Screening tests for blood donations are based upon sensitivity, cost-effectiveness and their suitability for high-throughput testing. Enzyme immunoassay (EIAs) for hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies were the initial s...Screening tests for blood donations are based upon sensitivity, cost-effectiveness and their suitability for high-throughput testing. Enzyme immunoassay (EIAs) for hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies were the initial screening tests introduced. The ”first generation“ antibody EIAs detected seroconversion after unduly long infectious window period. Improved HCV antibody assays still had an infectious window period around 66 d. HCV core antigen EIAs shortened the window period considerably, but high costs did not lead to widespread acceptance. A fourth-generation HCV antigen and antibody assay (combination EIA) is more convenient as two infectious markers of HCV are detected in the same assay. Molecular testing for HCV-RNA utilizing nucleic acid amplification technology (NAT) is the most sensitive assay and shortens the window period to only 4 d. Implementation of NAT in many developed countries around the world has resulted in dramatic reductions in transfusion transmissible HCV and relative risk is now < 1 per million donations. However, HCV serology still continues to be retained as some donations are serology positive but NAT negative. In resource constrained countries HCV screening is highly variable, depending upon infrastructure, trained manpower and financial resource. Rapid tests which do not require instrumentation and are simple to perform are used in many small and remotely located blood centres. The sensitivity as compared to EIAs is less and wherever feasible HCV antibody EIAs are most frequently used screening assays. Efforts have been made to implement combined antigen-antibody assays and even NAT in some of these countries.展开更多
Viral diseases represent one of the major threats for salmonids aquaculture.Early detection and identification of viral pathogens is the main prerequisite prior to undertaking effective prevention and control measures...Viral diseases represent one of the major threats for salmonids aquaculture.Early detection and identification of viral pathogens is the main prerequisite prior to undertaking effective prevention and control measures.Rapid,sensitive,efficient and portable detection method is highly essential for fish viral diseases detection.Biosensor strategies are highly prevalent and fulfill the expanding demands of on-site detection with fast response,cost-effectiveness,high sensitivity,and selectivity.With the development of material science,the nucleic acid biosensors fabricated by semiconductor have shown great potential in rapid and early detection or screening for diseases at salmonids fisheries.This paper reviews the current detection development of salmonids viral diseases.The present limitations and challenges of salmonids virus diseases surveillance and early detection are presented.Novel nucleic acid semiconductor biosensors are briefly reviewed.The perspective and potential application of biosensors in the on-site detection of salmonids diseases are discussed.展开更多
Hepatitis C virus(HCV) is a potent human pathogen and is one of the main causes of chronic hepatitis round the world. The present review describes the evidencebased consensus on the diagnosis, prevention and managemen...Hepatitis C virus(HCV) is a potent human pathogen and is one of the main causes of chronic hepatitis round the world. The present review describes the evidencebased consensus on the diagnosis, prevention and management of HCV disease. Various techniques, for the detection of anti-HCV immunoglobulin G immunoassays, detection of HCV RNA by identifying virus-specific molecules nucleic acid testings, recognition of core antigen for diagnosis of HCV, quantitative antigenassay, have been used to detect HCV RNA and core antigen. Advanced technologies such as nanoparticlebased diagnostic assays, loop-mediated isothermal amplification and aptamers and Ortho trak-C assay have also come to the front that provides best detection results with greater ease and specificity for detection of HCV. It is of immense importance to prevent this infection especially among the sexual partners, injecting drug users, mother-to-infant transmission of HCV, household contact, healthcare workers and people who get tattoos and piercing on their skin. Management of this infection is intended to eradicate it out of the body of patients. Management includes examining the treatment(efficacy and protection), assessment of hepatic condition before commencing therapy, controlling the parameters upon which dual and triple therapies work, monitoring the body after treatment and adjusting the co-factors. Examining the treatment in some special groups of people(HIV/HCV co-infected, hemodialysis patients, renal transplanted patients).展开更多
