Contrast visual acuity after multifocal intraocular lens implantation: aspheric versus spherical design

AIM: To evaluate contrast visual acuity(CVA) after implantation of an aspheric apodized diffractive intraocular lens(IOL) or a spherical apodized diffractive IOL in cataract surgery. ·METHODS: This prospective randomized controlled study with a 12-month follow-up compared the results of cataract surgery with implantation of an aspheric AcrySof ReSTOR SN6AD3 IOL(30 eyes) and a spherical AcrySof ReSTOR SN60D3 IOL(30 eyes). CVA with best distance correction was measured at 4 contrast levels(100%,25%,10% and 5%) under 3 levels of chart luminance [250,85 and 25 candelas per square meter(cd/m2)] using a multi-functional visual acuity tester(MFVA-100). ·RESULTS: At 12 months after surgery,there were no statistically significant differences in 100% CVA and 25% CVA under 250cd/m2(P100% =0.875 and P25% =0.057) and 85cd/m2(P100% =0.198 and P25% =0.193) between the aspheric group and the spherical group. However,the 10% CVA and 5% CVA were significant better in aspheric group than spherical group under 250cd/m2(P10% =0.042 and P5% = 0.007) and 85cd/m2(P10% =0.002 and P5%=0.039). Under the luminance level of 25cd/m 2,no significant differences was found in the 100% CVA between the 2 group(P100% = 0.245),while aspheric group had better visual acuity in the remaining 3 contracts(P25% =0.023,P10% =0.026 and P5% = 0.002,respectively). ·CONCULSION: The aspheric AcrySof ReSTOR SN6AD3 IOL provided patients with better low-contrast visual acuity than the spherical AcrySof ReSTOR SN60D3 IOL.

基于颜色校正与改进的对比度增强的水下图像增强方法

针对水下介质分布不均匀引起的光吸收和散射导致图像颜色失真、对比度低、细节模糊,严重影响ORBSLAM2算法前端特征提取与匹配鲁棒性的问题,文中提出一种基于颜色校正与改进的自适应对比度增强的图像处理方法。首先,利用一种改进的颜色通道补偿和颜色通道拉伸方法去除色偏;其次,采用改进的自适应对比度增强方法提高图像的亮度与对比度;最后,将彩色校正图像与对比度增强图像在HSV空间中融合。此外,将提出的算法与一些其他算法进行主客观的评价,并将处理好的图片进行特征提取和匹配。结果表明,该算法处理的图片不仅在主客观评价上均优于对比算法,而且增加了特征点的匹配数量,为水下图像处理提供了借鉴。

Effects of upper lid blepharoplasty on visual quality in patients with lash ptosis and dermatochalasis

AIM：To assess the effects of upper lid blepharoplasty on visual quality.METHODS：Seventy-three eyelids of 39 patients were subjected to upper lid blepharoplasty.Pre- and postoperative contrast sensitivity,visual acuity,vertical palpebral aperture and the degree of lash ptosis were measured.RESULTS：The mean log contrast sensitivities under photopic（P =0.017） and scotopic conditions（P =0.009）were improved after surgery,and these differences were significant.The degree of lash ptosis was also decreased after blepharoplasty（P〈0.001）.CONCLUSION：In our study,a significant increase in contrast sensitivity was found after surgery.These results suggest that upper lid blepharoplasty can be helpful for improving visual quality.

Visual performance after conventional LASIK and wavefront-guided LASIK with iris-registration:results at 1 year

AIM:To compare visual performance of wavefrontguided laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK) with iris-registration(Wg-LASIK group) and conventional LASIK(LASIK group) one year after surgery and analyze the correlation between wavefront aberrations and visual performance.·METHODS:Eight hundred and fifty-two myopic eyes of 430 patients were enrolled in this prospective study and divided into two groups:Wg-LASIK group(436eyes) and LASIK group(416 eyes).A Wavescan Wavefront aberrometer was used to analyze Zernike coefficients and the root-mean-square(RMS) of higher order aberrations,and Optec 6500 visual function instrument was used to measure contrast sensitivity(CS)before and 3,6,12 months after surgery.·RESULTS:The mean spherical equivalent(SE) in WgLASIK group was significantly better than those in LASIK group one year after surgery(P =0.024).Wg-LASIK eyes showed better CS values than LASIK eyes at all spatial frequencies with and without glare after surgery(P all【0.01).Moreover,the increase of higher RMS(RMSh),coma,RMS3,RMS4,RMS5 in Wg-LASIK group were significantly lower than those in LASIK group 1 year after surgery(P all 【0.05).The increase of coma,spherical aberration(SA),RMS3 and RMS4 in Wg-LASIK and coma and RMS3 in LASIK group were negatively correlated with reduction of contrast sensitivity 1 year after surgery.·CONCLUSION:A significant better visual performance is got in Wg-LASIK group compared with LASIK group 1year after surgery,and the Wg-LASIK is particularly suitable for eyes with high-magnitude RMSh.

