine evidently.

Comparison of Soil Nutritional Status between Different Muscat Hamburg Vineyards in Coastal Areas of Tianjin

To study the effects of different soil conditions on winter nutrient storage of Muscat Hamburg branches,this study compared the soil texture,bulk density,total salt content and soil K,Ca,Na,Mg and total Fe contents of Muscat Hamburg vineyards in Ninghe District and Hangu District,Binhai New Area of Tianjin and analyzed the soluble sugar and soluble protein contents in one-year-old vine branches. The results showed that the soil p H was lower,and the soil K,Ca and total salt( 0. 445%) contents were higher in the vineyard of Ninghe District than those in the vineyard of Hangu District. There were no significant differences in the soil Mg,Fe and Na contents between the vineyards in the two regions. The soil of the vineyard in Ninghe District is medium loam,and that in Hangu District is heavy loam. In short,all the soil indicators of the vineyard in Ninghe District were better than those in Hangu District except the indicator of soil salt content. The soluble sugar and soluble protein contents of one-year-old vine branches differed significantly between the two regions.

Vineyards,but not cities,are associated with lower presence of a generalist bird,the Common Blackbird(Turdus merula),in Western France

Background:Land-use change is one of the main drivers of the global erosion of biodiversity.In that context,it is crucial to understand how landscape characteristics drive the presence of rare endangered species.Nevertheless,it is also important to study common species in multiple habitats,because they represent a large proportion of biodiversity and are essential to maintain ecological functions.Interestingly,some habitats,as farmlands with permanent crops(e.g.vineyards),have been overlooked in the literature.Methods:In this study,we investigated the distribution of a widespread and common bird species,the Common Blackbird(Turdus merula),within and between the three main habitats of our study area(rural Western France).We specifically focused on(1)woodlands,(2)farmlands with a high vineyard coverage,and(3)moderately urbanized areas.Specifically,we aimed to assess the beneficial and detrimental effects of these habitats and their fine-scale composition on the presence of a common bird species,relying on a survey by point counts(nearly 100 locations).We studied the effects of habitats and gradients of fine-scale habitat composition on blackbird presence using logistic regression analyses.Results:Blackbirds were present in all studied habitats.However,their presence varied between habitats,being lower in vineyards than in woodlands and cities.In woodlands and cities,fine-scale analyses did not reveal any component driving the species'presence.However,we found that shrub and tree vegetation cover had a significant positive effect on blackbird presence in vineyards.Conclusions:Our results are in agreement with the definition of a generalist species.Interestingly,species distribution varied between habitats.The high presence of blackbirds in urban areas suggests that medium-sized cities,despite their artificialization,do not constrain the settlement of this former forest specialist and that green spaces may allow blackbirds to thrive in medium-sized cities.On the contrary,we found an impoverished presence of blackbirds in vineyards and a positive effect of vegetation on their presence in these landscapes.This suggests that permanent crops,and more generally farmlands,may impose important constraints to common species.Future studies should examine how to enhance biodiversity through agricultural management policies,especially in vineyards.

Assessment of agri-spillways as a soil erosion protection measure in Mediterranean sloping vineyards

Suitable vineyard soils enhance soil stability and biodiversity which in turn protects roots against erosion and nutrient losses. There is a lack of information related to inexpensive and suitable methods and tools to protect the soil in Mediterranean sloping vineyards(>25° of slope inclination). In the vineyards of the Montes de Málaga(southern Spain), a sustainable land management practice that controls soil erosion is actually achieved by tilling rills in the down-slope direction to canalize water and sediments. Because of their design and use, we call them agri-spillways. In this research, we assessed two agri-spillways(between 10 m and 15 m length, and slopes between 25.8° and 35°) by performing runoff experiments under extreme conditions(a motor driven pump that discharged water flows up to 1.33 l s^(-1) for 12 to 15 minutes: ≈1000 l). The final results showed: i) a great capacity by these rills to canalize large amounts of water and sediments; and, ii) higher water flow speeds(between 0.16 m s-1 and 0.28 m s^(-1)) and sediment concentrationrates(up to 1538.6 g l^(-1)) than typically found in other Mediterranean areas and land uses(such as badlands, rangelands or extensive crops of olives and almonds). The speed of water flow and the sediment concentration were much higher in the shorter and steeper rill. We concluded that agri-spillways, given correct planning and maintenance, can be a potential solution as an inexpensive method to protect the soil in sloping Mediterranean vineyards.

