The evaluation of temporal electronic structures of nonresonant Raman excited virtual state of thiourea

An algorithm has been introduced to calculate molecular bond polarizabilities of thiourea, which supply essential electronic information about the nonresonant Raman excited virtual states. The main dynamical behaviour of the excited virtual states of thiourea is that the Raman excited electrons tend to flow to the N-H bonds and C-N bonds from the S-C bonds because of the electronic repulsion effect. The difference in Raman excited electron relaxation time of thiourea under 514.5-nm and 325-nm excitations has been observed, which quantitatively shows that the Raman scattering process is dependent on the wavelength of the pumping laser. Finally, the distribution of the electrons at the final stage of relaxation is given out through the comparison between the bond electronic densities of the ground states and the bond polarizabilities after deexcitation.

Temporal electronic structure of non-resonant Raman excited virtual state of P-nitroaniline by 514 nm excitation via bond polarisabilities

We have studied the temporal bond polarisabilities of para-nitroaniline from the Raman intensities by the algorithm proposed by Wu et al. in 1987 （Tian B, Wu G, Liu G 1987 J. Chem. Phys. 87 7300）. The bond polarisabilities provide much information concerning the electronic structure of the non-resonant Raman excited virtual state. At the initial moment by the 514.5 nm excitation, the tendency of the excited electrons （mapped out by the bond polarisabilities） is to spread to the molecular periphery, and the electronic structure of the Raman virtual state is close to the pseudoquinonoidic state. When the final stage of relaxation is approached, the bond polarisabilities of those peripheral bonds relax faster than those closer to the molecular core, the phenyl ring. The molecule is in the benzenoidic form as demonstrated by the bond polarisabilities after relaxation.

Investigation on Virtual State Contribution to Gauge Invariant Cross Section of e⁺e^-→J/ψ+η_cin Bethe-Salpeter Framework

It is shown that the virtual states and relative momentum of the constituents of the bound states are very important for the cross section of the process e+e-→J/ψ+ηc with the help of the Bethe-Salpeter wave function description of the bound states. The gauge invariance of the cross section is demonstrated. The numerical results can explain the experimental data.

Contact State Estimation Based on Surface-matching in Virtual Assembly

Contact problems are one of the most challenging fields in virtual assembly. Information of contact states could be utilized to realize compliant motion of work pieces, to analyze the contact stress, to assist positioning parts and so on. Some methods have already been proposed to estimate contact states between objects and in most of these methods contact states between objects are simplified in order to realize real-time visual reality animation. While in virtual assembly contact states between parts are required to analyze contact stress, deformation and quality. Besides the contact state estimation method for virtual assembly should be able to handle a number of complex parts in real time. There are rarely known methods which could meet this requirement till now. In this study a contact state estimation algorithm based on surface-matching for virtual assembly is proposed. Contacts between parts are categorized into six basic types according to contact region of surfaces. Based on continuous collision detection of polyhedral models a novel contact state identification algorithm which is based on surface matching is proposed. Then contact evolution algorithm, which utilizes the extern force and contact information, is implemented to handle evolution of contact state. Finally a prototype system is developed to verify the above technologies. Experiment results reveal that contact state between parts could be estimated correctly in real time virtual assembly. The proposed contact state estimation algorithm provides a complete solution to obtain the contact state between parts in virtual assembly. Information of contact state between parts could be utilized to realize contact dynamic, contact stress analysis, assembly quality analysis, and so on.

Atomic N00N state generation in distant cavities by virtual excitations

A general scheme of generating NOON states of virtually-excited 2N atoms is proposed. The two cavities are fibre-connected with N atoms in each cavity. Although we focus on the case of N = 2, the system can be extended to a few atoms with N 〉2. It is found that all 2N atoms can be entangled in the form of NOON states if the atoms in the first cavity are initially in the excited states and atoms in the second cavity are all in the ground states. The feasibility of the scheme is carefully discussed, it shows that the NOON state with a few atoms can be generated with good fidelity and the scheme is feasible in experiment.

