A bounding surface visco-plasticity model considering generalized spacing ratio of soils

The non-unique critical state of soils with time-dependent behaviors is a significant issue in geotechnical engineering problems.However,previous bounding surface plasticity models cannot predict accurately the non-unique critical state of soils,because the distance between the compression line and critical state line charged by strain-rate effect is basically neglected.To fill this gap,a generalized spacing ratio of soils is defined in the elasto-viscoplastic framework,and a bounding surface visco-plasticity model is formulated and verified,which can consider the generalized spacing ratio.Specifically,the generalized spacing ratio of soils reflects the distance between the compression line and the critical state line of soils with time-dependent behaviors.Then,the generalized spacing ratio is introduced into an improved anisotropic bounding surface.A new expression of the visco-plastic multiplier is derived by solving the consistency equation of an anisotropic bounding surface.In the expression,a strain rate index is proposed to account for the strain-rate effect on visco-plastic strain increment,and a visco-plastic hardening modulus is derived to predict the visco-plastic response of soils in overconsolidation conditions.The model is then verified through constant strain rate tests and creep tests.Notably,it can capture the non-unique critical states of soils with time-dependent behaviors due to the generalized spacing ratio and the creep rupture of soils due to the visco-plastic multiplier that considers the stress ratio and visco-plastic strain rate.

Fractional-order visco-plastic constitutive model for uniaxial ratcheting behaviors

This paper proposes a novel unified visco-plastic constitutive model for uniaxial ratcheting behaviors. The cyclic deformation of the material presents remarkable time-dependence and history memory phenomena. The fractional(fractional-order)derivative is an efficient tool for modeling these phenomena. Therefore, we develop a cyclic fractional-order unified visco-plastic(FVP) constitutive model. Specifically, within the framework of the cyclic elasto-plastic theory, the fractional derivative is used to describe the accumulated plastic strain rate and nonlinear kinematic hardening rule based on the Ohno-Abdel-Karim model. Moreover, a new radial return method for the back stress is developed to describe the unclosed hysteresis loops of the stress-strain properly.The capacity of the FVP model used to predict the cyclic deformation of the SS304 stainless steel is verified through a comparison with the corresponding experimental data found in the literature(KANG, G. Z., KAN, Q. H., ZHANG, J., and SUN, Y. F. Timedependent ratcheting experiments of SS304 stainless steel. International Journal of Plasticity, 22(5), 858–894(2006)). The FVP model is shown to be successful in predicting the rate-dependent ratcheting behaviors of the SS304 stainless steel.

ANALYSIS OF SLAB EDGING BY A 3-D RIGID VISCO-PLASTIC FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

3-D rigid visco-plastic finite element method (FEM) is used in the analysisof metal forming processes, including strip and plate rolling, shape rolling, slab edging, specialstrip rolling. The shifted incomplete Cholesky decomposition of the stiffness matrix with thesolution of the equations for velocity increment by the conjugate gradient method is combined. Thistechnique, termed the shifted ICCG method, is then employed to solve the slab edging problem. Theperformance of this algorithm in terms of the number of iterations, friction variation, shiftedparameter psi and the results of simulation for processing parameters are analysed. Numerical testsand application of this technique verify the efficiency and stability of the shifted ICCG method inthe analysis of slab edging.

An elasto-visco-plastic constitutive model of polypropylene incorporating craze damage behavior and its validation

An elasto-visco-plastic constitutive model incorporating the craze damage behavior was developed for the polypropylene(PP), by using the plastic failure model applied for the concrete, to capture the craze yielding and stress-whitening phenomena. In addition, the developed constitutive model was implemented into finite element codes in Abaqus to simulate the tensile deformation. The standard uniaxial tensile tests were carried out. The stress-strain curves from the uniaxial tensile tests show that the stress keeps decreasing after yielding and the yield stress rises with the increasing of the strain rate. It is worth noting that the craze damage is more visible with higher strain rate. The stress-whitening can be seen clearly around the fracture. The uniaxial tensile tests using specially designed specimen with circular holes weakening were performed for the validation of the developed model. The simulation results of the tensile deformation of the hole-weakened specimen suggest that the stress-whitening could be attributed to the equivalent visco-plastic strain. By comparing between the simulation analysis and the experimental results, the proposed model can describe the stress whitening phenomenon with good accuracy.

