基于YOLOv7改进的夜间樱桃检测方法:YOLOv7-Cherry

针对樱桃检测算法无法对夜晚环境下的樱桃进行成熟度识别的问题,提出一种改进的YOLOv7算法:YOLOv7-Cherry。使用一种将夜间樱桃图像和白天相同位置的樱桃图像相融合的图像预处理方法,保留夜间樱桃图像高空间分辨信息的同时加强其光谱分辨率。在YOLOv7-Cherry中,将CBAM注意力机制插入到骨干网络中,利用注意力机制强化神经网络的表征能力,强调重要特征,忽略次要特征,加强对樱桃目标特征的提取;为了加强目标检测算法对图像中小樱桃的识别,增加小目标检测层;改进了原始网络的初始检测框大小;为了减少遮挡对樱桃目标造成的损失,对检测框使用了Soft-NMS方法进行冗余去除。实验结果表明,YOLOv7-Cherry可以有效地识别出夜晚环境下的成熟樱桃和未成熟樱桃,与YOLOv3、Faster-RCNN、YOLOv4、YOLOv5和原YOLOv7相比,YOLOv7-Cherry的mAP提高了26.88、25.05、22.51、17.11和7.66个百分点,其中,识别精度、召回率、mAP和F1为93.9%、94.7%、97.4%、94.3%。

Analysis on Genetic Diversity of 40 Flowering Cherry Cultivars and Construction of Molecular ID Based on SSR Markers

Studying on the genetic diversity and genetic relationship of flowering cherry cultivars is extremely important for germplasm conservation, cultivar identification and breeding. Flowering cherry is widely cultivated as an important woody ornamental plant in worldwide, especially Japan, China. However, owning to the morphological similarity, many cultivars are distinguished hardly in non-flowering season. Here, we evaluated the genetic diversity and genetic relationship of 40 flowering cherry cultivars, which are mainly cultivated in China. We selected 13 polymorphicprimers to amplify to allele fragments with fluorescent-labeled capillary electrophoresis technology. The population structure analysis results show that these cultivars could be divided into 4 subpopulations. At the population level, Na and Ne were 6.062, 4.326, respectively. Ho and He were 0.458 and 0.670, respectively. The Shannon’s information index (I) was 1.417. The Pop3, which originated from P. serrulata, had the highest Ho, He, and I among the 4 subpopulations. AMOVA showed that only 4% of genetic variation came from populations, the 39% variation came from individuals and 57% (p < 0.05) came from intra-individuals. 5 polymorphic SSR primers were selected to construct molecular ID code system of these cultivars. This analysis on the genetic diversity and relationship of the 40 flowering cherry cultivars will help to insight into the genetic background, relationship of these flowering cherry cultivars and promote to identify similar cultivars.

Genome of tetraploid sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) ‘Montmorency’ identifies three distinct ancestral Prunus genomes

Sour cherry(Prunus cerasus L.)is a valuable fruit crop in the Rosaceae family and a hybrid between progenitors closely related to extant Prunus fruticosa(ground cherry)and Prunus avium(sweet cherry).Here we report a chromosome-scale genome assembly for sour cherry cultivar Montmorency,the predominant cultivar grown in the USA.We also generated a draft assembly of P.fruticosa to use alongside a published P.avium sequence for syntelog-based subgenome assignments for‘Montmorency’and provide compelling evidence P.fruticosa is also an allotetraploid.Using hierarchal k-mer clustering and phylogenomics,we show‘Montmorency’is trigenomic,containing two distinct subgenomes inherited from a P.fruticosa-like ancestor(A and A’)and two copies of the same subgenome inherited from a P.avium-like ancestor(BB).The genome composition of‘Montmorency’is AA’BB and little-to-no recombination has occurred between progenitor subgenomes(A/A’and B).In Prunus,two known classes of genes are important to breeding strategies:the self-incompatibility loci(S-alleles),which determine compatible crosses,successful fertilization,and fruit set,and the Dormancy Associated MADS-box genes(DAMs),which strongly affect dormancy transitions and flowering time.The S-alleles and DAMs in‘Montmorency’and P.fruticosa were manually annotated and support subgenome assignments.Lastly,the hybridization event‘Montmorency’is descended from was estimated to have occurred less than 1.61 million years ago,making sour cherry a relatively recent allotetraploid.The‘Montmorency’genome highlights the evolutionary complexity of the genus Prunus and will inform future breeding strategies for sour cherry,comparative genomics in the Rosaceae,and questions regarding neopolyploidy.