基于颗粒放尺效应的逆旋开沟机刀辊功耗分析与试验

为探究粗粒化建模对逆旋开沟机刀辊功耗的影响,提高离散元法的计算效率,该研究以1K-50型开沟机开沟部件为对象,利用EDEM软件构建适于南方葡萄园土质环境的刀辊-土壤离散元模型,将仿真模型中的土壤颗粒分别放大2~5倍进行开沟仿真试验,对刀辊功耗、工作阻力及土壤运动状态进行分析。结果表明:在土壤颗粒直径为5 mm、刀辊转速132 r/min、前进速度0.06 m/s、开沟深度0.3 m工况下,刀辊稳定作业阶段的功耗、水平阻力及垂直阻力平均值分别为3.73 kW、923.85 N和148.30 N,仿真功耗相对实际功耗的误差为9.9%。开沟仿真过程中刀辊的功耗、工作阻力平均值及土壤运动状态随放尺比例的变化而变化,其中刀辊功耗与水平阻力平均值随放尺比例增大而减小,垂直阻力平均值随放尺比例先减小后增大再减小,且增大放尺比例使得土垡从刀片正切面的抛出时刻提前,抛出速度减小,土垡逐渐松散,壅土高度增加,但不改变正切面上各深度土层的土壤分布顺序。放尺比例为2~5时,仿真计算时间相较原尺状态减少99%,但仿真功耗相对实际功耗的误差超过32%,当放尺比例为1.2时,能够将功耗相对误差控制在11.1%,仿真时间为22.9 h,仿真数据量313.72 GB。研究结果可为农机领域离散元放尺计算及构建刀辊-土壤粗粒化模型提供一定参考。

Sensor fusion-based approach for the field robot localization on Rovitis 4.0 vineyard robot

This study proposed an approach for robot localization using data from multiple low-cost sensors with two goals in mind,to produce accurate localization data and to keep the computation as simple as possible.The approach used data from wheel odometry,inertial-motion data from the Inertial Motion Unit(IMU),and a location fix from a Real-Time Kinematics Global Positioning System(RTK GPS).Each of the sensors is prone to errors in some situations,resulting in inaccurate localization.The odometry is affected by errors caused by slipping when turning the robot or putting it on slippery ground.The IMU produces drifts due to vibrations,and RTK GPS does not return to an accurate fix in(semi-)occluded areas.None of these sensors is accurate enough to produce a precise reading for a sound localization of the robot in an outdoor environment.To solve this challenge,sensor fusion was implemented on the robot to prevent possible localization errors.It worked by selecting the most accurate readings in a given moment to produce a precise pose estimation.To evaluate the approach,two different tests were performed,one with robot localization from the robot operating system(ROS)repository and the other with the presented Field Robot Localization.The first did not perform well,while the second did and was evaluated by comparing the location and orientation estimate with ground truth,captured by a hovering drone above the testing ground,which revealed an average error of 0.005 m±0.220 m in estimating the position,and 0.6°±3.5°when estimating orientation.The tests proved that the developed field robot localization is accurate and robust enough to be used on a ROVITIS 4.0 vineyard robot.