Study on the Deformation Behavior of Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Mn Wrought Magnesium Alloys by Visco-plastic Self-consistent Modeling

The plastic deformation behavior of new Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Mn magnesium alloys gains great necessity to clarify and understand the mechanism deeply. In the present work,the tensile mechanical property test and visco-plastic self-consistent (VPSC) model are used to investigate the activities of deformation modes of VW84M and VW94M magnesium alloys during the tensile deformation. The results show that the mechanical properties of the above extruded alloys are similar but VW94M has higher strength than VW84M after the same aging process. Compared with the extruded alloys,the as-aged alloys have significantly higher activation of pyramidal slip at the later stage of plastic deformation. In addition,the as-aged VW94M alloy with higher strength has the largest activity of pyramidal slip. In summary,the addition of Gd increases the critical resolved shear stress (CRSS)in each slip system of VW94M,while the increase in the strength and the decrease in the elongation of as-aged alloys are associated with the significant activation of pyramidal slip.

Constitutive Laws for Visco-plastic Porous Medium Shaped by Regularly Distributed Circular Particles

A numerical study is presented,using a homogenization technique to consider the plain strain problem of visco-plastic porous medium shaped by regularly distributed circular particles. Based on a rigid plastic material,the paper derives the macroscopic constitutive laws for homogenous equivalent medium. By changing the shape parameter of circular particles,the effect of pore shape on macroscopic constitutive laws is explored. Yield surfaces with different pore shapes are obtained. About voids,a two-scale conception is introduced,which regards main void as macroscopic scale and secondary cavities as microscopic scale. The macroscopic potential involving main and secondary voids is achieved. The proposed macroscopic constitutive law taking microscopic features as influence factors is helpful for exploring the macroscopic mechanical properties of porous medium when numerical simulation is required.

The Compactions of Elasto-Plastic and Visco-Plastic Granular Assemblies

In this paper, the compactions of the elasto-plastic and the visco-plastic granular assemblies are simulated using the finite element method. Governing equations for motion and deformation for particles, including coupling of rigid body motion and deformation for deformable bodies, are investigated. An implicit discrete element method for block systems is developed to make visco-plastic analysis for the assemblies. Among particles, three different contact types, cohering, rubbing and sliding, are taken into account. To verify accuracy and efficiency of the numerical method, some numerical example is simulated and the results are in a satisfactory agreement with the solutions in literatures. The effects of frictional condition, the initial solid volume ratio, the number of particles in the assembly, and different types of compact- tion on the compaction of the elasto-plastic and the visco-plastic aggregates are investigated. It is demonstrated that the effect of frictional condition, the initial solid volume ratio, the number of particles in the assembly, and different types of compaction on the global behavior of the elasto-plastic the visco-plastic granular assemblies under compacting are considerable. The numerical model is extended to simulate the compaction of aggregates consisting of mixed particles of different viscous incompressible materials. It is indicated that, with minor modification, the method could be used in a variety of problems that can be represented using granular media, such as asphalt, polymers, aluminum, snow, food product, etc.

Coupled Thermo-Mechanical Modeling of Long Cone-Shaped Forging Based on Rigid Visco-Plastic FEM

Based on synthetically considering the coupled thermo mechanical relations between temperature and deforming, a numerical simulation of the forging process for the special long cone shaped workpiece of Al 5.44Mg 2.15Li 0.12Zr alloy at high temperature was conducted by using the rigid visco plastic finite element method. The relations between the total load and the displacement during the forging, and the distributions of stress, strain, temperature and strain rate, which can provide useful information for the process design, are obtained.