Vehicle State and Parameter Estimation Based on Dual Unscented Particle Filter Algorithm

Acquisition of real-time and accurate vehicle state and parameter information is critical to the research of vehicle dynamic control system.By studying the defects of the former Kalman filter based estimation method,a new estimating method is proposed.First the nonlinear vehicle dynamics system,containing inaccurate model parameters and constant noise,is established.Then a dual unscented particle filter(DUPF)algorithm is proposed.In the algorithm two unscented particle filters run in parallel,states estimation and parameters estimation update each other.The results of simulation and vehicle ground testing indicate that the DUPF algorithm has higher state estimation accuracy than unscented Kalman filter(UKF)and dual extended Kalman filter(DEKF),and it also has good capability to revise model parameters.

Dissemination of Information Communication Technologies: Mobile Government Practices in Developing States

Information Communication Technologies (ICT) has offered m-government applications as an intermediate technology to provide effective and efficient government services to the public. Due to high rate of corruptions in developing states, government policies diversified governmental services from offline to virtualized perspective to expose accessibility, transparency, accountability and accessibility through mobile government. Deployment of such ICT tool also exposed a unique opportunity for the recovery of the public confidence against government which has damaged due to corruption activities in country. Virtualization of the government services became compulsory due to high rate of corruption that occurred in the economic context and it became a serious obstacle for economic development of developing states. The virtualized services aimed to harmonize governmental services into mobile platform in order to become more transparent to the public. This research paper comparatively investigates the mobile government services that are located in Malta and Singapore which are classified as developing countries. The criteria of the comparison have done based on demographic structure of the country, M-government policies and ICT infrastructure of the country. The findings of this study exposed the impact of e-government practices and differences between them in terms of applicability and provide a specific point of view for m-government adoption policy.

考虑SOC的混合储能功率分配与自适应虚拟惯性控制

电力电子化的直流配电网存在低惯性问题,不利于系统稳定运行。混合储能设备可向电网提供虚拟惯性,但不同类型的储能之间存在功率协调问题,并且储能的荷电状态(state of charge, SOC)对虚拟惯性的调节也有约束作用。针对上述问题,提出了一种自适应时间常数的分频控制策略,时间常数根据混合储能系统(hybridenergy storage system, HESS)的SOC而动态调整以改变功率分配。首先,通过分析储能SOC与虚拟惯性的关系,并考虑储能充放电极限问题,研究兼顾SOC、电压变化率以及电压幅值的自适应虚拟惯性控制策略,提高系统惯性。然后,建立控制系统的小信号模型,分析虚拟惯性系数对系统的影响。最后,基于Matlab/Simulink搭建直流配电网仿真模型,验证了所提控制策略能合理分配HESS功率,提高超级电容器利用率,改善直流电压与功率稳定性。

Third-order polynomial model for analyzing stickup state laminated structure in flexible electronics

Laminated hard-soft integrated structures play a significant role in the fabrication and development of flexible electronics devices. Flexible electronics have advantageous characteristics such as soft and light-weight, can be folded,twisted, flipped inside-out, or be pasted onto other surfaces of arbitrary shapes. In this paper, an analytical model is presented to study the mechanics of laminated hard-soft structures in flexible electronics under a stickup state. Thirdorder polynomials are used to describe the displacement field,and the principle of virtual work is adopted to derive the governing equations and boundary conditions. The normal strain and the shear stress along the thickness direction in the bimaterial region are obtained analytically, which agree well with the results from finite element analysis. The analytical model can be used to analyze stickup state laminated structures, and can serve as a valuable reference for the failure prediction and optimal design of flexible electronics in the future.