宁夏贺兰山东麓葡萄园生物多样性研究

宁夏贺兰山东麓属大陆性干旱半干旱气候,干燥少雨,具备生产优质酿酒葡萄的气候条件,同时具有天然的生态敏感性。葡萄园作为一个传统的典型农业生态系统,该区域内的生物多样性水平受当地生态气候、生产技术和管理模式等因素影响。本文以夏桐葡萄园作为调查样地,对植物和昆虫的生物多样性现状进行调查分析和科学评估,提出了葡萄园种植过程中提高生物多样性水平的相关建议与管理措施,以期为贺兰山东麓产区生态环境保护和生物多样性提升提供指导意见,助力葡萄酒产业可持续高质量发展。

Agroecological management of a soil-dwelling orthopteran pest in vineyards

The efficacy of different combinations of undervine and inter-row treatments for managing a soil-dwelling orthopteran pest, weta （Hemiandrus sp.）, in vineyards was investigated over 2 seasons. This insect damages vine buds, thus reducing subsequent grape yield. The undervine treatments comprised pea straw mulch, mussel shells, tick beans [Viciafaba Linn. var minor （Fab）], plastic sleeves on vine trunks （treated control） and control （no intervention）, while inter-rows contained either the existing vegetation or tick beans. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 10 replicates. Data were collected on weta densities, damage to beans and components of yield. The latter were numbers of bud laid down per vine, shoots per bud, clusters per shoot, grape bunches per vine, bunch weight and yield. The undervine treatments significantly affected all variables except the number of shoots per bud. In contrast, none of the variables was significantly affected by the inter-row treatments or their interaction with undervine treatments, apart from weta density. At the end of the experiment, weta density in the shell treatment was about 58% lower than in the control. As a result, there was about 39% significant yield increase in that treatment compared to the control. Although the undervine beans and sleeves treatments increased yield, there were no reductions in weta density. With undervine beans, the insect fed on the bean plants instead of vine buds. Thus, yield in that treatment was approximately 28% higher than in the control. These results demonstrate that simple agroecological management approaches can reduce above-ground damage by soil-dwelling insects.

Evaluation of soil erosion risk and identification of soil cover and management factor (C) for RUSLE in European vineyards with different soil management

Vineyards show some of the largest erosion rates reported in agricultural areas in Europe.Reported rates vary considerably under the same land use,since erosion processes are highly affected by climate,soil,topography and by the adopted soil management practices.Literature also shows differences in the effect of same conservation practices on reducing soil erosion from conventional,bare soil based,management.The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE)is commonly adopted to estimate rates of water erosion on cropland under different forms of land use and management,but it requires proper value of soil cover and management(C)factors in order to obtain a reliable evaluation of local soil erosion rates.In this study the ORUSCAL(Orchard RUSle CALibration)is used to identify the best calibration strategy against long-term experimental data.Afterwards,ORUSCAL is used in order to apply the RUSLE technology from farm based information across different European wine-growing regions.The results suggest that the best strategy for calibration should incorporate the soil moisture sub-factor(Sm)to provide better soil loss predictions.The C factor,whose average values ranged from 0.012 to 0.597.presented a large spatial variability due to coupling with local climate and specific local management.The comparison across the five wine-growing regions indicates that for the soil protection management,permanent cover crop is the best measure for accomplishing sustainable erosion rates across the studied areas.Alternate and temporary cover crops,that are used in areas of limited water resources to prevent competition with vines,failed to achieve sustainable erosion rates,that still need to be addressed.This raises the need for a careful use of C values developed under different environmental conditions.

Kinetic and morphology study of alginate-vineyard pruning waste biocomposite vs. non modified vineyard pruning waste for dye removal

In this work a comparative bioadsorption study between a biocomposite consisting of hydrolysed vineyard pruning waste entrapped in calcium alginate spheres and non entrapped vineyard residue was carried out.Results have demonstrated that the biocomposite based on lignocellulose-calcium alginate spheres removed 77.3% of dyes,while non entrapped lignocellulose eliminated only removed 27.8% of colour compounds.The experimental data were fitted to several kinetic models（pseudo-first order,pseudo-second order,Chien-Clayton model,intraparticle diffusion model and Bangham model）; being pseudo-second order the kinetic model that better described the adsorption of dyes onto both bioadsorbents.In addition,a morphological study（roughness and shape） of alginate-vineyard biocomposite was established under extreme conditions,observing significant differences between hydrated and dehydrated alginate-vineyard biocomposite.The techniques used to carry out this morphological study consisted of scanning electron microscopy（SEM）,perfilometry and 3D surface analysis.