Thermo-elasto-visco-plastic finite element analysis on formation and propagation of off-corner subsurface cracks in bloom continuous casting

The formation and propagation of the popular off-corner subsurface cracks in bloom continuous casting were investigated through thermo-mechanical analysis using three coupled thermo-mechanical models. A two-dimensional thermo-elasto-visco-plastic finite element model was developed to predict the mould gap evolution, temperature profiles and deformation behavior of the solidified shell in the mould region. Then, a three-dimensional model was adopted to calculate the shell growth, tempera- ture history and the development of stresses and strains of the shell in the following secondary cooling zones. Finally, another three-dimensional model was used to analyze the stress distributions in the straightening region, The results showed that the off-corner cracks in the shell originated from the mould owing to the tensile strain developed in the crack sensitive regions of the solidification front, and they could be driven deeper by the possible severe surface temperature rebound and the extensive tensile stress in the secondary cooling zone, especially upon the straightening operation of the bloom casting. It is revealed that more homogenous shell temperature and thickness can be obtained through optimization of mould corner radius, casting speed and secondary cooling scheme, which help to decrease stress and strain concentration and therefore prevent the initiation of the cracks.

A coupled elastoplastic and visco-plastic damage model for hard clay and its application for the underground gallery excavation

The numerical modelling of the excavation of an underground gallery in hard clay has been discussed in current article.A constitutive model is proposed to describe poromechanical behaviour of the hard clay.The main features of the hard clay observed in laboratory and in-situ experimental investigation have been taken into account in the proposed constitutive model,in particular the plastic deformation,the visco-plastic deformation,the damage,etc.The influence of the initial in-situ stress and the pore pressure has been taken into consideration.The numerical modelling of the underground excavation has been implemented by using a fully coupled hydro-mechanical finite element calculation code.The performance of the model is examined by comparing numerical simulations with in situ measurements.The proposed model and the calculation procedure for the modelling of the excavation of an underground gallery have the capacity to reproduce well the excavation damaged/distributed zone and other main features and phenomena observed during the excavation process.However,the in-situ observed convergence could not be reproduced correctly.More effort on the discontinuous problem should be made for the reproduce the observed convergence.

具有细晶/混晶交替分布组织特征的AZ31镁合金轧板拉伸变形行为仿真

通过中等应变速率轧制获取细晶区和混晶区交替分布的AZ31镁合金轧制板材,构建不同组织特征的黏塑性自洽(VPSC)模型,预测板材在室温拉伸下的变形机制、织构演变和力学响应,研究细晶区与混晶区对塑性变形的贡献。结果表明:经410℃、平均应变速率1.9 s^(-1)、4.8 s^(-1)和7.8 s^(-1)制备的轧制板材中细晶区与混晶区呈现板织构特征,细晶区织构组分相较于混晶区更接近ND方向;随着轧制平均应变速率的增加,板材的细晶区与混晶区的织构组分差异逐渐减小。在室温拉伸塑性变形初期阶段,轧制板材的主要变形机制是基面滑移,次要变形机制是棱柱面滑移和锥面滑移,而拉伸孪生几乎不开启。压缩孪生启动时,部分晶粒向TD方向偏转56°,形成TD方向的织构组分。棱柱面滑移活性的降低,有利于增强锥面滑移的分离效应,促使ND方向织构极密度降低和双峰织构形成。轧制板材在拉伸过程中,由于细晶区的织构组分相较于混晶区更接近ND方向,使得在拉伸过程中细晶区相较于混晶区的基面滑移开启较少,非基面滑移开启较多,促使拉伸变形的过程中细晶区起强化作用,混晶区起弱化作用。织构组分差异逐渐减小,使得细晶区与混晶区的变形机制活性趋于一致,促使其在拉伸过程中对抗拉强度贡献也逐渐趋于一致。

