The Novel Current Control for Virtual Synchronous Generator

In recent years, power generation using renewable energy sources has been developed as a solution to the global warming problem. Among these power generation methods, wind power generation is increasing. However, as the penetration level of wind power generation increases, the low inertia and lack of synchronous power characteristics of the penetrated power system can have a significant impact on the transient stability of the grid. The virtual synchronous generator provides the ability of virtual inertia and synchronous power to interconnected inverters. The interconnected inverter with the virtual synchronous generator ability uses, in general, PI control based current controller. This paper proposes a new current-control method and compares it with conventional methods. The proposed current control is a method that follows virtual synchronous generator model that changes every moment by solving the discrete-time linear quadratic optimal control problem for each sampling time interval. The new method follows the conventional method, and therefore the reactive power fluctuation can be suppressed and the interconnected inverter will be downsized.

A Study of Discrete-Time Optimum Current Controller for the Virtual Synchronous Generator under Constraints

In recent years, power generation using renewable energy sources has been increasing as a solution to the global warning problem. Wind power generation can generate electricity day and night, and it is relatively more efficient among the renewable energy sources. The penetration level of variable-speed wind turbines continues to increase. The interconnected wind turbines, however, have no inertia and no synchronous power. Such devices can have a serious impact on the transient stability of the power grid system. One solution to stabilize such grid with renewable energy sources is to provide emulated inertia and synchronizing power. We have proposed an optimal design method of current control for virtual synchronous generators. This paper proposes an optimal control method that can follow the virtual generator model under constrains. As a result, it is shown that the proposed system can suppress the peak of the output of semiconductor device under instantaneous output voltage drop.

基于Modelica的虚拟远程实验室

为了弥补传统实验教学模式的不足,介绍一种使用新型的、面向对象的多领域统一建模语言Modelica进行建模及仿真的电工电子虚拟远程实验室,并详述了其架构及远程实验的操作流程。构建两个子系统——模电实验系统及吹摆控制实验系统。通过调用Modelica标准模型库,实现了模电实验系统的建模;根据模块化建模的思想,对吹摆控制实验系统进行系统分解,利用Modelica编写每个模块的仿真模型,建立了可扩展的系统模型库,并基于该模型库实现了吹摆系统的构建。将两个子系统放在虚拟实验平台上仿真,仿真结果符合理论推算。

Gait planning and intelligent control for a quadruped robot

We present a method for designing free gaits for a structurally symmetrical quadruped robot capable of performing statically stable, omnidirectional walking on irregular terrain. The robot＇s virtual model is constructed and a control algorithm is proposed by applying virtual components at some strategic locations. The deliberative-based controller can generate flexible sequences of leg transferences while maintaining walking speed, and choose optimum foothold for moving leg based on integration data of exteroceptive terrain profile. Simulation results are presented to show the gait＇s efficiency and system＇s stability in adapting to an uncertain terrain.

四足机器人腾空跳跃的轨迹优化与控制方法

针对四足机器人难以跨越大尺寸障碍物的问题,提出了一种仿生腾空跳跃的轨迹优化控制方法 .首先,对马里努阿犬的越障运动进行测试和仿生学分析,得到腾空跳跃的参考轨迹.其次,根据摩擦锥、轨迹平滑、运动学和动力学等约束条件,基于轨迹优化的方法对仿生参考轨迹进行离线优化,生成四足机器人的期望跳跃轨迹,得到跳跃所需的足端位置、关节力矩和关节角度序列.再次,设计分阶段的跳跃控制器,采用关节和质心PD(Proportional Derivative)的组合控制策略,实现对期望跳跃轨迹的跟踪,采用变刚度虚拟模型控制实现对落地姿态的调整和足底力的缓冲.最后,在Webots仿真环境中完成了1 m高度的自由落地和跳跃0.75 m高度桌子的仿真实验.研究结果表明:仿生轨迹优化与控制算法能够使四足机器人跳跃大尺寸障碍物并且具有平稳落地的效果,对于提高四足机器人的高性能运动能力以及拓展其应用环境具有参考价值.