Molecular characterization of the SAUR gene family in sweet cherry and functional analysis of PavSAUR55 in the process of abscission

Small auxin up RNA(SAUR) is a large gene family that is widely distributed among land plants. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of the SAUR family was performed in sweet cherry, and the potential biological functions of PavSAUR55 were identified using the method of genetic transformation. The sweet cherry genome encodes 86 SAUR members, the majority of which are intron-less. These genes appear to be divided into seven subfamilies through evolution. Gene duplication events indicate that fragment duplication and tandem duplication events occurred in the sweet cherry. Most of the members mainly underwent purification selection pressure during evolution. During fruit development, the expression levels of Pav SAUR16/45/56/63 were up-regulated, and conversely, those of Pav SAUR12/61were down-regulated. Due to the significantly differential expressions of PavSAUR13/16/55/61 during the fruitlet abscission process, they might be the candidate genes involved in the regulation of physiological fruit abscission in sweet cherry. Overexpression of PavSAUR55 in Arabidopsis produced earlier reproductive growth, root elongation, and delayed petal abscission. In addition, this gene did not cause any change in the germination time of seeds and was able to increase the number of lateral roots under abscisic acid(ABA) treatment. The identified SAURs of sweet cherry play a crucial role in fruitlet abscission and will facilitate future insights into the mechanism underlying the heavy fruitlet abscission that can occur in this fruit crop.

Study on Control Techniques of Virus Diseases in Facility Cherry

The diseases of sweet cherry caused by viruses and viroids have occurred in the main cherry producing areas of China and are increasing year by year, which has become an important factor affecting the yield and quality of sweet cherry. For this reason, this paper elaborated the prevention and countermeasures of virus diseases from six aspects, including soil treatment, cultivation of disease-free seedlings, prevention of disease and pest damage, reasonable pruning, water management, and treatment of virus diseases, in order to provide technical guidance for the disease resistance, high quality and high yield of facility cherry, as well as information reference for the further improvement of the technical system of virus disease prevention and cultivation of facility cherry.

Marketing Strategies for Chinese Specialty Agricultural Products under the Internet Environment : Taking Tianshui Qinzhou Big Cherry Industry as an Example

Combined with the current situation of marketing of Chinzhou big cherries in Tianshui,we find out the problems in the development of network marketing of Chinzhou big cherries and put forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions to improve its marketing level and solve the problem of imbalance between supply and demand of Qinzhou big cherries.

Impact of black cherry on pedunculate oak vitality in mixed forests:Balancing benefits and concerns

The vitality of European forests continues to decline due to new pests and diseases,climate-change related disturbances and high loads of atmospheric nitrogen deposition.Deteriorating soil health is a major factor underpinning the low vitality of West-European forests.Selecting tree species with soil ameliorative traits is proposed as an avenue to counteract soil acidification and improve overall forest vitality.Here we evaluate the impact of black cherry(Prunus serotina Ehrh.),a known rich litter species,on the vitality of neighboring pedunculate oak(Quercus robur L.)in ten mixed forests on sand in Germany,Belgium and the Netherlands.We found that black cherry admixture increases foliar N and P to a surplus whereas it causes deficiencies in foliar Mg,thereby resulting in an overall negative effect on oak foliar nutrient concentrations.Contrary,defoliation of oak leaves by herbivory decreases with the proximity of black cherry.Using structural equation modelling(SEM),we tested the hypothesized‘improved soil health’pathway.Our analyses showed that black cherry admixture leads to lower accumulation in the humus layer,resulting in higher soil base saturation which has a positive effect on foliar Ca yet a negative effect on total chlorophyll.Moreover,the SEM illustrated that herbivory of oak leaves decreases when black cherry is admixed,both via dilution and improved soil health.Indirect effects of black cherry on oak vitality via“improved soil health”in our SEM are however small in comparison to direct relations.Hence,our study showed that the combined positive and negative impacts of black cherry on oak vitality are limited,which tempers the potential benefits of using the rich litter species to counteract oak decline via improved soil health–yet,the concern of black cherry as an invasive alien species negatively affecting the vitality of mature pedunculate oak trees may also be exaggerated.