ZERNIKE ASTIGMATISM AND VISUAL PERFORMANCE IN MYOPIC EYES BY RIGID GAS PERMEABLE CONTACT LENSES WEAR

To investigate the effects of rigid-gas-permeable contact lens(RGP-CL)wear on Zernike astigmatism and visual performance in myopic eyes.Methods:A wavefront sensor was used to evaluate Zernike astigmatism for 21 eyes with minimum astigmatism and 18 eyes with moderate astigmatism under three different modes of refractive correction:the RGP-CL,spectacle lens correcting spherical equivalent(SL)and spectacle lens fully correcting spherical error and astigmatism(fSL).Contrast visual acuity was assessed with a VA tester at four contrast levels and two luminance backgrounds.Results:Compared to the SL wear,RGP-CL wear changed the main axis astigmatism(Z_(2)^(2))from
0:09-0:34 to 0.34-0.22 for the minimum astigmatism group,while the contrast VA was improved about 0.05 LogMAR(F=8:06,p<0:01).For the group with moderate astigmatism,significant reduction in Z_(2)^(2)was found for both fSL wear(t=4:78,p<0:001)and RGP-CL wear(t=6:29,p<0:0001).The changes in astigmatism were significantly correlated between the fSL and RGP-CL wears(r=0:897,p<0:0001 for Z_(2)^(-2);and r=0:643,p=0:004 for Z_(2)^(2)).Contrast VA was significantly improved for both fSL and RGP-CL wears and the improvements were significantly correlated between each other for all four contrast levels and two backgrounds.Conclusion:RGP-CL wear induces astigmatism for the eyes with minor astigmatism probably due to a correction of corneal astigmatism and thus a manifesting of the lens astigmatism.For the astigmatic eyes,RGP-CL wear has similar effect on correcting astigmatism as the spectacle lens wear with spherical-cylinder correction and also produces similar visual improvement.

Influence of degraded visual acuity from light-scattering goggles on obstacle gait

This study examined the effect on gait of de-grading visual input by simulation on a course with obstacles. Thirty healthy, young adult males walked on a 6 m path with three obstacles (height: 5, 10, 20 cm, width: 10 cm) set at inter-vals of 150 cm with and without degraded visual input from light-scattering goggles. Gait was examined with respect to time, length, angle and walk speed parameters. Gait changed signifi-cantly in the degraded visual input condition. The distances between the obstacles and foot before the obstacles were significantly larger in 10 and 20 cm obstacles under the degraded visual input condition, but distances after passing the obstacle had no significant difference among obstacle height. We therefore conclude that a decrease of visual function alters the perception of an obstacle’s height, particularly the 5 cm height obstacle.

Perceptual Contrast-Based Image Fusion: A Variational Approach

本地对比，或变化，在主要是从来源图象保存重要信息到熔化结果的图象熔化起一个重要作用。威伯的法律告诉我们在不同背景下面的一样的变化将引起不同感性的感情，因此，一个理想的图象处理器不得不考虑视觉心理学和心物学的效果。这份报纸考虑人的视觉系统(HVS ) 的性质并且从每幅来源图象把量的感性的变化转移到结果。把 just-noticeable-difference (JND ) 用作测量， multiband 图象的感性的对比作为一个目标被获得。我们构造一个功能的极值问题发现一幅单身的乐队图象，或熔化结果，它有最近感性的对比到目标一个。经由变化途径， Euler-Lagrange 方程被导出，并且一次坡度降下重复被采用。试验性的结果证明这个方法感性地好。

Clinical Psychophysical Assessment of the ON- and OFF-Systems of the Magnocellular and Parvocellular Visual Pathways

We developed a psychophysical paradigm for the clinical assessment of the contrast sensitivity (CS) mediated by the ON- and OFF-systems of the Magnocellular and Parvocellular pathways. We designed a stimulus considering two dimensions: two spatial frequencies (0.5 and 4.5 cpd) and two temporal rates of flicker (33 ms and 1500 ms). To evidence the ON- and OFF responses, the CS was measured for two polarities of light with luminance changes of 0.6 dB steps above and below the medium luminance grey background. We tested 38 healthy volunteers. The results shows that Magnocellular contrast sensitivity was higher than Parvocellular for the 33 ms flickering stimulus and the Parvocellular contrast sensitivity was higher than Magnocellular for 1500 ms stimuli. The reliability of the test was checked and confirmed. We concluded that the test performs a rapid measurement of the CS mediated by the ON and OFF systems of Magnocellular and Parvocellular pathways. It is useful in clinical protocols due to its high sensitivity and good reliability.