基于模型预测的直流微网多电力弹簧协同控制策略研究

针对新能源接入、负荷投切所导致的直流微电网电压质量下降与系统呈现低惯性的问题,传统惯性控制随着电网规模的扩大适应性降低,因此提出一种多直流电力弹簧(DC electric springs,DCESs)单元下的直流微网电压协同控制策略,首先采用分布式一致性算法通过稀疏通信网络交换本地信息与相邻信息,求解全局母线电压平均值,并引入积分环节提高传统通信方式的收敛性。接着考虑系统负荷投切以及源侧功率波动导致的电压突变,基于DCES中的双向全桥DC/DC变换器构建预测模型,令各DCES根据系统功率波动状态自适应求解最佳虚拟电容值,平滑直流母线电压,提升了动态响应速度,同时分析了系统电压的收敛性与稳定性。最后通过MATLAB/Simulink在随机波动负荷、实际光伏场景下从电压质量、即插即用性能、系统惯性3个方面验证了模型的有效性,所提出的控制策略在保证系统电压平稳的同时,具有更优的动态响应能力。

风电虚拟惯量延时的影响机理模型解析及替代性研究

风电机组采用虚拟惯量参与电网调频时,其本质是带延时的快速功率响应,但虚拟惯量延时对频率控制的非线性影响尚不清晰。同时,虚拟惯量存在测频精度要求高、延时大、频率微分环节放大量测误差等固有缺陷。为此,提出了风电机组虚拟惯量延时的影响机理模型解析及替代性研究的思路。首先,通过将风电机组虚拟惯量和下垂控制的延时特性近似等效为一阶惯性环节,建立风电调频使用虚拟惯量和下垂控制的系统频率响应模型;其次,基于劳斯近似法对高阶模型进行降阶解析,求得系统频率最低点的解析表达式;然后,解析求解风电调频仅使用下垂控制的系统频率响应模型,并在频率最低点指标下给出与虚拟惯量和下垂控制相同调频效果的下垂控制系数设定方法。进一步,在设定下垂控制参数下,对比两种控制方式下的最大频率变化率、稳态频率等关键指标关系,得出结论:适当改变下垂系数可替代带延时虚拟惯量,并能取得比虚拟惯量和下垂控制更佳的调频效果。最后,建立仿真模型,并从系统频率响应动态、调频能量需求、风电机组响应功率等方面验证了分析的正确性。

Cable Harness Assembly Planning in Virtual Environment

Based on the analysis of characteristic of cable harness planning in virtual environment,a discrete control node modeling (DCNM) method of cable harness in virtual environment and the cable harness assembly routing technique based on it are proposed. DCNM converts a cable harness into continuous flexed line segments connected by a series of section center points,and the design can realize cable harness planning through controlling those control nodes. This method of cable harness routing in the virtual environment breaks the status that virtual assembly process planning is just suitable for the rigid components at present,and impulse the virtual assembly process planning to be more practical. Relation algorithms have been verified in a self-developed system named virtual cable harness assembly planning (VCHAP) system,and this VCHAP system has been applied in assembly process planning of aerospace-related products.

Indoor biology pollution control based on system-based humidity priority control strategy

Indoor biological contamination and HVAC system secondary contamination problems caused wide public concerns. Biological contamination control will be the next step to achieve better IAQ. The most efficient and safe way to control biological contamination was to limit relative humidity in HVAC system and conditioned environment in the range that is more unsuitable for microorganism to survive. In this paper,by referring to bio-clean project experiences,a system-based humidity priority control manner came into being by lowering outdoor air humidity ratio to eliminate all indoor latent load and using self recirculation units to bear indoor sensible load. Based on the whole-course residue humidity contaminant control concept,dynamic step models for coil and conditioned zone were developed to describe mass and energy conservation and transformation processes. Then,HVAC system and conditioned zone dynamic models were established on LabVIEW+Matlab platform to investigate optimized regulation types,input signatures and control logics. Decoupling between cooling and dehumidification processes can be achieved and a more simplified and stable control system can be acquired by the system-based humidity priority control strategy. Therefore,it was a promising way for controlling biological pollution in buildings in order to achieve better IAQ.