电力系统状态感知虚拟仿真实验设计

针对传统电力系统状态感知实验中系统建设成本高、操作危险系数大、实验模式单一等问题,开发了电力系统状态感知虚拟仿真实验。具体地,设计了状态感知原理与实验准备模块、智能感知实验操作模块、实验考核和评价模块等实验内容,提出了以目标成果导向为原则的实验评价考核方法,构建了与之相适应的虚拟仿真实验教学方法。实践表明,该虚拟实验突破了传统实验中电气设备高压操作和高危实验环境等限制,延伸了实验教学的时间和空间,有助于培养学生深入开展电力系统状态感知与分析的综合实践能力,提升了电力系统实验教学效果。

虚拟现实技术赋能美国教师教育实践训练的历程、效果、走向及启示

虚拟现实技术作为一种能够将学习者置身于虚拟环境中的革命性工具,正在重塑教育的生态与未来。美国最早开始运用虚拟现实技术辅助教师教育实践训练,这一过程经历了虚拟现实技术与教育的初步结合、深度交融及催生专业平台新形态3个阶段。在实践效果上,教师教育实训专业平台通过多元主体的交互性提升了实训真实感、依靠虚拟情境的多感知性营造了实训沉浸感、凭借实践过程的自主性提高了自我效能感。展望未来,虚拟现实技术赋能美国教师教育实践训练的趋向包括实训模式的智能化、实训理论的多样化、实训内容的个性化和实训评价的二元化。世界各国都在积极应对和推动教育教学智能化。在未来较长时间里,智能化教育教学将是我国教育改革的重点方向,而虚拟现实技术赋能则是这一改革的重要基础与路径。

弱电网下多源构网型变流器协同控制方法

虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)作为构网型控制的主要技术之一,可为电网提供惯量支撑,但由于变流器单机容量有限,当系统需要更大的惯量支撑时,需要多VSG并联运行,因此多VSG并联的协同控制备受关注。基于此,建立了VSG多机并联的状态空间模型,通过状态变量矩阵的特征值分析系统稳定性。同时,提出了基于模型预测控制(model predictive control,MPC)的多VSG并联协同控制策略,引入角频率差与功角差作为性能指标设计目标函数,求解所需最佳有功额定增量,通过功频系数对输出角频率进行动态修正,实现对输出频率的主动支撑,有效抑制了VSG并联造成的系统频率波动,提高了电网的稳定性。结果表明,相较于传统的VSG并联系统,所提出的MPC-VSG并联控制方法可缩短系统暂态响应时间,提高系统在暂态下的鲁棒性。仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。

基于MMC的分布式储能系统及其快速SOC均衡控制策略

提高基于模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)的分布式储能系统(distributed energy storage systems,DESS)的能量利用率,解决储能子模块(energy sub-module,ESM)荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)均衡问题至关重要。针对现有的SOC均衡控制策略的不足,提出内外分层的快速SOC均衡控制策略。外层针对桥臂间或相间的SOC差异,通过改进MMC模型预测控制(model predictive predictive control,MPC),配合自适应均衡系数,快速调整功率差额。内层引入自适应虚拟电阻法,根据ESM的SOC情况确定主导ESM,自适应调节各单元的虚拟电阻,产生相应的电压梯度,结合MMC排序算法使ESM按照各自SOC进行功率分配,从而实现ESM的SOC快速均衡,提高DESS能量利用率。通过在Matlab/Simulink构建仿真模型,证明了所提控制策略的有效性和可行性。

考虑储能约束的神经网络VSG参数自适应控制策略

虚拟同步发电机(Virtual Synchronous Generator, VSG)控制策略常用于处理高比例新能源并网导致系统惯量、阻尼缺失的问题,储能单元的配置制约着VSG惯量阻尼的设定。首先,建立考虑储能荷电状态(State of Charge, SOC)约束的VSG小信号模型,计算多约束条件下惯量阻尼取值范围。然后,借助径向基函数(Radial Basis Function, RBF)神经网络算法处理连续非线性函数的优点,提出一种计及储能约束的RBF神经网络VSG惯量阻尼自适应控制策略。该策略取频率偏差量和频率变化率为输入,输出为VSG转动惯量,根据二阶系统最优阻尼比确定阻尼系数取值。最后通过Matlab/Simulink仿真验证,结果表明所提计及多约束的VSG自适应控制策略能够快速响应系统频率变化,优化系统动态调节能力;减小直流母线电压跌落,增强系统鲁棒性。