成县大樱桃提质增效栽培关键技术

成县大樱桃栽培已有40多年,但新品种、新技术应用少,产业发展水平较低,大樱桃种植总体效益不高。为了推动成县大樱桃产业高质量发展,从品种改良、种植模式、高光效树形应用、花果精细管理、水肥高效施用、病虫害综合防控、广泛应用农机具、提升自然灾害防控能力、注重采收及采后处理以及加强果园的采后管理等方面总结提出了大樱桃高效栽培技术,以期为广大大樱桃种植者提供参考和借鉴。

烟台甜樱桃产业现状及发展展望

烟台是中国甜樱桃栽培的发源地和主要栽培区,为进一步提升烟台甜樱桃产业发展水平,实现优质高效,从烟台甜樱桃产业发展现状、存在问题、产业发展展望三方面进行概述。提出了重视种业创新,构建优质苗木繁育技术体系;发展现代设施栽培;创建标准化示范基地;加强采后保鲜贮运研究与应用;加强品牌建设等发展建议,赋能烟台甜樱桃产业新质生产力。

中晚熟甜樱桃新品种福阳的选育

福阳是由黑珍珠×(萨米脱+先锋)杂交选育出的中晚熟甜樱桃新品种。果实心脏形,果皮紫黑色、有光泽,果顶稍凹陷,果肉、果汁深红色;果肉脆硬,味甜。平均单果质量9.7 g,最大单果质量14.1 g;果柄中短,柄长3.45 cm;核小,果实可食率94.6%。果肉可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)18.7%,总糖含量11.62%,总酸含量0.61%;鲜食品质上。果实在鲜红至紫红色时,口感即好,挂果时间长。果实生育期55 d左右,烟台地区6月上中旬成熟;树势健壮,萌芽率高(98.2%),成枝力强,成花易。福阳耐贮运,早实、丰产、稳产,4年生树每666.7 m^(2)产量268 kg,综合性状优良。适宜在山东省甜樱桃适栽区推广种植。

天水市大樱桃产业发展存在的问题及对策

大樱桃是天水市第二大水果产业。抵御极端天气风险的能力较低、上市时间比较集中、品种更新缓慢等是制约天水大樱桃产业发展的主要因素。在分析影响天水大樱桃生产因素的基础上,提出了大樱桃产业健康发展对策,包括科学建园、重视新品种的引育、发展设施大樱桃、发展乡村生态旅游采摘、重视采后加工和保鲜技术的应用等。

Effects of Different Planting Years on Physicochemical Properties and Enzyme Activities in Soil of Rice-Cherry Tomato Rotation

Crop rotation periodicity has always been one of the research focuses currently. In this study, the physicochemical properties, nutrient contents and enzyme activities were investigated in soils from rice-cherry tomato rotation for one year (1a), three years (3a), five years (5a), seven years (7a) and ten years (10a), respectively. The major objective was to analyze the optimal rotation years of rice-cherry tomato from soil perspective, so as to provide theoretical basis for effectively avoiding continuous cropping obstacles of cherry tomato via studying the response characteristics of soil physicochemical properties, nutrient contents and enzyme activities to planting years of rice-cherry tomato rotation system. The results were as follows: 1) Soil pH value was increased year by year during 1a to 5a, reached the highest value 5.32 at 5a. However, soil acidity was sharply enhanced during 7a to 10a (P P •kg-1 at 5a. 3) The content of soil available phosphorus was increased year by year with increasing of crop rotation years, and increased by 110% to 173% during 3a to 10a (P P P < 0.05). In conclusion, long-term single rotation pattern of rice-cherry tomato would aggravate soil acidification, prompt soil nutrient imbalance and reduce soil enzyme activity. 5a to 7a would be the appropriate rotation period for rice-cherry tomato, or else it would reduce soil quality, resulting in a new continuous cropping obstacle of cherry tomato.