Hepatitis C virus(HCV)infection represents a significant health problem and represents a heavy load on some countries like Egypt in which about 20%of the total population are infected.Initial infection is usually asym...Hepatitis C virus(HCV)infection represents a significant health problem and represents a heavy load on some countries like Egypt in which about 20%of the total population are infected.Initial infection is usually asymptomatic and result in chronic hepatitis that give rise to complications including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.The management of HCV infection should not only be focus on therapy,but also to screen carrier individuals in order to prevent transmission.In the present,molecular detection and quantification of HCV genome by real time polymerase chain reaction(PCR)represent the gold standard in HCV diagnosis and plays a crucial role in the management of therapeutic regimens.However,real time PCR is a complicated approach and of limited distribution.On the other hand,isothermal DNA amplification techniques have been developed and offer molecular diagnosis of infectious dieses at point-of-care.In this review we discuss recombinase polymerase amplification technique and illustrate its diagnostic value over both PCR and other isothermal amplification techniques.展开更多
More than twenty years of study has provided a better understanding of hepatitis C virus(HCV) life cycle,including the general properties of viral RNA and proteins. This effort facilitates the development of sensitive...More than twenty years of study has provided a better understanding of hepatitis C virus(HCV) life cycle,including the general properties of viral RNA and proteins. This effort facilitates the development of sensitive diagnostic tools and effective antiviraltreatments. At present,serologic screening test is recommended to perform on individuals in the high risk groups and nucleic acid tests are recommended to confirm the active HCV infections. Quantization and genotyping of HCV RNAs are important to determine the optimal duration of anti-viral therapy and predict the likelihood of response. In the early 2000 s,pegylated interferon plus ribavirin became the standard antiHCV treatment. However,this therapy is not ideal. To 2014,boceprevir,telaprevir,simeprevir,sofosbuvir and Harvoni are approved by Food and Drug Administration for the treat of HCV infections. It is likely that the new all-oral,interferon-free,pan-genotyping anti-HCV therapy will be available within the next few years. Majority of HCV infections will be cured by these antiviral treatments. However,not all patients are expected to be cured due to viral resistance and the high cost of antiviral treatments. Thus,an efficient prophylactic vaccine will be the next challenge in the fight against HCV infection.展开更多
目的基于血液筛查核酸检测反应性献血者的HBV感染的确认,探讨核酸检测反应性献血者的归队策略。方法联合应用自建的高灵敏度核酸检测体系、血液核酸筛查等多种核酸检测(NAT)方法,并结合血清学检测、献血者随访,对核酸检测反应性(NAT-yie...目的基于血液筛查核酸检测反应性献血者的HBV感染的确认,探讨核酸检测反应性献血者的归队策略。方法联合应用自建的高灵敏度核酸检测体系、血液核酸筛查等多种核酸检测(NAT)方法,并结合血清学检测、献血者随访,对核酸检测反应性(NAT-yield)献血者中的HBV感染进行确认和感染状态识别。依据确认的HBV感染血浆样本,比较不同确认方法、确认指标或指标组合对HBV感染确认的效果。结果2010年11月—2021年2月,在血液筛查检出的876位NAT-yield献血者中共确认HBV感染者511人(OBI 451人,急性早期HBV感染者27人,不能确认感染者33人,无感染者30人,不能确认HBV感染者335人)。采用单检系统对混检系统检出的HBV感染血浆进行复测的检出率为96.6%,明显高于混检系统对单检系统检出的HBV DNA反应性(HBV DNA R)组和鉴别试验无反应性(NDR)组的复测检出率(76.4%和55.7%)(P<0.05)。NDR样本在模式2(ID×5+鉴别×2)下复测检出率(65.2%)高于模式1(ID×2+鉴别×1)(39.2%)(P<0.05);2种单检复测模式下的HBV DNA R样本复测检出率无明显差异(P>0.05),但均明显高于NDR样本(P<0.05)。回溯OBI献血者既往NAT数据,有46%经历多次NAT检测而未能检出。有59.1%OBI献血者随访检不出HBV DNA。OBI献血者中抗-HBc+占比为90.2%,单独抗-HBc+为49.2%,远高于不能确认感染组(P<0.05);HBeAg、抗-HBe和抗-HBc IgM在OBI和不能确认感染组中的比例极低且无差异(P>0.05)。结论近60%的NAT-yield献血者可以确认HBV感染。为保证献血者归队的安全性,需要更高灵敏度的HBV DNA确证技术提高HBV感染的确认率。抗-HBc是NAT-yield献血者OBI风险排查和归队评估最重要的血清学指标。展开更多
目的通过分析罗氏Cobas s 201的血液核酸检测(NAT)结果评估其对HBV的检测效果。方法将检测结果根据酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)和NAT混合检测(MP)、NAT单样本检测(ID)以及重复NAT单样本检测(rID)分组,分为ELISA+/NAT(ID)+、ELISA+/NAT(rID)...目的通过分析罗氏Cobas s 201的血液核酸检测(NAT)结果评估其对HBV的检测效果。方法将检测结果根据酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)和NAT混合检测(MP)、NAT单样本检测(ID)以及重复NAT单样本检测(rID)分组,分为ELISA+/NAT(ID)+、ELISA+/NAT(rID)+、ELISA-/NAT(ID)+、ELISA-/NAT(rID)+4组进行统计分析,探讨重复NAT对反应性结果的检出是否存在差异,对于不同ELISA结果的NAT反应性标本的循环阈值(cycle threshold,Ct)与核酸检出率的关联性。再通过补充试验,包括其他方法学的NAT系统和化学发光血清学标志物检测,进一步分析献血者的真实感染情况。结果766293份献血者标本中共有1691组HBV NAT(MP)+,其中1418组(83.86%)检出反应性结果(1418份HBV NAT+,7090份NAT-),仍有273组(16.14%)经重复检测仍未检出[共计1638份NAT-,Ct(MP):39.49±3.62]。HBV NAT+中,881份(62.13%)ELISA+/NAT(ID)+,19份(1.34%)ELISA+/NAT(rID)+,451份(31.81%)ELISA-/NAT(ID)+,67份(4.72%)ELISA-/NAT(rID)+。对于不同ELISA结果的标本,重复NAT对HBV的检出存在差异(P<0.05)。各组间Ct(ID)值仅ELISA+/NAT(rID)+和ELISA-/NAT(ID)+、ELISA+/NAT(rID)+和ELISA-/NAT(rID)+2组比较无差异(P>0.05),其余各组间两两比较,均有差异(P<0.05)。对228份ELISA-/NAT(MP)+(ID)-进行补充试验,有56份(24.56%)经化学发光检测HBsAg+和7份(3.07%)经其他NAT系统检出反应性。剩余221份(96.93%)NAT-标本中,53份(23.98%)HBsAg+的献血者可能存在慢性感染,40份(18.10%)抗-HBe+和(或)抗-HBc+的献血者可能存在既往感染,其余128份(57.92%)均无反应性的献血者为NAT(MP)假反应性,且各组间抗-HBs含量差异较大(P<0.05)。结论重复NAT对不同反应性类别或不同血清学结果的献血者标本存在差异性检出,尤其在一定区间范围内,对于ELISA-标本进行重复NAT可明显提高检出率。Ct值可辅助评估NAT系统的稳定性和准确性。对于ELISA-/NAT(MP)+(ID)-献血者,结合其他高灵敏度的检测手段可降低病毒残余风险,保障临床用血安全。展开更多