海上风电场经柔直送出系统的虚拟导纳中频振荡抑制策略

随着柔性直流输电技术在远海风电的广泛应用,海上换流站接入远海风电场时出现了中频振荡现象,严重危害系统安全稳定运行。为此,提出了一种基于虚拟导纳的中频振荡抑制策略。首先,采用模块化状态空间法建立了海上风电场经柔直送出系统的小信号模型。然后,采用参与因子分析方法揭示了影响中频振荡的关键因素,并分析了各关键因素对中频振荡的影响特性。在此基础上,提出在柔直控制系统中添加虚拟导纳的阻尼控制策略,并基于阻尼控制器对中频、LCL振荡的差异影响划分了控制器参数的稳定域。最后,在Matlab/Simulink中搭建时域仿真模型。结果表明,所提策略在系统不同运行工况下均可有效抑制中频振荡,提高了系统稳定性。

实验室规模大曲发酵虚拟仿真与控制

高温大曲制曲工艺在改造升级时,采用架子曲生产方式下顶温下降且维持困难,而现有控温策略仅考虑散热角度,无法满足生产要求。该研究从产热角度解析大曲升温机理,在20 L固态发酵体系,探讨通气(50、100、200 L/h)对大曲发酵产热的调控效果。基于曲房热量平衡模型,基于COMSOL平台构建虚拟仿真,实现了大曲发酵的热量变化可视化。通过实验室培养箱制曲实验,对照组顶温52.23℃,通气50 L/h组顶温53.63℃,上升2.68%,通气100 L/h组顶温53.90℃,上升3.20%,通气200 L/h组顶温48.10℃,下降7.91%。经验证,对照组虚拟仿真效果较好,平均相对误差2.93%,相关系数R^(2)=0.97。而实验组仿真效果变差,证明了通气操作影响到了微生物代谢产热。研究基于虚拟仿真,结合散热和产热两个角度探讨了大曲温度的调控策略,证明了虚拟仿真技术在调控优化大曲发酵工艺方面具有应用前景,结论可为推进曲房固态发酵过程控制与优化提供参考。

基于频率超前校正的VSG并联系统有功振荡抑制策略

针对虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)在外界扰动时存在的有功暂态振荡问题,提出一种基于频率超前校正的VSG并联系统有功振荡抑制策略。首先,建立VSG并联系统有功环小信号模型,分析负载功率突变时的VSG有功振荡机理。然后,基于微分超前校正思想并结合VSG有功环控制结构,将有功功率反馈至频率偏差之上,从而增大系统阻尼程度并抑制VSG并联系统有功暂态振荡。接下来,建立改进型VSG并联系统状态空间模型,通过根轨迹分析系统动态响应性能。最后,通过Matlab/Simulink仿真和实验验证了该方案能够有效抑制VSG并联系统有功暂态振荡,并且不影响其稳态有功特性。

剪式座椅悬架系统动态性能分析

基于达朗贝尔原理,在建立座椅悬架系统的虚平衡状态的基础上,推导出了系统的运动微分方程,得到了系统的传递函数。采用试验测定手段,得到了座椅悬架主要元件的力学性能及座椅传递特性,并通过试验结果验证理论模型的准确性。在此基础上,讨论各参数对悬架系统共振频率及幅值的影响,针对其结构参数对悬架系统进行了部分改进,可为座椅结构设计提供思路和解决方法。

考虑电力网络约束的工业园区虚拟电厂调控边界求解方法

构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统,亟须挖掘负荷侧灵活调节资源参与电网调控。含电解铝、矿热炉等高耗能负荷的工业园区具备良好的调控潜力,但是考虑园区内部电力网络约束,其精确调控边界求解面临着变量维数高、约束非线性的难题,现有方法不能较好地兼顾计算效率和精度。对此,文中将上述问题抽象为高维非线性状态空间在P-Q耦合平面的投影问题:分别建立考虑工业园区安全运行线性化和非线性约束的调控边界投影求解模型,采用一种新颖的高维状态空间投影算法,通过顶点“搜索-映射”的两步式求解过程,得到工业园区型虚拟电厂调控边界的精确投影。算例结果表明,采用所提方法求解的调控边界可由线性不等式组完全表征,与现有调度系统完全兼容,结合与叠加柔性资源调控能力和传统采样方法的对比,验证了该方法的可行性以及高求解精度和效率。