基于介观模型的锆合金辐照变形数据挖掘库的建立与应用研究

在核工业领域,锆合金作为结构材料在辐照过程中承受热、力和中子辐照等综合影响,发生辐照变形,从而影响其使用可靠性。对锆合金的辐照变形进行研究和预测对保障反应堆的安全、经济运行具有关键作用。本研究收集公开发表的文献中的锆合金辐照变形实验数据,建立了一个包含实验数据及其详细描述信息的数据库;在此基础上,利用数据库进行规律探索,结合自研介观模型进行模型验证和数据挖掘。特别地,对数据库中的50余组初步数据进行数据挖掘,探讨了模型参数与控制变量之间的关联要素。通过数据挖掘发现,随着Nb含量的增加,滑移系的临界分切应力增加;随着温度升高,锆合金的辐照蠕变柔度增加。相比于传统的数据归纳方法,该研究引入了基于物理机制的介观模型拟合和数据挖掘的新思路,为锆合金辐照变形研究带来新的方法和启示,在收集的数据充分扩充后,其效益将会更显著。

汽轮机部件多轴蠕变-疲劳寿命评估方法

汽轮机汽缸、转子等高温部件运行中受到疲劳损伤和蠕变损伤,二者的损伤机制会互相影响,有必要对疲劳损伤和蠕变损伤以及二者的耦合作用进行评估。在Ohno-Wang循环塑性模型基础上进行了拓展,提出了一种统一黏弹塑性循环材料本构模型,在ABAQUS平台上采用UMAT用户子程序开发了多轴蠕变-疲劳耦合分析程序。采用该程序对1 000 MW超超临界机组高温转子进行了多轴蠕变-疲劳寿命评估,结果显示损伤最大的位置出现在第1级动叶叶根轮槽位置。研究成果可为汽轮机高温部件的寿命评估提供技术支撑。

利用黏-弹-塑性模型对磁流变阻尼器动力学性能预测与分析

为了建模合适的参数模型来描述阻尼器的动态输出特性,发挥磁流变阻尼器工程应用中的半主动控制优势。本文的研究在激励频率和振幅为5 Hz和10 mm条件下,利用振动系统测试磁流变阻尼器在不同激励电流下得到动态输出特性,在此基础上利用黏-弹-塑性参数模型,采用果蝇优化算法对所有电流下的实测结果进行预测并对其结果展开分析讨论。研究结果表明该阻尼器的输出力能够跟随外部位移随时间变化情况;阻尼力随激励电流增大表现出先缓慢增大后显著增大的特性,这表明该阻尼器具有依赖输入电流的可控性,为实现工程应用中的半主动控制提供条件。并讨论了产生这种现象的原因在于不同电流下颗粒于基体间的相互作用。预测结果表明利用果蝇优化算法,黏-弹-塑性参数模型能够很好的描述实测结果。

基于动态再结晶−黏塑性自洽模型的A356铝合金高温变形行为

以A356铝合金为研究对象,构建动态再结晶(DRX)模型耦合黏塑性自洽(VPSC)模型,研究其在500℃热压缩下的流变应力、织构演变和变形机制。结果表明:构建的模型能较为准确地仿真A356铝合金高温热压缩变形过程中的流变应力和织构演变;高温热压缩时A356铝合金发生了动态再结晶,对材料起到明显的软化作用,同时弱化了(011)[100]织构组分,但强化了(2ˉ10)[132]织构组分;共晶Si发生的破碎细化消耗了塑性变形功,使晶粒转动角度变小;大部分晶粒形成Goss织构过程中以(111)[011]滑移和(111)[011]滑移为主,形成Brass织构过程中以(111)[101]滑移和(111)[101]滑移为主。