虚拟编组下基于跟驰模型的列车群运行控制方法研究

高速铁路移动闭塞方式下运输能力与运输需求之间依然存在缺口,虚拟编组是未来提高运输能力的新方式。本文基于虚拟编组概念,受道路交通跟驰模型启发,引入列车动力学和运动学理论,根据相邻两列车之间的速度和距离关系,提出一种新的追踪列车加速度调整策略,建立相应的列车群虚拟编组加速度控制模型,当实现列车群的虚拟编组时,列车群中所有列车的速度相等,任意相邻列车之间的间距等于期望间距,同时,能够确保列车安全与乘客舒适度。本文以CRH380A动车组为背景验证模型,算例仿真结果表明,本文提出的加速度调整策略能有效实现列车群的虚拟编组;与移动闭塞方式相比,采取虚拟编组方式达到列车协同的时间减少9.7%,列车间距缩小10.1%,效率更高;将列车群视为一个整体时,实现虚拟编组的时间比将整个列车群分为多组时更短。

含减载控制和虚拟惯量控制的直驱风电场等值建模方法

为建立准确的具有主动支撑能力的直驱风电场等值模型,提出一种含减载控制和虚拟惯量控制的直驱风电场等值建模方法。首先,建立包含减载控制和虚拟惯量控制的直驱风机并网系统模型;其次,依据适应性分析选取转速、减载系数、惯性系数和阻尼系数作为分群指标;然后,基于分群指标利用改进K-means算法对直驱风电场中的机组进行聚类分群,得到直驱风电场的等值模型;最后,利用实际算例在不同场景下进行仿真和计算,对等值建模方法的准确性进行验证。

基于数字孪生的桥式起重机自主运行系统研究

为了提高桥式起重机的智能化水平和数字化水平,借助数字孪生技术,对一桥式起重机的安全自主运行系统进行了仿真和实验研究。首先,采用数字孪生思想构建了起重机自主运行系统整体架构,根据桥式起重机的实际运行情况,采用四模型(即虚拟模型、物理动力学模型、行为控制模型和规则计算模型)的方法,构建了起重机的孪生模型;然后,在起重机孪生实验平台上进行了起重机路径规划和大小车轨迹跟踪仿真实验,采用了变论域模糊PID控制器,对起重机大小车轨迹跟踪进行了控制;最后,对该数字孪生系统进行了互联互通实物验证实验。研究结果表明:在起重机数字孪生系统中可以同步进行虚拟仿真和实物实验;在起重机大小车轨迹跟踪实验中,使用所提变论域模糊PID控制方法时,大车跟踪误差在±7 cm内,小车跟踪误差可达±6 cm,表明该控制方法的先进性;同时,该系统初步达成数字孪生技术虚实同步、虚实融合、虚实对照的目标,并且具有良好的三维可视化效果,可为推动机电装备的数字化进程提供一种思路。

基于简化有限集模型预测电流控制的五相PMSM统一容错控制

在五相永磁同步电机(permanent-magnet synchronous motor,PMSM)中,有限集模型预测容错控制(finite control set model predictive fault tolerant control,FCS-MPFTC)存在计算量大、电流谐波含量高等问题。因此,该文提出一种简化FCS-MPFTC来实现相开路和短路故障情况下的统一容错控制。首先,将模型预测电流控制的电流代价函数等效转化为电压代价函数,并采用无差拍方法通过电流模型计算出参考电压。然后,基于抑制三次谐波电流为0的原则合成虚拟电压矢量(virtual voltage vector,V^(3));通过重构V^(3)和扇区,以直接获得参考电压矢量对应的最优电压矢量。最后,对传统和简化FCS-MPFTC在开路和短路故障下进行对比实验。结果表明,所提策略能够有效减小故障后计算量、转矩脉动以及电流谐波含量。

变流器虚拟惯量和阻尼协同自适应控制策略

针对变流器传统虚拟同步发电机控制(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)在暂态过程中出现的频率超调等问题,提出一种虚拟惯量和阻尼系数协同自适应控制策略。首先,对VSG变流器系统进行数学建模;然后,通过分析VSG有功和角频率暂态特性曲线,提出一种虚拟惯量和阻尼系数协同自适应控制策略,同时借鉴传统同步发电机小信号模型分析方法建立有功功率环路传递函数,给出参数的选取范围;最后,基于MATLAB/Simulink仿真,验证了所提自适应控制策略在改善频率和功率暂态特性方面的有效性。

