Polyvinyl Acetate and Vinyl Acetate-Ethylene Hybrid Adhesive: Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties

The goal is to develop a hybrid IPN network of polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) and ethylene-vinyl acetate (VAE). In this research work, the vinyl acetate (VAc)/ VAE hybrid emulsion and polyvinyl acetate emulsion (PVAc) were effectively synthesized. Emulsions with various characteristics have been developed by adjusting the weight ratios between the vinyl acetate monomer and the VAE component. The impacts on the mechanical, thermal, and physical properties of the films were investigated using tests for pencil hardness, tensile shear strength, pH, contact angle measurement, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and viscosity. When 5.0 weight percent VAE was added, the tensile shear strength in dry conditions decreased by 18.75% after a 24-hour bonding period, the heat resistance decreased by 26.29% (as per WATT 91) and the tensile shear strength decreased by approximately 36.52% in wet conditions (per EN 204). The pristine sample’s results were also confirmed by the contact angle test. The interpenetrating network (IPN) formation in hybrid PVAc emulsion as primary bonds does not directly attach to PVAc and VAE chains. The addition of VAE reduced the mechanical properties (at dry conditions) and heat resistance as per WATT 91. Contact angle analysis demonstrated that PVAc adhesives containing VAE had increased water resistance when compared to conventional PVA stabilised PVAc homopolymer-based adhesives. When compared to virgin PVAc Homo, the water resistance of the PVAc emulsion polymerization was enhanced by the addition of VAE.

Regulating the Localization of Intumescent Flame Retardant for Improving the Flame Retardancy of Ethylene-vinyl Acetate Copolymer Using Polyamide 6 as a Charring Agent

Polyamide 6 (PA6) was employed as a charring agent of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) to improve the flame retardancy of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA). Different processing procedures were used to regulate the localization of IFR in the EVA matrix. Localizations in which IFR was dispersed in the PA6phase or in the EVA phase were prepared. The effect of the localization of IFR on the flame retardancy of EVA was investigated. The limited oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning (UL 94) and cone calorimeter test (CCT)showed that the localization of IFR in the EVA matrix exhibited a remarkable influence on the flame retardancy.Compared with EVA/IFR, a weak improvement in the flame retardancy was observed in the EVA/PA6/IFR blend withthe localization of IFR in the PA6 phase. When IFR was regulated from the PA6 phase to the EVA matrix,a remarkable increase in the flame retardancy was exhibited. The LOI was increased from 27.8%to 32.7%, and the UL 94 vertical rating was increased from V-2 to V-0. Moreover, an approximately 41.36%decrease in the peak heat release rate was exhibited. A continuous and compact intumescent charring layer that formed in the blends with the localization of IFR in the EVA matrix should be responsible for its excellent flame retardancy.

Nutrient Release Characteristics of Vinyl Chloride-Vinyl acetate Copolymers Coated SlowRelease Nitrogen Fertilizer and Its Effect on Soil Mineral Nitrogen

[Objective] The aim was to explore release characteristics of vinyl chlo- ride-vinyl acetate copolymer controlled-release N fertilizer and the effects on minerat nitrogen in soils. [Method] Vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer and hydroxyl-modi- fied VCNAc were taken as coating materials to prepare slow release fertilizer. Nutri- ent release characteristics of VC/VAc slow release fertilizer was evaluated by water immersion method and the effects of VC/VAc slow release fertilizer on mineral ni- trogen were researched by pot experiment. [Result] The release periods of VC-VAc controlled-release urea and hydroxyl-modified VC/VAc coated urea were 60 and 50 d, respectively. Furthermore, the content of ammonium nitrogen reached the peak on the 30th d and the content of nitrate nitrogen reached the peak on the 60th d in soils in treatments with VCNAc and hydroxyl-modified VC/VAc; the content of nitrate nitrogen rose again on the 120th d in the treatment with VC/VAc. In terms of wheat yield, different treatments showed insignificant differences and rice yield in the treatment with VCNAc was significantly higher than that in the treatment with hy- droxyl-modified VCNAc （P〈0.05）. [Conclusion] The release days of slow controlled- release fertilizer vary upon pot experiment method and water immersion method. Slow controlled-release fertilizer is not suitable for monoculture, due to long fertilizer efficiency, but multiple cropping would be optimal for its role to be fully exploited.