5个甜樱桃品种在天水高海拔地区的栽培表现

2018年春季天水果树所在海拔1 800 m浅山旱地梯田原8年生‘红灯’大樱桃的大枝上高接了‘美早’‘布鲁克斯’‘胜利’‘沙王’‘含香’5个甜樱桃品种,2019年5个品种均挂果,2022年开始大量结果。2021—2023年对上述5个甜樱桃品种的生物学特性、物候期、抗逆性及果实品质进行观察记载,结果表明,在天水海拔1 800 m干旱山地,5个甜樱桃品种树体生长良好,均能正常开花结果,参照早果、丰产、抗逆、质优、高效的甜樱桃品种综合选择标准,最适宜天水高海拔地区栽培的品种为胜利、沙王。

中晚熟甜樱桃新品种春佳的选育

春佳是以先锋为母本、龙冠为父本人工杂交选育的大果丰产型中晚熟甜樱桃新品种。果实近圆形,平均单果质量9.8 g,果皮紫红色,果肉红色,果汁颜色粉红,果顶平,果柄长度中等,粗度中等。可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)20.8%,可溶性糖含量14.52%,可滴定酸含量1.06%,维生素C含量12.6 mg·100 g^(-1),果肉脆硬,酸甜适口,品质极佳。树势健壮,树姿半直立,分枝力强,以花束状果枝和短果枝结果为主。春佳耐花期高温,丰产性和稳产性好,畸形果极少,商品果率高。在郑州地区,春佳盛花期在3月30—31日,成熟期在5月28日左右,果实生长发育期约58 d。春佳自花不实,S基因型是S1S9。

拮抗酵母控制樱桃番茄采后病害及其机制研究

通过体外和体内试验,从实验室保存的酵母菌中筛选对樱桃番茄采后黑斑病具有控制作用的拮抗酵母,考察所筛选的拮抗酵母对樱桃番茄自然腐烂的防治效果及对果实品质的影响。通过拮抗酵母对黑斑病病原菌链格孢孢子萌发、芽管伸长和菌丝结构的影响,在樱桃番茄伤口处和表面的生长动态,探讨其对病原菌的直接和间接抑制作用。采用RT-qPCR技术测定拮抗酵母对樱桃番茄抗性相关基因表达水平的影响,分析其对樱桃番茄果实抗病性的影响。结果表明,试验菌株中,卡利比克毕赤酵母对樱桃番茄采后黑斑病的控制效果最好,该处理组果实发病率仅为16.25%,显著低于对照组(68.76%),并且该拮抗酵母还可显著降低樱桃番茄采后自然腐烂,缓减果实品质劣变。卡利比克毕赤酵母通过抑制链格孢孢子萌发、菌丝伸长以及寄生于菌丝上直接抑制病原菌生长,还在樱桃番茄伤口处和表面与链格孢竞争营养和空间而间接抑制病原菌生长。卡利比克毕赤酵母还能诱导樱桃番茄抗氧化基因(SOD,CAT和APX)以及病程相关基因(PR基因)(GLU和CHI)的表达。卡利比克毕赤酵母可以显著控制樱桃番茄采后黑斑病和自然腐烂,对果实品质无显著不良影响。该拮抗酵母可以通过抑制病原菌生长和提高樱桃番茄抗性基因的表达控制果实采后病害。

甜樱桃采后表皮蜡质形态及相关性质变化规律

[目的]揭示不同品种甜樱桃耐贮性差异的原因,为其采后涂膜保鲜提供理论支持和技术指导。[方法]选取4个具有代表性的甜樱桃品种(红灯、雷尼、红玛瑙、友谊)作为研究对象,对采收时不同品种甜樱桃果皮蜡质的形态、果皮对不同溶液的接触角以及红玛瑙樱桃在贮藏期间表皮蜡质形态、接触角、临界表面张力的变化进行了探究。[结果]4个品种甜樱桃在采收时表皮的蜡质分布和形态均存在差异,表皮对于同一种溶液的接触角存在显著差异;红玛瑙樱桃表皮蜡质在贮藏期间呈减少趋势;由于甜樱桃表皮的疏水性,在配制涂膜液时,向其中添加0.1%的吐温-20作为表面活性剂可显著提高涂膜液在其表面的润湿性;红玛瑙樱桃贮藏期间表皮对去离子水的接触角呈下降趋势,并且其临界表面张力随贮藏时间的延长不断升高。[结论]不同品种甜樱桃耐贮性的差异可能与其表皮特性相关联,在涂膜保鲜液中添加0.1%的吐温-20可使涂膜液更均匀地涂覆在甜樱桃表面。

