Constitutive model for casting magnesium alloy involving spherical void evolution

Casting magnesium alloys are highly heterogeneous materials inevitably containing numerous voids.These voids will evolve during material deformation and markedly affect material behaviors,so it is important to investigate the equation of the void evolution and the constitutive relation involving the void evolution.By assuming the voids in casting magnesium alloys were spherical,the growth equation of the voids was obtained from the incompressibility and continuity conditions of material matrix. Through combining the obtained void-growth equation with the void-nucleation equation relative to the increment of intrinsic-time measure,the evolution equation of the voids was presented.By introducing the presented void-evolution equation to a nonclassical elastoplastic constitutive equation,a constitutive model involving the void evolution was put forward.The corresponding numerical algorithm and finite element procedure of the model were developed and applied to the analysis of the elastoplastic response and the porosity change of casting magnesium alloy ZL305.Computed results show satisfactory agreement with those of the corresponding experiments.

Extension of the gurson model accounting for the void size effect

A continuum model of solids with cylindrical microvoids is proposed based on the Taylor dislocation model. The model is an extension of Gurson model in the sense that the void size effect is accounted for. Beside the void volume fraction f, the intrinsic material length l becomes a parameter representing voids since the void size comes into play in the Gurson model. Approximate yield functions in analytic forms are suggested for both solids with cylindrical microvoids and with spherical microvoids. The application to uniaxial tension curves shows a precise agreement between the approximate analytic yield function and the exact parametric form of integrals.

Nonclassical constitutive model involving void evolution of casting magnesium alloy

The void evolution equation and the elastoplastic constitutive model of casting magnesium alloy were investigated. The void evolution equation consists of the void growth and the void nucleation equations. The void growth equation was obtained based on the continuous supposition of the material matrix,and the void nucleation equation was derived by assuming that the void nucleation follows a normal distribution. A softening function related to the void evolution was given. After the softening function was embedded to a nonclassical elastoplastic constitutive equation,a constitutive model involving void evolution was obtained. The numerical algorithm and the finite element procedure related to the constitutive model were developed and applied to the analysis of the distributions of the stress and the porosity of the notched cylindrical specimens of casting magnesium alloy ZL305. The computed results show satisfactory agreement with the experimental data.

橡胶混合黏土小应变剪切模量特性试验研究

为了研究橡胶混合黏土(混合土)的动变形特性,对不同橡胶掺量、橡胶粒径和围压的混合土开展共振柱试验,分析动剪切模量G和阻尼比λ的发展规律,并基于二元介质模型,提出了表达混合土接触状态的骨架孔隙比e_(sk)计算方法,进一步依托骨架孔隙比e_(sk)对混合土的最大动剪切模量G_(max)进行评价。结果表明:掺入橡胶颗粒后,混合土的G减小,λ增大,且橡胶掺量增大时,混合土的G减小、λ增大;围压增大时,混合土的G增大、λ减小;橡胶粒径增大时,混合土的G增大、λ减小。随着橡胶掺量增大,骨架孔隙比e_(sk)增大,G_(max)降低;在相同橡胶掺量时,随着橡胶粒径的增大,e_(sk)增大,G_(max)升高。在Hardin公式的基础上,基于骨架孔隙比e_(sk)提出了考虑橡胶掺量和橡胶粒径的G_(max)表征模型,该模型具有较好的准确性,可为评价橡胶混合黏土G_(max)提供依据。

Effects of rotation and gravity on an electro-magneto-thermoelastic medium with diffusion and voids by using the Lord-Shulman and dual-phase-lag models

The effects of rotation and gravity on an electro-magneto-thermoelastic medium with diffusion and voids in a generalized thermoplastic half-space are studied by using the Lord-Shulman (L-S) model and the dual-phase-lag (DPL) model. The analytical solutions for the displacements, stresses, temperature, diffusion concentration, and volume fraction field with different values of the magnetic field, the rotation, the gravity, and the initial stress are obtained and portrayed graphically. The results indicate that the effects of gravity, rotation, voids, diffusion, initial stress, and electromagnetic field are very pronounced on the physical properties of the material.