文摘Screening tests for blood donations are based upon sensitivity, cost-effectiveness and their suitability for high-throughput testing. Enzyme immunoassay (EIAs) for hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies were the initial screening tests introduced. The ”first generation“ antibody EIAs detected seroconversion after unduly long infectious window period. Improved HCV antibody assays still had an infectious window period around 66 d. HCV core antigen EIAs shortened the window period considerably, but high costs did not lead to widespread acceptance. A fourth-generation HCV antigen and antibody assay (combination EIA) is more convenient as two infectious markers of HCV are detected in the same assay. Molecular testing for HCV-RNA utilizing nucleic acid amplification technology (NAT) is the most sensitive assay and shortens the window period to only 4 d. Implementation of NAT in many developed countries around the world has resulted in dramatic reductions in transfusion transmissible HCV and relative risk is now < 1 per million donations. However, HCV serology still continues to be retained as some donations are serology positive but NAT negative. In resource constrained countries HCV screening is highly variable, depending upon infrastructure, trained manpower and financial resource. Rapid tests which do not require instrumentation and are simple to perform are used in many small and remotely located blood centres. The sensitivity as compared to EIAs is less and wherever feasible HCV antibody EIAs are most frequently used screening assays. Efforts have been made to implement combined antigen-antibody assays and even NAT in some of these countries.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC2601304)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC2602100)。
文摘Viral diseases represent one of the major threats for salmonids aquaculture.Early detection and identification of viral pathogens is the main prerequisite prior to undertaking effective prevention and control measures.Rapid,sensitive,efficient and portable detection method is highly essential for fish viral diseases detection.Biosensor strategies are highly prevalent and fulfill the expanding demands of on-site detection with fast response,cost-effectiveness,high sensitivity,and selectivity.With the development of material science,the nucleic acid biosensors fabricated by semiconductor have shown great potential in rapid and early detection or screening for diseases at salmonids fisheries.This paper reviews the current detection development of salmonids viral diseases.The present limitations and challenges of salmonids virus diseases surveillance and early detection are presented.Novel nucleic acid semiconductor biosensors are briefly reviewed.The perspective and potential application of biosensors in the on-site detection of salmonids diseases are discussed.
文摘Hepatitis C virus(HCV) is a potent human pathogen and is one of the main causes of chronic hepatitis round the world. The present review describes the evidencebased consensus on the diagnosis, prevention and management of HCV disease. Various techniques, for the detection of anti-HCV immunoglobulin G immunoassays, detection of HCV RNA by identifying virus-specific molecules nucleic acid testings, recognition of core antigen for diagnosis of HCV, quantitative antigenassay, have been used to detect HCV RNA and core antigen. Advanced technologies such as nanoparticlebased diagnostic assays, loop-mediated isothermal amplification and aptamers and Ortho trak-C assay have also come to the front that provides best detection results with greater ease and specificity for detection of HCV. It is of immense importance to prevent this infection especially among the sexual partners, injecting drug users, mother-to-infant transmission of HCV, household contact, healthcare workers and people who get tattoos and piercing on their skin. Management of this infection is intended to eradicate it out of the body of patients. Management includes examining the treatment(efficacy and protection), assessment of hepatic condition before commencing therapy, controlling the parameters upon which dual and triple therapies work, monitoring the body after treatment and adjusting the co-factors. Examining the treatment in some special groups of people(HIV/HCV co-infected, hemodialysis patients, renal transplanted patients).