樱桃番茄新品种‘宁樱红1号’的选育

‘宁樱红1号’樱桃番茄是以411为母本,以1411为父本选育的樱桃番茄一代杂交种,无限生长型,生长势强,节间短,成熟早,多歧花序,单花序坐果数12~25个,果圆桃心形,成熟果亮红色,单果质量约20 g,可溶性固形物含量10.23%,番茄红素含量0.11 mg·g^(-1),维生素C含量0.47 mg·g^(-1),心室数多为2个,口感甜,汁多,坐果能力强,颜色亮丽,含有叶霉病抗性基因Cf5、灰叶斑抗性基因Sm、晚疫病抗性基因ph3、疮痂病抗性基因Rx4、黄萎病抗性基因Ve1、Ve2,果实耐裂;适合露地,冬春茬温室和早春、秋延大拱棚,667 m2产量3400~4000 kg。

不同海拔栽培区甜樱桃休眠阶段花芽内含物变化差异

以“布鲁克斯”甜樱桃为试材,采用差异比较、相关性分析等方法,研究了杭州高山和平地地区甜樱桃在休眠前、休眠中、花芽萌动前花芽内营养物质和内源激素差异,以期分析该地区甜樱桃休眠芽内生理状态。结果表明:杭州不同海拔地区均能满足“布鲁克斯”的有效低温积累量的需求。从休眠前至休眠中,高山甜樱桃花芽内可溶性蛋白质含量下降了25.89%,而平地值增加了8.31%,高山甜樱桃花芽内游离氨基酸含量下降了7.15%,而平地值增加了15.51%。但不同海拔地区甜樱桃从休眠前至花芽萌动前其花芽内可溶性蛋白质、淀粉、游离氨基酸整体变化趋势相同,含量均下降。总糖含量整体变化趋势及休眠中各组分含量变化趋势均相同,在不同的阶段,高山地区甜樱桃花芽内总糖含量均高于平地。内源激素含量变化在不同海拔地区存在明显差异。相关性分析结果表明,不同海拔地区甜樱桃在休眠过程中花芽内营养物质与内源激素的相关性不同。从休眠前至花芽萌动前,不同海拔地区甜樱桃花芽内大部分营养物质含量整体变化趋势相同,内源激素含量整体变化和阶段变化趋势在不同海拔地区间存在明显差异。

樱桃番茄新品种珍味1号的选育

珍味1号是以自交系W-1-3-1-4为母本,以B-1-2-1-2-1为父本配制而成的粉红果樱桃番茄一代杂种。早熟,无限生长类型,植株生长势较强,叶量较少,以多岐花序为主;成熟果粉红色,幼果有绿果肩,果实短椭圆形,口味酸甜,可溶性固形物含量9.5%,番茄红素含量66.2 mg·kg^(-1),VC含量289.3 mg·kg^(-1);坐果能力强,平均单果质量18 g,6穗果后留2片叶摘心,每667 m^(2)前期产量850 kg左右,总产量3300 kg左右,高抗黄瓜花叶病毒病(CMV)、枯萎病,中抗烟草花叶病毒病(TMV)、番茄黄化曲叶病毒病(TYLCV),适合上海、江苏、浙江地区春季保护地种植。

采用近红外光谱法无损测量樱桃品质的研究

以樱桃常见品种‘雷尼尔’、‘布鲁克斯’、‘雷吉纳’、‘美早’为试材,采用近红外光谱(NIR)对可溶性固形物含量、干物质含量、果皮颜色和果实硬度4个质量指标进行无损测量,开发预测性NIR回归模型,并使用该模型测量‘雷尼尔’樱桃从果实开始着色到完全成熟阶段4个质量指标变化。结果表明,建立的可溶性固形物含量、干物质含量、果皮颜色和果实硬度模型的线性回归决定系数(R^(2))值分别为0.87、0.97、0.77、0.76。模型线性系数(R2)越接近1拟合效果越好,模型的拟合程度越高。R^(2)值均大于0.7,说明模型能够达到性能预期。可溶性固形物和干物质模型进行定量测定的准确性高于果皮颜色和果实硬度模型。樱桃果实成熟阶段,可溶性固形物与干物质逐渐增加,果皮颜色逐渐加深,硬度逐渐降低。本研究建立的模型可用于其他樱桃品种品质预测,同时可为进一步探索樱桃果实成熟阶段内部物质变化提供参考依据。