复合液体肥对‘夏黑’葡萄园土壤微生物多样性的影响

为探究液体肥对葡萄根际土壤微生物多样性的影响,采用IlluminaMiseq高通量测序技术,分析了施用液体肥后‘夏黑’葡萄根际土壤微生物群落的情况。结果表明:与常规施肥相比,施用液体肥后显著提高了‘夏黑’葡萄根际土壤中微生物的丰度和多样性;土壤细菌OTU归类到36门97纲230目359科700属,葡萄根际土壤中门水平上的变形菌门、放线菌门、绿弯菌门、拟杆菌门、芽单胞菌门、Atescibacteria丰度比常规肥处理分别增加了9.53、0.87、0.12、1.99、0.61、1.12个百分点;葡萄根际土壤中属水平上的鞘氨醇单胞菌属、芽单胞菌属、RB41、Candidatus Udaeobacter、黄色杆菌科及其两个优势菌属相对丰度分别增加了2.28、0.22、0.46、0.22、0.51、0.11、0.10个百分点。施用液体肥后,土壤真菌OTU归类到7门25纲145目145科277属,葡萄根际土壤中毛葡孢属、镰刀菌属、短柄菌属、Gibellulopsis、盘菌属的相对丰度比常规肥处理分别增加了8.08、2.70、1.50、1.24、0.62个百分点。综合分析,施用复合液体肥改变了葡萄根际土壤细菌与真菌的群落结构。

不同土壤管理方式对北冰红葡萄生长及土壤理化指标的影响研究

为明确冰葡萄园土壤管理的最佳技术方法,本研究以生产上主栽的山欧杂交葡萄品种‘北冰红’为研究对象,以清耕除草为对照,园艺地布覆盖和自然生草为2种处理方式,研究清耕除草、园艺地布覆盖和自然生草3种土壤管理方式对冰葡萄园土壤性状及葡萄果实品质的影响。结果表明,园艺地布覆盖处理和自然生草处理的土壤容积含水量略高于清耕除草处理;7月下旬至8月中旬,园艺地布覆盖处理的土壤温度高于清耕除草处理和自然生草处理,高出0.02~0.22℃,8月下旬,自然生草处理的土壤温度高出清耕除草和园艺地布覆盖处理0.09~0.14℃;园艺地布覆盖处理的葡萄单株重、单穗重、可溶性糖含量、单宁含量都显著高于自然生草处理;自然生草处理的成本比园艺地布覆盖处理和清耕除草处理的成本分别低1425元hm^(2)和3075元/hm^(2)。吉林省冰葡萄园土壤管理的最佳方式是自然生草。

苏北典型葡萄种植集聚区土壤肥力特征与施肥对策——以灌南县为例

了解葡萄种植集聚区土壤肥力特征是有效制定土壤与精准施肥管理措施的重要前提。本研究选取苏北灌南县为研究对象,对55家设施葡萄园非施肥区和施肥区土壤主要肥力指标进行了测定,运用主成分分析与隶属度函数相结合的模糊综合评价法,对土壤肥力特征进行了综合分析与评价。结果表明,葡萄园施肥区土壤综合肥力整体处于较高水平,其中有机质和全氮的指标权重最大,分别为18.98%和18.02%,是影响葡萄园土壤肥力的关键因子。与非施肥区土壤相比,施肥区有14.55%和10.91%的土壤分别存在有机质和全氮含量降低现象。研究区土壤pH均呈碱性,是限制土壤肥力的主要因子。葡萄园本底有效磷含量普遍偏低,均值为19.51 mg·kg^(-1),而速效钾、交换性钙、交换性镁含量均处于较高水平,均值分别为364.55、12346.52 mg·kg^(-1)和816.66mg·kg^(-1)。施肥区土壤有效磷含量处于较高水平,均值为69.87 mg·kg^(-1),但仍有20.00%的土壤有效磷含量处于中等及以下水平。研究表明,苏北设施葡萄园应注重土壤酸碱度的调节及磷肥的适量补充,控制钾、钙、镁肥的投入,合理增施有机肥。