文摘Hepatitis C virus(HCV)infection represents a significant health problem and represents a heavy load on some countries like Egypt in which about 20%of the total population are infected.Initial infection is usually asymptomatic and result in chronic hepatitis that give rise to complications including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.The management of HCV infection should not only be focus on therapy,but also to screen carrier individuals in order to prevent transmission.In the present,molecular detection and quantification of HCV genome by real time polymerase chain reaction(PCR)represent the gold standard in HCV diagnosis and plays a crucial role in the management of therapeutic regimens.However,real time PCR is a complicated approach and of limited distribution.On the other hand,isothermal DNA amplification techniques have been developed and offer molecular diagnosis of infectious dieses at point-of-care.In this review we discuss recombinase polymerase amplification technique and illustrate its diagnostic value over both PCR and other isothermal amplification techniques.
基金Supported by Grants from the National Science Council of Taiwan,No.NSC 101-2320-B-320-011-MY3(Dr.Shih-Yen Lo)the Tzu Chi University to Dr.Shih-Yen Lo,No.TCIRP 103002-03and to Dr.Hui-Chun Li,No.TCIRP 103002-02
文摘More than twenty years of study has provided a better understanding of hepatitis C virus(HCV) life cycle,including the general properties of viral RNA and proteins. This effort facilitates the development of sensitive diagnostic tools and effective antiviraltreatments. At present,serologic screening test is recommended to perform on individuals in the high risk groups and nucleic acid tests are recommended to confirm the active HCV infections. Quantization and genotyping of HCV RNAs are important to determine the optimal duration of anti-viral therapy and predict the likelihood of response. In the early 2000 s,pegylated interferon plus ribavirin became the standard antiHCV treatment. However,this therapy is not ideal. To 2014,boceprevir,telaprevir,simeprevir,sofosbuvir and Harvoni are approved by Food and Drug Administration for the treat of HCV infections. It is likely that the new all-oral,interferon-free,pan-genotyping anti-HCV therapy will be available within the next few years. Majority of HCV infections will be cured by these antiviral treatments. However,not all patients are expected to be cured due to viral resistance and the high cost of antiviral treatments. Thus,an efficient prophylactic vaccine will be the next challenge in the fight against HCV infection.
文摘目的基于血液筛查核酸检测反应性献血者的HBV感染的确认,探讨核酸检测反应性献血者的归队策略。方法联合应用自建的高灵敏度核酸检测体系、血液核酸筛查等多种核酸检测(NAT)方法,并结合血清学检测、献血者随访,对核酸检测反应性(NAT-yield)献血者中的HBV感染进行确认和感染状态识别。依据确认的HBV感染血浆样本,比较不同确认方法、确认指标或指标组合对HBV感染确认的效果。结果2010年11月—2021年2月,在血液筛查检出的876位NAT-yield献血者中共确认HBV感染者511人(OBI 451人,急性早期HBV感染者27人,不能确认感染者33人,无感染者30人,不能确认HBV感染者335人)。采用单检系统对混检系统检出的HBV感染血浆进行复测的检出率为96.6%,明显高于混检系统对单检系统检出的HBV DNA反应性(HBV DNA R)组和鉴别试验无反应性(NDR)组的复测检出率(76.4%和55.7%)(P<0.05)。NDR样本在模式2(ID×5+鉴别×2)下复测检出率(65.2%)高于模式1(ID×2+鉴别×1)(39.2%)(P<0.05);2种单检复测模式下的HBV DNA R样本复测检出率无明显差异(P>0.05),但均明显高于NDR样本(P<0.05)。回溯OBI献血者既往NAT数据,有46%经历多次NAT检测而未能检出。有59.1%OBI献血者随访检不出HBV DNA。OBI献血者中抗-HBc+占比为90.2%,单独抗-HBc+为49.2%,远高于不能确认感染组(P<0.05);HBeAg、抗-HBe和抗-HBc IgM在OBI和不能确认感染组中的比例极低且无差异(P>0.05)。结论近60%的NAT-yield献血者可以确认HBV感染。为保证献血者归队的安全性,需要更高灵敏度的HBV DNA确证技术提高HBV感染的确认率。抗-HBc是NAT-yield献血者OBI风险排查和归队评估最重要的血清学指标。