NEW VISUAL PERCEPTUAL POOLING STRATEGY FOR IMAGE QUALITY ASSESSMENT

Most of Image Quality Assessment (IQA) metrics consist of two processes. In the first process, quality map of image is measured locally. In the second process, the last quality score is converted from the quality map by using the pooling strategy. The first process had been made effective and significant progresses, while the second process was always done in simple ways. In the second process of the pooling strategy, the optimal perceptual pooling weights should be determined and computed according to Human Visual System (HVS). Thus, a reliable spatial pooling mathematical model based on HVS is an important issue worthy of study. In this paper, a new Visual Perceptual Pooling Strategy (VPPS) for IQA is presented based on contrast sensitivity and luminance sensitivity of HVS. Experimental results with the LIVE database show that the visual perceptual weights, obtained by the proposed pooling strategy, can effectively and significantly improve the performances of the IQA metrics with Mean Structural SIMilarity (MSSIM) or Phase Quantization Code (PQC). It is confirmed that the proposed VPPS demonstrates promising results for improving the performances of existing IQA metrics.

Correlation between visual function and refractive,topographic, pachymetric and aberrometric data in eyes with keratoconus

AIMTo analyze the relationship between two visual functions and refractive, topographic, pachymetric and aberrometric indicators in eyes with keratoconus.METHODSCorrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), and letter contrast sensitivity (CS) were correlated with refraction, corneal topography, pachymetry, and total corneal wavefront data prospectively in 71 eyes with keratoconus. The topographic indices assessed were simulated keratometry for the flattest and steepest meridians (SimK1 and SimK2), posterior steeper K (Ks), elevation value in best-fit sphere (BFS) maps, squared eccentricity (Є2), aspheric asymmetric index (AAI), pachymetry, thickness progression index (TPI), the amount of pachymetric decentralization (APD), and GalileiTM-keratoconus indices.RESULTSThe mean CDVA (expressed as logMAR) were 0.25±0.21. The mean CS was 1.25±0.46. The spherical refraction correlated well with CDVA (r=-0.526, P<0.001). From topographic indices, SRI correlated with CS (r=-0.695), and IAI with CS (r=-0.672) (P<0.001 for all). Root mean square (RMS) was 4.3±1.81 µm, spherical aberration (SA) was -0.4±0.67 µm, vertical and horizontal coma were -2.1±1.47 and -0.4±0.72 µm. All wavefront data (except horizontal coma), AAI, Є2 and maximum BFS correlated significantly with the visual function (P≤0.001 for all).CONCLUSIONIn this study, CS is more affected than CDVA as a visual function. The quantity and quality of vision is significantly correlated with well-known and new topographic indices. There is not a significant correlation between visual function and pachymetric parameters. The significantly correlated indices can be used in staging keratoconus and to follow the outcome of a treatment.

双波段彩色融合图像色彩和谐性客观评价

针对现有的图像质量评价方法较少利用人眼视网膜和视觉皮层的颜色编码机制,并且未能充分考虑图像色彩信息对图像质量的影响,提出了一种基于多视觉特征的可见光(微光)与红外彩色融合图像色彩和谐性客观评价模型.该模型在图像质量评估中融入了更多的颜色信息,综合考虑多种人眼视觉特征包括视觉对立色彩特征、色彩信息波动特征和高级视觉内容特征,经过特征融合和支持向量回归训练,实现彩色融合图像的色彩和谐性客观评价.采用3种典型场景融合图像数据库进行实验比较与分析.实验结果表明,与现有的8种图像质量客观评价方法相比,所提出的方法与人眼主观感受更加一致,具有较高的预测准确度.

Enhanced Contrast of Reconstructed Image for Image Secret Sharing Scheme Using Mathematical Morphology

Visual secret sharing (VSS) is one of the cryptographic techniques of Image secret sharing scheme (ISSS) that performs encoding of secret message image (text or picture) into noise like black and white images, which are called as shares. Shares are stacked together and secret message image is decoded using human visual system. One of the major drawbacks of this scheme is its poor contrast of the recovered image, which improves if computational device is available while decoding. In this paper, we propose to improve poor contrast of classical VSS schemes for text or alphanumeric secret messages and low entropy images. Initially, stacked image is binarized using dynamic threshold value. A mathematical morphological operation is applied on the stacked image to enhance contrast of the reconstructed image. Moreover, a method is proposed that allows the size of the structuring element to change according to the contrast and the size of a stacked image. We perform experiments for different types of VSS schemes, different share patterns, different share types (rectangle and circle), and low entropy images. Experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed scheme.