Highly active catalyst for vinyl acetate synthesis by modified activated carbon

A new zinc acetate catalyst which was prepared from modified activated carbon exhibited extreme activity towards the synthesis of vinyl acetate. The activated carbon was modified by nitric acid, vitriol and peroxyacetic acid （PAA）. The effect on specific area, structure, pH and surface acidity groups of carders by modification was discussed. Amount of carbonyl and carboxyl groups in activated carbon was increased by peroxyacetic acid treatment. The productivity of the new catalyst was 14.58% higher than that of catalyst prepared using untreated activated carbon. The relationship between amount of carbonyl and carboxyl groups （m） and catalyst productivity （P） was P = 1.83 ＋ 2.26 × 10^-3＊e^3.17m. Reaction mechanism was proposed. C 2009 Liang Rong Feng. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society. All rights reserved.

SYNTHESIS OF POLY(VINYL ACETATE)-INTERCALATED GRAPHITE OXIDE BY AN IN SITU INTERCALATIVE POLYMERIZATION

Graphite oxide, a pseudo-two-dimensional solid in bulk form, was synthesized from natural graphite powder by oxidization with KMnO4 in concentrated H2SO4. The poly(vinyl acetate)-intercalated graphite oxide nano-composite was prepared by an in situ intercalative polymerization reaction, in which n-octanol-graphite oxide intercalation compounds were first obtained, vinyl acetate monomer was then dispersed into the interlayer of modified graphite oxide, followed by thermal polymerization of the monomer. It was experimentally shown that the c-axis space of poly(vinyl acetate)-intercalated graphite oxide was increased to 0.115 nm, which suggested there existed a monolayer of poly(vinyl acetate) chain between the layers of graphite oxide. The nanocomposite was also characterized with thermal analysis and FT-IR spectrometry.

IBVE/AANa/VAc无皂乳液的合成与性能

本文以异丁基乙烯基醚、丙烯酸钠和醋酸乙烯酯为反应单体合成无皂乳液。研究了AANa的用量对乳液稳定性的影响,考察了VAc/IBVE的比例与聚合物性能的关系,同时分析了乳胶粒的形貌。结果表明,亲水性单体AANa对乳液的稳定性、粒径大小影响较大。调整反应单体VAc/IBVE的比例可以得到不同分子量、不同玻璃化转变温度的聚合物,该无皂乳液具有明显的核壳结构。

Porous Structure, Salt Component Distribution and Catalytic Preference of Zinc Acetate Catalysts for Vinylacetate Synthesis on Modified Carbon Supports

The main problem in an efficient Zn（CH3COO）2/AC （AC-activated carbon） catalyst preparation is the achievement of uniform distribution of highly dispersed salt component on the activated carbon （AC） surface. The solution of this problem is modification of the AC by hydrogen peroxide （H202） oxidation of the surface and treatment of AC with acetic acid as well as special methods of salt deposition and catalyst drying. The investigations of these ways of AC surface modification （treatment of AC with acetic acid and H2O2） have demonstrated the obtained AC to have both an increased adsorption capacity as to Zn（OAc）2 and optimum volumes of meso- and micro-pores as well as high catalyst activity in vinyl acetate （VA） synthesis. The characteristics of supports and catalysts were found out by benzene, water and acetic acid vapors adsorption. The distribution of the salt on the AC surface was studied by small-angle X-ray scattering （SAXS）, by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and X-ray micro-analysis （XMA）. The catalysts were tested in vinyl acetate synthesis in flow-bed isothermal reactor by cyclic method at 175, 205 and 230℃.

The Effect of Polyvinyl Acetate Polymer on Reducing Dust in Arid and Semiarid Areas

Because the large areas of Iran are on arid and semiarid belt of the world, it has many problems due to windstorms. Wind storms cause dust and haze due to a mass of fine sand or silt soil elevated in the atmosphere. It makes heart disease-cardiovascular and respiratory and so is detrimental for the children. These have plagued the residents and so lives of them are disrupted every so often. In this research, the subject soil stabilization using adherence of poly vinyl acetate polymer as a way to reduce the production of dust is defined for prone area. In this paper, the effect of poly vinyl acetate polymer on silt soil has been studied. In this study the samples were uncompacted particles of soil with different amount of water-solvated polymer (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 grams per meter squared) poured over them. These samples are kept in experimental environment for 7 days. After ensuring complete dryness, their stabilities are tested against wind flow with 20 m/s speed. Results showed that adding more polymers to soil would considerably increase its particles’ stabilities. This stability is due to positive reaction of polymer with soil particles. The effect of this stability is maintained during sample drying time in the lab and the soil maintains its characteristics during testing. The best results are obtained for 20 grams polymer per meter squared, where caused an increase in stability to about 15 times that of the soil without polymer.

