Virtual Power Plants for Grid Resilience: A Concise Overview of Research and Applications

The power grid is undergoing a transformation from synchronous generators(SGs) toward inverter-based resources(IBRs). The stochasticity, asynchronicity, and limited-inertia characteristics of IBRs bring about challenges to grid resilience. Virtual power plants(VPPs) are emerging technologies to improve the grid resilience and advance the transformation. By judiciously aggregating geographically distributed energy resources(DERs) as individual electrical entities, VPPs can provide capacity and ancillary services to grid operations and participate in electricity wholesale markets. This paper aims to provide a concise overview of the concept and development of VPPs and the latest progresses in VPP operation, with the focus on VPP scheduling and control. Based on this overview, we identify a few potential challenges in VPP operation and discuss the opportunities of integrating the multi-agent system(MAS)-based strategy into the VPP operation to enhance its scalability, performance and resilience.

Electromechanical Transient Modeling Analysis of Large-Scale New Energy Grid Connection

The synchronous virtual machine uses inverter power to imitate the performance of the conventional synchronous machine.It also has the same inertia,damping,frequency,voltage regulation,and other external performance as the generator.It is the key technology to realize new energy grid connections’stable and reliable operation.This project studies a dynamic simulation model of an extensive new energy power system based on the virtual synchronous motor.A new energy storage method is proposed.The mathematical energy storage model is established by combining the fixed rotor model of a synchronous virtual machine with the charge-discharge power,state of charge,operation efficiency,dead zone,and inverter constraint.The rapid conversion of energy storage devices absorbs the excess instantaneous kinetic energy caused by interference.The branch transient of the critical cut set in the system can be confined to a limited area.Thus,the virtual synchronizer’s kinetic and potential energy can be efficiently converted into an instantaneous state.The simulation of power system analysis software package(PSASP)verifies the correctness of the theory and algorithm in this paper.This paper provides a theoretical basis for improving the transient stability of new energy-connected power grids.

Multilevel manufacturing system of virtual enterprise based on manufacturing grid and strategies for member enterprise selection and task assignment

In order to improve efficiency of virtual enterprise, a manufacturing grid and multilevel manufacturing system of virtual enterprise is built up. When selecting member enterprises and task assignment based on the manufacturing grid, key activities are assigned to the suitable critical member enterprises by task decomposition, enterprise node searching and characteristic matching of manufacturing resources according to the characteristic matching strategy. By task merger, some ordinary activities are merged with corresponding key activities and assigned to corresponding critical member enterprises. However, the other ordinary activities are assigned to the related ordinary member enterprises with enterprise node searching and characteristic matching of manufacturing resources. Finally, an example of developing the artificial hip joint in the virtual enterprise is used to demonstrate that efficiency of the virtual enterprise is improved by using the manufacturing grid and the proposed strategies for member enterprise selection and task assignment.

Research on Control Strategy of Grid-connected Brushless Doubly-fed Wind Power System Based on Virtual Synchronous Generator Control

The brushless doubly-fed wind power system based on conventional power control strategies lacks ‘inertia’ and the ability to support grid,which leads to the decline of grid stability.Therefore,a control strategy of brushless doubly-fed reluctance generator(BDFRG) based on virtual synchronous generator(VSG) control is proposed to solve the problem in this paper.The output characteristics of BDFRG based on VSG are similar to a synchronous generator(SG),which can support the grid frequency and increase the system ‘inertia’.According to the mathematical model of BDFRG,the inner loop voltage source control of BDFRG is derived.In addition,the specific structure and parameter selection principle of outer loop VSG control are expounded.The voltage source control inner loop of BDFRG is combined with the VSG control outer loop to establish the overall architecture of BDFRG-VSG control strategy.Finally,the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed strategy are verified in the simulation.

Analysis of water resource benefits due to power grid interconnections using the virtual water method

The global water demand and supply situation is becoming increasingly severe due to water shortage and uneven distribution of water resources.The highest water demand in the energy sector is attributable to power generation.With cross-country and cross-continental power grid interconnections becoming a reality,electricity trading across countries and the creation of new opportunities for re-allocation of water resources are possible.This study expands the concept of virtual water and proposes a generalized virtual water flow in an interconnected power grid system to accurately estimate water resource benefits of clean power transmission from both the production and the consumption sides.By defining the water scarcity index as a price mechanism indicator,the benefits of water resources allocation through power grid interconnections are evaluated.Taking the Africa-Asia-Europe interconnection scenario as an example,the total water saving would amount to 88.95 million m^3 by 2030 and 337.8 million m^3 by 2050.This result shows that grid interconnections could promote the development of renewable energy and expand the benefits of available water resources.