极简化生态模式下酿酒葡萄园碳足迹与碳储量研究

【目的】研究极简化生态模式下酿酒葡萄园的碳足迹和碳储量,为山东蓬莱地区葡萄园生态系统的固碳能力研究提供理论依据。【方法】以极简化生态模式下山东蓬莱地区的酿酒葡萄园为研究对象,利用生命周期评价法核算贵人香、小味尔多、赤霞珠3种酿酒葡萄园农资材料上游生产环节、酿酒葡萄栽培环节和葡萄酒酿造环节的碳足迹,通过建立酿酒葡萄植株异速生长模型,计算酿酒葡萄园植株各器官的生物量,并结合有机碳含量,量化山东蓬莱葡萄产区3种葡萄园碳储量的分布特征。【结果】极简化生态模式下,山东蓬莱葡萄产区贵人香、小味尔多、赤霞珠酿酒葡萄园的碳足迹分别为3458.42,3354.62和3133.65kg/hm^(2)。在3种酿酒葡萄的整个生产活动中,燃油投入引起的碳排放最高,分别占各自生命周期总碳排放的29.94%,30.87%和33.04%;其次是电能投入引起的碳排放,分别占各自生命周期总碳排放的29.80%,25.29%和24.03%;由肥料投入引起的碳排放最低,分别占各自生命周期总碳排放的8.14%,8.79%和9.58%。经量化分析,山东蓬莱葡萄产区贵人香、小味尔多、赤霞珠酿酒葡萄园的碳储量分别为56.98,69.52和60.96t/hm^(2),其中葡萄园土壤碳储量占比为80.84%~92.09%,植株碳储量占比为4.03%~15.52%。【结论】在山东蓬莱地区酿酒葡萄的整个生产过程中,燃油和电能投入是碳排放的主要来源;酿酒葡萄园碳储量巨大,且主要分布于酿酒葡萄园的土壤中。

一株厚壁隔孢伏革菌的筛选及木质纤维素降解特性

【目的】木质素难降解是制约高木质纤维素含量的农林废弃资源利用的重要因素。筛选木质素降解菌可为高效利用农林废弃物提供参考依据。【方法】以愈创木酚显色法和苯胺蓝褪色法从广泛收集的植物凋落物中分离菌株;结合形态和分子生物学方法鉴定菌株;同时测定3种木质素降解酶(漆酶、锰过氧化物酶和木质素过氧化物酶)的活性;为进一步验证菌株的降解能力,选用常见的农林废弃物-葡萄枝条作为材料,分析其在葡萄枝条废弃物液态发酵中对纤维素、半纤维素和木质素成分的降解情况。【结果】从植物凋落物中筛选出一株具有分解木质素特性的菌株HUA。菌株HUA在愈创木酚⁃PDA培养基上呈现明显的红棕色显色圈,在苯胺蓝⁃PDA培养基上最终产生褪色反应。结合形态和分子生物学方法,该菌被鉴定为厚壁隔孢伏革菌(Peniophora crassi⁃tunicata)。该菌株发酵液中漆酶、锰过氧化物酶和木质素过氧化物酶活性分别为53.18、174.01、9.51 U/L。葡萄枝条废弃物液态发酵结果表明,该菌能够有效降解木质纤维素成分,经过发酵20 d后,纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的降解率分别为17.50%、36.55%和10.33%。【结论】本研究获得的菌株HUA促进了葡萄枝条木质纤维素成分的降解,为木质纤维素高效降解提供了优质菌种资源,同时也为该菌株后续应用研究积累了相关数据。