PHOTOCOPOLYMERIZATION OF MALEIC ANHYDRIDE AND VINYL ACETATE IN TETRAHYDROFURAN~*

The copolymerization of maleic anhydride and vinyl acetate in tetrahydrofuran was studied. Results show that the maximum copolymerization rate is in 0.6 mole fraction of maleic anhydride, indicating the involvement of maleic anhydride-tetrahydrofuran charge transfer complex in the chain initiation process. ESR study provides collateral evidence for the formation of maleic anhydride radical and tetrahydrofuran radical.

Amphiphilic sodium alginate-vinyl acetate microparticles for drug delivery

To overcome the fast or burst release of hydrophilic drugs from hydrophilic alginate-based carriers,hydrophobic molecule(vinyl acetate,VAc)was grafted on alginate(Alg),which was further used to prepare drug carriers.Amphiphilic Alg-g-PVAc hydrogel beads were firstly prepared by emulsification/internal gelation technique for the loading of bovine serum albumin(BSA).Then,chitosan was coated on the surface of beads to form novel amphiphilic Alg-g-PVAc/chitosan(Alg-g-PVAc/CS)microcapsules.The BSA-loading amphiphilic Alg-g-PVAc/chitosan(Alg-g-PVAc/CS)microcapsules display similar morphology and size to the hydrophilic alginate/chitosan(AC)microcapsules.However,the drug loading and loading efficiency of BSA in Alg-g-PVAc/CS microcapsules are higher,and the release rate of BSA from Alg-g-PVAc/CS microcapsules is slower.The results demonstrate that the introduction of hydrophobic PVAc on alginate can effectively help retard the release of BSA,and the higher degree of substitution is,the slower the release rate is.In addition,the complex membrane can also be adjusted to delay the release of BSA.As a whole,amphiphilic sodium alginate-vinyl acetate/CS microparticles could be developed for macromolecular drug delivery.

Sound Absorption Properties of Discarded Feathers/Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Thermoplastic Composite Materials

The discarded feathers / ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer( EVA) thermoplastic composite materials was obtained with discarded feathers as reinforced material and EVA powders as matrix material by hot pressing method. Sound absorption properties were studied by changing mass ratio of discarded feathers and EVA,thickness of composite materials,hot pressing pressure and hot pressing temperature. It was found that the sound absorption properties of composite materials were good when the mass ratio of discarded feathers and EVA was 1: 1,thickness of composite materials was 30 mm,hot pressing pressure was 8 MPa,and hot pressing temperature was 80 ℃. Under the optimum conditions,the effect of composite density on sound absorption property was analyzed. In a certain range,the sound absorption property was enhanced with the decrease of the composite density.When the composite density was 0. 1g /cm^3, the maximum absorption coefficient was 0.96. Finally,the capillary theory was used to calculate the maximum sound absorption coefficient of discarded feathers / EVA thermoplastic composite materials. The good agreements of experimental results and calculated results proved the validity of the theoretical models.

Bifurcation control and eigenstructure assignment in continuous solution polymerization of vinyl acetate

The major difficulty in achieving good performance of industrial polymerization reactors lies in the lack of understanding of their nonlinear dynamics and the lack of well-developed techniques for the control of nonlinear processes, which are usually accompanied with bifurcation phenomenon. This work aims at investigating the nonlinear behavior of the parameterized nonlinear system of vinyl acetate polymerization and further modifying the bifurcation characteristics of this process via a washout filter-aid controller, with all the original steady state equilibria preserved. Advantages and possible extensions of the proposed methodology are discussed to provide scientific guide for further controller design and operation improvement.

Graft co-polymerization of maleic acid and vinyl acetate onto poly(vinylidene fluoride) powder by pre-irradiation technique

Binary monomers of maleic acid and vinyl acetate are grafted onto poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) powder by pre-irradiation induced graft polymerization technique in emulsion solution. The co-grafting of binary monomers is successfully proved by FT-IR spectroscopy analysis. The influences of the absorbed dose, reaction temperature, reaction time, total concentration of monomers, and feed ratio of binary monomers on the degree of grafting are investigated. The thermal property of grafted PVDF powder was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermo-gravimetry analysis (TGA).

RADICAL DESORPTION IN EMULSION POLYMERIZATION OF VINYL ACETATE

In the present paper a model equation for calculating the radical desorption rate constant,k0,in the emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate was suggested and the various parameters forevaluating k0 were determined.Effects of reaction temperature,emulsifier concentration,initiator con-centration,monomer conversion and phase ratio on k0 were studied.It indicates that the desorptionof radicals from latex particles to aqueous phase must be taken into account in the modelling ofemulsion polymerization for the monomers with higher hydrophilicity such as vinyl acetate.