Study on Solder Joint Reliability of Plastic Ball Grid Array Component Based on SMT Products Virtual Assembly Technology

Based on surface mount products virtual assembly technology,the solder joint reliability of plastic ball grid array (PBGA) was studied. Four process parameters,including the upper pad diameter,the stencil thickness,the chip weight on a single solder joint and the lower pad diameter were chose as four control factors. By using an L25(56) orthogonal array the PBGA solder joints which have 25 different process parameters’ levels combinations were designed. The numerical models of all the 25 PBGA solder joints were developed and the finite element analysis models were setup. The stress and strain distribution within the PBGA solder joints under thermal cycles were studied by finite element analysis,and the thermal fatigue life of PBGA solder joint was calculated using Coffin-Manson equation. Based on the calculated thermal fatigue life results,the range analysis was performed. The results of study show that that the impact sequence of the four factors from high to low on the fatigue life of PBGA solder joints are the stencil thickness,the upper pad diameter,the lower pad diameter and the chip weight on a single solder joint; the best level combination ofprocess parameters that results in the longest fatigue life is the lower pad diameter of 0.6 mm,the stencil thickness of 0.175 mm,the chip weight on asingle solder joint of 28×10 -5 N and the upper pad diameter of 0.5 mm.

VIRTUAL GRID AND NAVIER-STOKES COMPUTATION FOR CONTROL-SURFACE

The virtual grid method used in the embedding technique to solve the problem of finding interpolating cells of the inner and outer boundary points near joint regions was developed for calculating the viscous flows around a wing with control surface. The main purpose of the virtual grid is to effectively treat the geometry of the crossed facial planes at the interface, and to convert a solid wall boundary condition into an interface condition, however, no fluid flow computations are conducted within the virtual grid. Navier Stokes computations were performed for transonic flow over a clipped delta wing with control surface, and the computed results compare well with the experimental data.

Organizing of Virtual Enterprise for Customized Artificial Joint and Scheduling of Manufacturing Resources Based on Manufacturing Grid

In order to improve efficiency of developing customized artificial joint, a virtual enterprise is organized based on the manufacturing grid. The application-oriented framework of the virtual enterprise is created for organization of the virtual enterprise. The manufacturing system of the virtual enterprise is built up based on the exterior grid and manufacturing subsystems of member enterprises are set up based on the interior grid. Furthermore, according to characteristic matching of manufacturing resources, the scheduling flow is studied in detail and the related scheduling strategies are established. The scheduling procedure is divided into distributed scheduling stage and local scheduling stage.Based on the manufacturing grid, the organization of the virtual enterprise for customized artificial joint and the corresponding scheduling strategies can be utilized to shorten developing cycle and reduce produce cost.

A Virtual Synchronous Machine to Support Dynamic Frequency Control in a Mini-Grid That Operates in Frequency Droop Mode

This paper addresses the problem of dynamic frequency control in a diesel-based mini-grid. It is shown that a virtual synchronous machine (VSM) can support dynamic frequency control by adding virtual inertia and damping to the system. However, it is found that the typical formulation of damping power does not work properly when the grid forming gen-set operates in droop mode because of the unknown stabilization value of the grid frequency. As a solution to this problem, an estimator for the stabilization frequency that works in conjunction with the damping function of the VSM is proposed. Theoretical and experimental results provide evidence of a satisfactory performance of the proposed VSM with estimator for different values of the gen-set droop factor. The estimated stabilization frequency converges in approximately 2 s and the maximum frequency deviation during the transient is reduced in 34%, on average.

基于电路等效的并网逆变器失稳分析与稳定控制

以并网逆变器为功率接口的新能源发电系统在弱电网条件下易发生振荡失稳问题。该文将并网逆变器的控制回路可视化为电路元件组成的虚拟阻抗,基于该电路模型分析了弱电网条件下电流内环与锁相环交互作用导致并网逆变器振荡失稳的机理,在此基础上,提出了基于有源阻尼的稳定控制设计方法,并对不同有源阻尼控制的电路特性以及稳定性提升能力进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,针对锁相环引入负电阻造成的振荡失稳问题,阻抗-高通滤波器型有源阻尼控制策略具有更优的稳定性提升能力。最后通过PSCAD/EMTDC仿真和远宽StarSim控制器硬件在环实验对比了不同有源阻尼控制策略的振荡抑制效果,并验证了阻抗-高通滤波器型有源阻尼控制的动态性能。结果表明,所设计的稳定控制能够在200 ms内有效抑制系统振荡,并且可实现在短路比为1的极弱电网条件下稳定运行。