考虑劣化效应与注浆加固的隧道围岩黏弹塑性大变形分析

高地应力软岩中开挖隧道时,由于应力释放、流变效应等原因容易引发围岩大变形、支护结构侵限等工程问题,通过分析围岩大变形的变形机理,提出“加长锚杆+喷射混凝土(含钢拱架)+环向(滞后)注浆”的支护形式。其中,加长锚杆可以有效改善围岩自身条件并使围岩挤压变形逐步释放,环向(滞后)注浆可以提高围岩参数并控制围岩松动变形。通过建立的深埋圆形隧道围岩力学模型,借助Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则与Maxwell黏性体,得到考虑围岩强度参数与刚度参数(弹性模量E)同时劣化的深埋圆形隧道围岩黏弹塑性解析式,借助FLAC-3D有限差分软件进行验证后,对相关影响因素进行分析。研究结果表明:计算高地应力软岩隧道围岩变形量时,适当考虑强度参数与刚度参数同时劣化后得到的围岩变形值更符合实际。采用“加长锚杆+喷射混凝土(含钢拱架)+环向(滞后)注浆”的支护形式对围岩大变形有一定的控制效果,注浆后的围岩总变形量与未注浆时相比下降了40%,注浆后的围岩变形量仅占总变形量的20%。残余黏聚力c"、残余内摩擦角φ"、残余弹性模量E"取值越小时,围岩变形量越大,其中残余弹性模量E"的取值对围岩变形影响最大。缩小锚杆间距、增加初期支护厚度、增大注浆区围岩参数均能降低围岩变形量。

尾砂充填料浆流变性能模型与试验研究

以地下矿山尾砂充填料为研究对象,试验研究与理论分析相结合的方法,利用R/S+流变仪和岩石力学试验机对充填料浆的流变性能进行试验研究.引入Papanastasiou黏塑性流体模型来表征尾砂充填料浆的黏度和切应力变化过程.研究结果表明:该黏塑性流体模型预测的结果和试验结果相吻合,因此可用于理论分析计算;得到不同的压力增长指数下切应力-切变速率曲线;尾砂充填料浆的黏度和屈服应力随料浆质量分数的增加而增大;同一质量分数下,胶结尾砂的黏度和屈服应力比全尾砂大.通过对充填料浆流变性能的研究,为矿山充填设计提供了理论和实验依据.

三峡工程船闸边坡的反馈分析

建立了岩石高边坡力学参数的联合位移反分析模型，该模型可以预测复杂区域材料的弹粘塑性力学参数，且可考虑施工爆破及卸荷的影响。依据反分析得到的力学参数，对三峡工程船闸边坡进行施工过程追踪预报分析，结果表明：边坡整体是稳定的，但存在局部失稳的可能性；边坡直立墙的最大变位可控制在 ５０ｍｍ以内，风化层的最大变位可控制在８０ｍｍ以内：开挖完成后有最大为２．６３ｍｍ的时效位移增长，发生于中隔墩直立墙的顶部，该变形在７～８个月内完成。

盐岩损伤测试中卸载模量研究

利用MTS815 Flex Test GT岩石力学试验系统,对盐岩和大理岩进行了单轴压缩下的7级加卸载试验和低周循环加卸载试验测试,对盐岩和大理岩的卸载模量进行了探讨。低周循环试验加载波形采用正弦波,频率1Hz,循环应力幅值小于其平均抗压强度,单级应力幅值为30个振动循环。通过试验,得到了盐岩应力应变滞回环均为条带状,大理岩则均为尖叶状;盐岩在加卸载部位具有较大不可逆变形,对应弹性响应较慢,大理岩则反之;盐岩卸载模量变化趋势受加载测试方法影响较大,而大理岩在2种试验条件下得到的卸载模量变化趋势相似;加载应力幅值比加卸载循环数对盐岩不可逆变形增量影响更加显著。损伤变量研究结果表明,利用低周循环加卸载方法测试具有显著时间效应变形岩石的损伤弹性模量,能更真实反映其损伤特征。

煤柱塑性区的弹粘塑性理论分析

为评价煤柱的长期强度和长期稳定性,以弹粘塑性理论和统一强度理论为基础,结合煤柱应变软化的概念,对煤柱塑性区进行了专门探讨,得到了煤柱弹性区和粘塑性区的应力分布、位移分布以及粘塑性区宽度的理论公式。分析了界面摩擦角、煤柱抗压强度、煤柱高度、覆岩压力、屈服准则的选取等因素对粘塑性区的影响,部分实验结果得到了理论解释。此外还探讨了开采时所需留设的合理煤柱尺寸,并给出了开采时应注意的几个问题。