基于MPC的虚拟同步双馈风机并网系统次同步振荡抑制策略

【目的】虚拟同步控制的引入使得双馈风机(DFIG)与线路补偿装置间的次同步振荡更为复杂。针对此问题,提出了一种基于模型预测控制(MPC)的虚拟同步双馈风机并网系统次同步振荡抑制策略。【方法】首先,从虚拟同步发电机(VSG)阻抗模型中得到虚拟惯量和阻尼二阶表达式,从阻抗特性的角度探究参数变化对并网系统次同步振荡的影响;其次,利用三相两电平含开关函数的电压方程推导换流器输出有功和无功功率的预测函数,建立基于MPC的直接功率预测内环控制,实现功率波动最小的最优控制;最后,利用扫频法对MPC_VSG控制策略进行分析。【结果】通过基于RT-LAB的硬件在环测试对所提MPC_VSG控制策略进行验证,结果表明在不同串补度、不同风速下,MPC_VSG控制策略均能够在0.5 s内抑制次同步振荡,且具有良好的鲁棒性。【结论】本文设计的MPC_VSG控制策略,通过以最小功率波动为目标选取最优开关状态,实现了对次同步振荡的有效抑制。

Constructing the Virtual Production Line

In order to study the constructing technology of virtual production line, the structure model of virtual production line was presented, and the object oriented technique was used to establish its basic classes and relevant models, including solid model, behavior model and object oriented Petri net based control model, and based on this, the constructing of virtual production line was realized. The application proved that the virtual production line had many good characteristics, such as visualization, interaction, multi layer and reusability, and it's an efficient tool of analyzing and modeling for layout planning and rapidly reconfiguring of production line.

考虑车网互动的园区电网动态双层能量管理策略

为解决大量接入的清洁能源出力波动和充电场内汽车数量的随机变化给电网能量管理带来的困难,提出一种园区电网双层优化控制策略.上层基于模型预测控制技术建立风光储集成动态优化模型,综合应用园区电池储能系统和电动汽车(EV)电池储能系统参与电网能量平衡.下层则考虑同时满足EV车主对EV的充电需求和上层能量调度的车网互动管理需求,制定园区电网内停车场的EV有序充放电策略.仿真算例验证表明:所提策略能将分散园区各处的EV储能集成为统一虚拟储能,扩展园区电网储能系统,增加可再生分布式电源的消纳与园区电网的经济效益.

基于MMC的分布式储能系统及其快速SOC均衡控制策略

提高基于模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)的分布式储能系统(distributed energy storage systems,DESS)的能量利用率,解决储能子模块(energy sub-module,ESM)荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)均衡问题至关重要。针对现有的SOC均衡控制策略的不足,提出内外分层的快速SOC均衡控制策略。外层针对桥臂间或相间的SOC差异,通过改进MMC模型预测控制(model predictive predictive control,MPC),配合自适应均衡系数,快速调整功率差额。内层引入自适应虚拟电阻法,根据ESM的SOC情况确定主导ESM,自适应调节各单元的虚拟电阻,产生相应的电压梯度,结合MMC排序算法使ESM按照各自SOC进行功率分配,从而实现ESM的SOC快速均衡,提高DESS能量利用率。通过在Matlab/Simulink构建仿真模型,证明了所提控制策略的有效性和可行性。

永磁同步电机模型预测转矩控制共模电压抑制研究

针对永磁同步电机模型预测转矩控制共模电压较大的问题,对比分析了磁链、转矩和共模电压共同控制、直接去除零电压矢量和虚拟零电压矢量三种抑制共模电压的方法。仿真结果表明,三种方法均可有效抑制共模电压。前两种方法均未采用零电压矢量,导致磁链脉动和转矩脉动增大;虚拟零电压矢量方法既保留了零电压矢量,又有效抑制了共模电压,但开关频率有所增大;动态虚拟零电压矢量选择开关次数最小的零电压矢量生成方式,可在控制性能基本相当的前提下,有效减小开关频率,综合性能最优。

弱电网下多源构网型变流器协同控制方法

虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)作为构网型控制的主要技术之一,可为电网提供惯量支撑,但由于变流器单机容量有限,当系统需要更大的惯量支撑时,需要多VSG并联运行,因此多VSG并联的协同控制备受关注。基于此,建立了VSG多机并联的状态空间模型,通过状态变量矩阵的特征值分析系统稳定性。同时,提出了基于模型预测控制(model predictive control,MPC)的多VSG并联协同控制策略,引入角频率差与功角差作为性能指标设计目标函数,求解所需最佳有功额定增量,通过功频系数对输出角频率进行动态修正,实现对输出频率的主动支撑,有效抑制了VSG并联造成的系统频率波动,提高了电网的稳定性。结果表明,相较于传统的VSG并联系统,所提出的MPC-VSG并联控制方法可缩短系统暂态响应时间,提高系统在暂态下的鲁棒性。仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。