自适应调节有功功率偏差的虚拟同步发电机暂态控制策略

虚拟同步发电机(VSG)控制的并网逆变器在电网电压跌落时存在功角暂态失稳及过电流现象,为此提出一种VSG暂态控制策略。根据VSG功角特性,推导出有功功率与功角暂态稳定性之间的联系,并基于VSG暂态电流特性,分析VSG无功动态响应特性与暂态功角变化的关系。在此基础上,以角频率偏差、有功功率偏差及有功功率偏差变化率三者的正负作为功角特性曲线的区间划分依据,设计出有功功率偏差系数分段自适应调节策略,通过控制有功功率偏差抑制功角增大,并对VSG输出过电流进行抑制,基于等面积准则证明了VSG的暂态稳定性。仿真分析结果表明,采用所提控制策略能够有效消除VSG控制并网逆变器的功角暂态失稳及过电流现象,且无论暂态期间是否存在稳定运行平衡点,所提策略均可确保VSG功角稳定。

基于暂态导数极性分段优化的VSG二次调频控制策略

二次调频能使电力系统在一次调频过程中始终满足频率稳定的要求。采用虚拟同步发电机VSG控制策略的并网逆变器在离网运行时仅具备一次调频特性,若VSG的输出频率超出安全工作区间时将会对微电网的稳定运行产生影响,因此,需在有功控制环加入固定积分系数来实现频率无差控制的二次调频,但传统二次调频存在恢复时间与频率振荡的固有矛盾。提出一种根据暂态导数极性分段优化的改进VSG二次调频策略,该策略基于频率恢复特性,将频率恢复过程划分为2个阶段,并分别配置不同的积分系数,使得整个频率恢复时间缩短,且避免了频率的振荡,并给出了所提方法关键参数的设定依据。最后通过仿真与基于HIL的半实物平台验证了所提策略的可靠性。

面向多运行模式的并网逆变器改进控制策略

为了改善新能源并网逆变器的性能并同时满足多运行模式(并网模式和孤岛模式)调节需求,设计了双重自适应系数,并基于下垂控制和虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)控制提出了新颖的改进控制策略。该控制策略可灵活地调节惯量和阻尼以满足不同运行模式的需求。设计的双重自适应系数包括自适应协调系数和自适应惯量系数,前者可提高系统动态特性并增强适用性,后者可进一步改善功率超调和振荡问题以完全消除功率超调。所提出的改进控制策略的功率响应无超调和振荡,能够提供接近于VSG控制的惯量和阻尼特性且具有更快的响应速度,可同时满足并网模式下的功率调节需求和孤岛模式下的频率调节需求,具有更大的适用性和更优异的动态特性。最后,通过硬件在环实验验证了所提出的改进控制策略的有效性和可行性。

不平衡电网下无刷双馈风电系统的虚拟同步发电机控制

无刷双馈发电机(brushless doubly-fed reluctance generator,BDFG)在风力发电领域有着广阔的应用前景。基于虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)的无刷双馈风电系统具有一定的电网频率支撑能力,但在电网电压不平衡工况下运行性能较差。提出了一种不平衡电网工况下无刷双馈风电系统的虚拟同步发电机策略,来降低不平衡的电网电压对BDFG系统的影响;其核心思想为使用原有BDFG-VSG来控制正序分量,在功率绕组正向同步旋转坐标系下使用基于降阶广义积分器(reduced order generalized integrator,ROGI)的直接谐振控制调节负序分量。详细分析了电网电压不平衡对BDFG各电量的影响,据此提出了5种可供选择的优化目标,最后通过仿真验证了该策略的有效性。所提出的策略可抑制不平衡电网工况下BDFG的各电量中的负序分量或二倍频分量,无需计算负序电流的参考值,对电网具有友好性。

低碳目标下计及电动汽车V2G的虚拟电厂优化调度方法

促使风电、光伏等分布式能源和电动汽车保有量快速增长。考虑电动汽车到电网(vehicle to grid,V2G)能量互动对多元化能源发电出力随机性及波动性的平抑作用,以及提升风/光电的消纳水平,采用虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)技术实现对二者的统一协调管理,进而结合电动汽车全生命周期碳排放数量和分布式能源运行时碳排放数量,构建电动汽车参与的虚拟电厂整体多目标优化模型,采用粒子群优化算法对该模型进行求解,从而优化系统运行成本及碳排放成本。在结合真实数据配置的算例模型上进行实验分析,实验结果表明,提出的优化模型可以有效调度虚拟电厂各要素,充分发挥电动汽车V2G入网充放电带来的运行和碳排放收益,可以为低碳目标背景下电网系统的安全稳定运行提供技术参考。