生物动力种植模式对‘赤霞珠’葡萄酒酵母菌群和香气成分的影响

为探究生物动力(biodynamic,BD)种植模式对葡萄酒发酵过程中酵母菌群结构和挥发性香气成分的影响,本研究以BD和常规(conventional,CV)种植的‘赤霞珠’葡萄为原料,采用酵母可培养方法及顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术分别研究了葡萄酒自然发酵过程中酵母菌群结构和香气成分的组成及演替变化,并对酵母菌群与香气成分进行了冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)。结果表明:BD和CV不同发酵阶段的样品中酵母菌群结构有明显不同,BD发酵前期由5种酵母菌组成,即为Hanseniaspora uvarum、Starmerella bacillaris、Pichia kudriavzevii、Issatchenkia orientalis、Cryptococus flavescens;而CV发酵前期由3种酵母菌组成,分别为H.uvarum、Metschnikowia pulcherrima和C.flavescens。随着发酵进行,发酵中期两种酒样的酵母种类均出现增加趋势,BD和CV酒样均衍生出4种酵母菌,使BD和CV酒样分别由9种和7种酵母菌组成,其中H.uvarum为BD和CV发酵中期的优势酵母。发酵后期和末期非酿酒酵母种类减少,Saccharomyces cerevisiae逐渐演替为优势菌种,但是发酵末期CV比BD多了Hanseniaspora opuntiae、Starmerella bacillaris。酒精发酵过程中BD样品中香气物质总含量显著高于CV,同时各发酵阶段中BD样品的醇类、醛类、萜烯类等物质含量均高于CV,但酯类物质含量低于CV。RDA发现S.cerevisiae与特征香气物质(除苯甲醛外)的含量呈正相关,而非酿酒酵母(如H.opuntiae、P.kudriavzevii等)主要与正己醇、苯甲醛、乙酸乙酯呈正相关。研究结果为分析种植模式对葡萄园微生物多样性及葡萄和葡萄酒香气品质的影响提供了数据支持。

河北永定河流域葡萄园土壤硝态氮空间分布特征

【目的】探究永定河流域葡萄园氮素投入、高程与土壤硝态氮含量和累积量之间的关系,旨在为永定河流域葡萄种植区的合理施肥和降低环境污染风险提供理论依据。【方法】以河北永定河流域52个典型葡萄园为研究对象,实地调研葡萄园养分投入现状,室内分析测定葡萄园0—60 cm垂直土层(间隔20 cm)硝态氮含量,并计算其累积量和盈余量。利用ArcGIS地统计学方法分析氮素投入和盈余、土壤硝态氮含量和累积量的空间变异性。【结果】永定河流域施用有机肥农户不足50%,以施用无机肥为主。上、下游葡萄园平均氮素投入量分别为(1492.79±988.90)和(1079.31±638.25)kg·hm^(-2),平均氮素盈余量分别为(1430.41±993.01)和(1027.23±637.37)kg·hm^(-2),氮素投入与盈余量之间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),且在空间分布上均具有从西到东递减的趋势。土壤硝态氮含量和累积量在不同土层间的变化及空间分布规律一致,低值区主要分布在下游,高值区主要分布在上游。上游和下游0—60 cm土壤剖面硝态氮平均含量分别为34.96和18.76 mg·kg-1,平均累积量分别为92.44和48.12 kg·hm^(-2),不同土层间均差异显著。上游土壤硝态氮含量和累积量在20—40 cm土层最低,下游则随土层的增加而增加。上游土壤硝态氮含量和累积量在600—650 m高程范围内最高,显著高于其他高程(P<0.05),而下游受高程的影响不显著。相关性分析表明,高程主要影响表层硝态氮累积量分布,氮素投入主要影响底层硝态氮累积量分布。【结论】永定河流域葡萄园氮素盈余严重,垂直土层硝态氮向深层累积,不同高程(除450—500 m)土壤硝态氮含量与累积量均为上游高于下游,但在垂直分布上变化趋势不同,受高程和氮素投入共同影响。