Radiation grafting of poly(vinyl acetate) onto wheat straw and properties of the product

Poly(vinyl acetate)(PVAc) was grafted onto wheat straw by γ-irradiation to improve the compatibility between wheat straw and high-density polyethelene(PE).The grafting was proved by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy. The compact structure of wheat straw was loosened because the chemical bonds and crystalline structure were destructed by the γ-rays. The modified wheat straw needed less energy for thermal transition, as revealed by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC).Thermal analysis revealed that grafted PVAc acted as a protective barrier for the wheat straw and leads to an increase in maximum pyrolysis temperature. The crystallite size of grafted wheat straw decreased to 5.33 nm from 5.63 nm before irradiation. There were holes in melted form appeared on the surface of the grafted wheat straws.Both the grafted PVAc and irradiation are beneficial to lower the torque of wheat straw/PE melts and improve its mechanical properties by 36%. Possible mechanism of irradiation grafting was proposed.

Effect of ethylene vinyl acetate content on the performance of VMD using HDPE co-blending membrane

Membranes were fabricated with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) blend through thermally induced phase separation and were then used for vacuum membrane distillation (VMD). The membranes were supported by non woven polyester fabric with a special cellular structure. Different membrane samples were obtained by adjusting the polymer concentration, HDPE/EVA weight ratio, and coagulation bath temperature. The membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, contact angle test, and evaluation of porosity and pore size distribution. A series of VMD tests were conducted using aqueous NaCI solution (0.5 mol·L^-1) at a feed temperature of 65 ℃ and permeate side absolute pressure of 3 kPa. The membranes showed excellent performance in water permeation flux, salt rejection, and long-term sta-bility. The HDPE/EVA co-blending membranes exhibited the largest permeation flux of 23.87 kg·m^-2·h^-1, and benign salt rejection of ≥99.9%.

PHOTOCOPOLYMERIZATION OF MALEIC ANHYDRIDE AND VINYL ACETATE

The charge-transfer complex of maleic anhydride and vinyl acetate was copolymerized under UV light. The chain composition and structure of the copolymer were analyzed with conductometry and NMR, and the chain sequence was determined as alternating. The copolymerization rates at different feed ratios, temperatures and in different solvents were investigated, giving evidence to the very active involvement of the CT complexes in the copolymerization. Terpolymerization with acrylonitrile also showed that the complex mechanism was a proper one for this system.

聚醋酸乙烯酯(PVAc)对PHB/PCL共混物理化性能研究

聚醋酸乙烯酯(PVAc)作为非共价键型增容剂加入到聚羟基丁酸酯(PHB)/聚己内酯(PCL)(25∶75,质量分数,下同)二元共混体系中,通过溶液浇铸法制备薄膜,探究不同含量的PVAc(1%、3%、5%)对PHB/PCL共混物体系的力学性能和理化性能的影响。结果表明,PVAc含量为1%时,薄膜的断裂伸长率和拉伸强度分别为未添加PVAc的PHB/PCL薄膜的2.50倍、1.19倍。傅里叶变换红外光谱(ATR‐FTIR)显示,在PVAc的桥联作用下,PHB和PCL的羰基(C=O)基团和甲基(CH_3)基团之间存在分子间氢键的相互作用,羰基峰(C=O)发生移位,并且峰值降低。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)显示,PVAc的加入降低了共混体系中分散相的尺寸,分布更为均匀,共混体系的相容性有所改善。

Measurement and Correlation of Vapor-Liquid Equilibria for Hexamethyl Disiloxane+Vinyl Acetate System at 101.3 kPa

Vapor-liquid equilibrium data of hexamethyl disiloxane+vinyl acetate system at 101.3kPa were measured by using double circulating vapor-liquid equilibrium still.The thermodynamic consistency of the VLE data was examined by Herrington method.Experimental data was correlated by non-random two-liquid(NRTL),Wilson and universal quasichemical(UNIQUAC)parameter models.All the models satisfactorily correlated with the VLE data.The result showed that the NRTL model was the most suitable one to represent experimental data satisfactorily.The system had a minimum temperature azeotrope at 345.71 K and the mole azeotropic composition was 0.0541.

COMPATIBILITY IN POLYMER BLENDS OF POLY (VINYL ACETATE) AND POLY (METHYL METHACRYLATE)STUDIED BY NMR

Compatibility of poly (vinyl acetate) (PVAc) with poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) mixtures has been studied by using nuclear magnetic relaxation, differential scanning calorimeter and small-angle X-ray scattering techniques. The nuclear magnetic relaxation time T_1's were measured as a function of composition in blends of PMMA and PVAc prepared from chloroform solution. The results show that the system is miscible for casting from chloroform solution.