基于改进虚拟同步发电机的构网型并联储能逆变器控制研究

针对构网型变换器预同步过程时电力系统频率电压稳定性低导致变换器并网失败的问题,提出一种基于改进线性自抗扰控制(LADRC)的构网型变换器预同步控制策略。首先,采用无锁相环(PLL)控制策略,通过相位偏差的反馈控制对网侧电压的相位和幅值进行快速同步追踪,可避免因PLL精度较低和响应速度慢而引起的电力系统稳定性降低的问题。在此基础上,在有功频率支路模块的角频率输出端引入LADRC,这可以有效解决预同步控制过程中变换器输出电压频率存在过冲的问题,从而确保构网型变换器预同步控制顺利进行最终实现成功并网。最后,在MATLAB/Simulink仿真平台中搭建基于改进LADRC的构网型变换器预同步控制模型并进行仿真验证,结果表明所提控制策略可以有效抑制系统频率震荡,并能够加速系统预同步进程,确保构网型变换器安全运行最终实现成功并网,仿真结果验证了所提方法的有效性。

跟网型电化学储能虚拟惯性常数的常数化计算方法

在包含跟网型储能虚拟惯量控制的新型电力系统频率响应(SFR)建模应用中,跟网型储能的虚拟惯性常数具有时变特性,且无法聚合求解系统等效惯性常数,导致不能构建完整的SFR模型。基于此,提出了跟网型电化学储能虚拟惯性常数的常数化计算方法,通过计算具有等效惯性常数-能量支撑效果的常数化虚拟惯性常数,实现系统等效惯性常数的聚合求解。该方法根据能量变化关键节点和动态过程的约束条件,以及跟网型储能虚拟惯量响应的两阶段相异特征,建立了具有最相近能量变化的目标函数,以分段求解常数化虚拟惯性常数。最后,通过建立SFR模型,结合时域仿真法和相关评价指标验证了计算结果的精确性。

考虑车网互动的园区电网动态双层能量管理策略

为解决大量接入的清洁能源出力波动和充电场内汽车数量的随机变化给电网能量管理带来的困难,提出一种园区电网双层优化控制策略.上层基于模型预测控制技术建立风光储集成动态优化模型,综合应用园区电池储能系统和电动汽车(EV)电池储能系统参与电网能量平衡.下层则考虑同时满足EV车主对EV的充电需求和上层能量调度的车网互动管理需求,制定园区电网内停车场的EV有序充放电策略.仿真算例验证表明:所提策略能将分散园区各处的EV储能集成为统一虚拟储能,扩展园区电网储能系统,增加可再生分布式电源的消纳与园区电网的经济效益.

电网电压不平衡下改进光储VSG控制策略

针对电网电压不平衡下电流平衡及功率恒定问题,提出改进型光储虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)控制策略,该策略通过引入虚拟阻抗技术和双二阶广义积分器(double second order generalized integrator,DSOGI)实现正负序分量的有效分离,并基于瞬时功率理论优化电流和功率的协调控制,显著提高了系统在不平衡电网条件下的电流平衡性和功率稳定性。首先,构建基于电机瞬态模型的光伏储能VSG系统的数学模型,以深入理解和模拟VSG在实际电网中的动态行为。通过应用双二阶广义积分器技术,实现了正序与负序分量的有效分离,并基于瞬时功率理论和负序虚拟复阻抗技术,进一步实现电流和功率的协调控制,确保电流平衡及功率恒定。最后,利用MATLA/Simulink软件构建仿真模型,模拟光伏储能系统在不平衡电网状态下的运行情况,仿真结果表明所提控制策略显著提高了控制策略的精度和响应速度,可确保动态电网环境中的操作效率和可靠性。

弱电网下多源构网型变流器协同控制方法

虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)作为构网型控制的主要技术之一,可为电网提供惯量支撑,但由于变流器单机容量有限,当系统需要更大的惯量支撑时,需要多VSG并联运行,因此多VSG并联的协同控制备受关注。基于此,建立了VSG多机并联的状态空间模型,通过状态变量矩阵的特征值分析系统稳定性。同时,提出了基于模型预测控制(model predictive control,MPC)的多VSG并联协同控制策略,引入角频率差与功角差作为性能指标设计目标函数,求解所需最佳有功额定增量,通过功频系数对输出角频率进行动态修正,实现对输出频率的主动支撑,有效抑制了VSG并联造成的系统频率波动,提高了电网的稳定性。结果表明,相较于传统的VSG并联系统,所提出的MPC-VSG并联控制方法可缩短系统暂态响应时间,提高系统在暂态下的鲁棒性。仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。