结合对比学习的图像指导增强视觉问答模型

针对现有的注意力编解码视觉问答模型存在两个问题:单一形态图像特征包含视觉信息不完整,以及对问题指导过度依赖,提出结合对比学习的图像指导增强视觉问答模型。所提模型包含一种双特征视觉解码器,它基于Transformer语言编码器实现,将单一的图像特征扩展为区域和网格两种形态,根据不同形态特征的相对位置构建互补的空间关系,以解决第一问题。所提模型包含一种视觉引导的语言解码器,将视觉解码的两种图像特征与问题特征二次匹配,通过平行门控引导注意力,自适应地修正不同视觉信息对问题的引导比例,以解决第二问题。所提模型,在训练过程中,引入对比学习损失函数,通过对比模型推理时不同模态特征在隐空间内的相似度,获取更相近的互信息。所提模型,在VQA 2.0、COCO-QA和GQA数据集上分别取得73.82%、72.49%和57.44%的总体准确率,较MCAN模型分别提高2.92个百分点、4.41个百分点和0.8个百分点。大量消融实验和可视化分析证明了模型的有效性。实验结果表明,所提模型能够获取更相关的语言-视觉信息,并且对不同类型的问题样本具有更强的泛化能力。

基于语言-视觉对比学习的多模态视频行为识别方法

以对比语言-图像预训练(Contrastive language-image pre-training, CLIP)模型为基础,提出一种面向视频行为识别的多模态模型,该模型从视觉编码器的时序建模和行为类别语言描述的提示学习两个方面对CLIP模型进行拓展,可更好地学习多模态视频表达.具体地,在视觉编码器中设计虚拟帧交互模块(Virtual-frame interaction module, VIM),首先,由视频采样帧的类别分词做线性变换得到虚拟帧分词;然后,对其进行基于时序卷积和虚拟帧分词移位的时序建模操作,有效建模视频中的时空变化信息;最后,在语言分支上设计视觉强化提示模块(Visual-reinforcement prompt module,VPM),通过注意力机制融合视觉编码器末端输出的类别分词和视觉分词所带有的视觉信息来获得经过视觉信息强化的语言表达.在4个公开视频数据集上的全监督实验和2个视频数据集上的小样本、零样本实验结果,验证了该多模态模型的有效性和泛化性.

色彩对比度及信息密度对老年用户视觉搜索的影响

通过动态导向显示屏呈现就诊信息的医院逐年增多,而老年人群由于视觉功能逐渐衰退,在医院检索及识别动态导向分诊信息时经常出现困难。为提升老年用户观察动态导向信息界面的绩效,对影响老年用户视觉搜索绩效明显的色彩对比度及信息密度因素展开研究。基于医院动态分诊显示器界面及E-prime实验平台,以色彩对比度及信息密度作为自变量,对20位60岁以上的老年用户展开视觉搜索实验,采集不同自变量水平下的视觉搜索时间、视觉搜索正确率及清晰度、舒适度评价。结果表明,色彩对比度为13.7∶1时,老年用户的视觉搜索绩效及评价最佳,当数值上升至17.4∶1及21∶1时,绩效及评价开始显著下降,但仍优于8.7∶1水平。在研究选用的字体及显示器下,老年用户在0.46及0.55(5~6行)信息密度水平的视觉搜索绩效及评价结果显著优于其他水平,且0.74(8行)信息密度水平为适用于老年用户的最大信息密度设计。

基于快速局部对比度和目标特征的星图弱小目标检测算法

为了解决局部对比度方法在用于星图空间目标检测时存在运算量大和去除背景噪声困难的问题,提出了一种基于快速局部对比度和目标特征的方法来检测目标。在对比度计算前、对比度计算中和对比度计算后3个环节,分别提高了算法实时性、对复杂背景的抑制和去除噪声。首先,通过中值滤波去除高频噪声;然后,通过快速局部极大值滤波确定目标区域,通过局部对比度计算抑制背景,突出目标成像特征;最后,根据目标成像特征,设置目标能量分布、目标能量集中和目标能量传递3个特征函数,通过设置特征阈值去除噪声,提取真实目标。实验结果表明,本文所提方法在检测率和时间消耗上均具有优越性,对于信噪比为1.5的目标有95%的检测率,平均耗时仅为某些对比方法的1/30~1/6。本文所提方法更适用于星图复杂背景条件下的目标快速检测,满足星图空间目标检测算法鲁棒性强、实时性高的要求。

屈光参差性弱视一阶光栅锐度和二阶纹理敏感度的感知能力

目的:研究单眼屈光参差性弱视患者对一阶光栅锐度和二阶纹理敏感度的感知能力。方法:收集2018-01/2022-12于我院确诊的单眼屈光参差性弱视儿童715例715眼作为弱视组,另选取矫正视力正常儿童745例745眼作为正常对照组。分别检测最佳矫正视力(BCVA)、一阶光栅锐度和(或)二阶纹理敏感度,并分析不同程度弱视患者对一阶光栅锐度和二阶纹理敏感度的感知能力。结果:弱视组与正常对照组一阶光栅锐度(11.58±6.10 vs 20.27±3.47,P<0.001)、二阶纹理敏感度(0.33±0.16 vs 0.12±0.04,P<0.001)均有明显差异,且轻中度弱视患者与重度弱视患者一阶光栅锐度(12.10±6.23 vs 8.13±3.70,P<0.001)和二阶纹理敏感度(0.32±0.16 vs 0.37±0.17,P<0.05)均有明显差异。结论:单眼屈光参差性弱视患者大脑皮层一阶视觉通路和二阶视觉通路均存在不同程度的损伤,重度弱视患者较轻中度弱视患者损伤更为严重。

基于视觉感知的低对比度图像细节增强方法

由于传统图像细节增强方法存在噪声含量大及失真等问题,为了提升低对比度图像的视觉效果,提出基于视觉感知的低对比度图像细节增强方法。根据人眼视觉感知的亮度掩蔽特性划分图像区域,并设计暗适应函数与明适应函数,分别延长低对比度图像灰度值较低、较高区域间隔,实现基于视觉感知的低对比度图像全局增强;以全局增强结果为基础,引入加权自适应局部低对比度增强法,增强低对比度图像的细节,获取最佳低对比度图像细节增强结果。实验结果表明:该方法增强后的低对比度图像保留了图像的边缘及细节,图像更加明亮清晰,显著提升了其视觉效果,同时低对比度图像具备噪声含量小、失真程度小、图像质量高的优势。

基于生成对抗网络和视觉-语义对齐的零样本害虫识别方法

[目的/意义]害虫的精准识别对农作物虫害有效防治具有重大意义。然而,当前的害虫图像识别模型都是针对闭集数据构建的模型,难以对训练集中没有出现过的害虫种类(不可见害虫)进行推理,导致在实际应用过程中遇见不可见类别昆虫时误判现象尤为严重。[方法]针对这一问题,提出了一种适用零样本学习(Zero-Shot Learning,ZSL)和广义零样本学习(Generalized Zero-Shot Learning,GZSL)范式的害虫图像识别方法VSAWGAN,可以实现对可见(训练集中包含的类别)与不可见害虫种类的辨识。该方法基于生成对抗网络(Genera⁃tive Adversarial Network,GAN)生成伪视觉特征,将零样本害虫识别问题转化为传统监督学习任务,且通过引入对比学习来优化生成器的生成质量,添加视觉-语义对齐模块进一步约束生成器,使其能生成更具判别性的特征。[结果与讨论]在自建的一个适用于零样本学习研究的害虫数据集和几个公开数据集对提出方法进行了评估。其中,在多个公开数据上取得了目前最优结果,相比之前方法最大提升达到2.8%;在自建20类害虫数据集上取得了零样本设置下77.4%的识别精度和广义零样本设置下78.3%的调和精度,相比之前方法分别提升了2.1%和1.2%。[结论]所提方法能有效地将害虫的视觉特征泛化到不可见类,实现害虫的零样本识别,有助于提升害虫识别模型的泛化能力,为农作物新虫害的发现与防治提供帮助。

一种基于对比学习大模型的视觉定位方法

一阶段视觉定位方法由于其快速性而受到广泛关注,该方法利用图像与文本的融合特征预测目标框,但是现有方法在特征融合前没有进行图像与文本特征的对齐,限制了视觉定位的精度.为了解决这一问题,本文提出一种基于对比学习大模型的视觉定位方法.该方法采用基于对比学习的大规模预训练模型CLIP(Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training)提取图像和文本特征,利用Transformer编码器融合图像文本特征,使用多层感知机和融合特征预测目标框.该方法能够解决视觉定位方法上述不足的原因在于:借助CLIP模型的编码器可以提取高度语义对齐的图像和文本特征,同时使用全局注意力交互融合图像与文本的上下文特征.在5个数据集上,对本文提出的方法进行实验验证,实验结果表明:相比于现有视觉定位方法,本文方法取得了综合精度的提升.