砂-粉混合料颗粒接触状态的临界条件确定

砂-粉混合料被广泛应用于高速铁路路基、人工筑岛及海底沉管隧道垫层等重大工程,如何科学地表征砂-粉混合料复杂的颗粒接触状态及连续演变的力学行为特征,并深入揭示其对混合料静/动力学特性的影响已是一项紧迫的基础性科学研究任务。本文基于代表性砂-粉混合料的基本物理性能指标及力学特性指标试验数据,验证Rahman等提出的区分“细粒填充砂粒”和“砂粒悬浮细粒”的阈值细粒含量FCth半经验公式预测能力。基于理想二元介质材料的理论最小孔隙比计算方法,提出确定中间性态土颗粒接触状态临界条件参量FC_(in-min)和FC_(in-max)的方法,分析各参数对FC_(in-min)和FC_(in-max)的影响规律,建立基于基本物理性能指标的FC_(in-min)和FC_(in-max)预测方法,最终提出全FC范围(FC=0~100%)的砂-粉混合料各颗粒接触状态临界条件参量的有效评价方法。

基于1D-CNN的无砟轨道CA砂浆脱空识别

为解决水泥乳化沥青砂浆(CA砂浆)脱空位置识别的难题,提出考虑CA砂浆脱空的无砟轨道模型建模与计算方案。首先,基于CRTS I型板式无砟轨道“梁-板-板”建模理论,使用非线性弹簧模拟CA砂浆脱空病害,输入扣件支点反力作为模型的激励,得到监测点位的垂向加速度数据集。其次,通过对数据集缩放、添加噪声的方式进行数据增强,增强数据集的差异,以增强识别模型的泛化性,获得更加准确的识别结果。最后,建立脱空病害的识别方法,搭建一维卷积神经网络(1D-CNN)进行CA砂浆的脱空位置识别,构建准确率、查准率和查全率等评价指标评估识别结果,使用t-SNE降维算法对结果进行可视化。对比其他3种神经网络的表现,探讨1D-CNN应用于CA砂浆脱空位置识别的优势。研究结果表明:“梁-板-板”模型反映了无砟轨道的力学本征,用于CA砂浆脱空问题的仿真模拟是可行的;通过对数据集信号缩放、添加噪声的方式进行数据增强可提高深度学习模型的性能;从深度学习的角度来看,CA砂浆脱空发生在板中造成的危害较小,应重点关注板端CA砂浆脱空的养护与维修问题;1D-CNN相比其他3种模型运算时间短,在CA砂浆脱空位置识别数据集上优势更大,识别准确率可达95%以上。研究结果为进一步提高无砟轨道结构监测的自动化和智能化水平提供参考。

考虑孔隙比影响的堆石料湿化试验及湿化模型

对某堆石坝的坝壳料进行了不同密实状态下的单线法三轴湿化试验,分析了湿化变形随围压、应力水平以及初始孔隙比的变化规律。结果表明:在围压和应力水平相同条件下,随着初始孔隙比的减小,堆石料湿化轴向应变和体积应变均明显降低;初始孔隙比对湿化应力剪胀规律影响不大,采用对数形式的湿化剪胀方程可对不同初始孔隙比条件下的湿化应力剪胀关系进行统一描述。对指数形式的湿化轴向应变经验模型进行修正,构建了考虑初始孔隙比及应力状态影响的湿化轴向应变计算模型,并联立湿化剪胀方程推导了湿化体积应变的计算公式,通过对三轴湿化试验结果进行模拟验证了该公式的合理性。

基于PAM-RTM的CFRP平板RTM工艺及孔隙缺陷仿真

树脂传递模塑(RTM)成型过程中不同工艺参数对碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)构件质量和性能有极大影响。为了精准设计RTM成型参数,降低最终构件的孔隙缺陷含量,分析充模过程中两种尺度孔隙率的变化及在构件中的分布规律,基于PAM-RTM软件对CFRP平板模型RTM成型的充模及双尺度孔隙形成进行了仿真模拟。分析了不同树脂黏度、浇注压力对填充时间及宏观和微观孔隙分布、孔隙率的影响规律;在构件中选取了不同位置的横向轴线并对比轴上宏观/微观孔隙的含量及分布特征,分析随着距离浇注口位置变化孔隙率的变化规律。结果表明,在恒压浇注条件下,浇注压力越大,树脂黏度越小,填充时间越短;树脂黏度为0.1Pa·s、浇注压力为1.5MPa时,充模时间最小,为13.11s。宏观孔隙率随浇注压力升高而减小,微观孔隙率则相反。宏观孔隙在开始填充一段时间后形成,孔隙率最终在出胶口达到最大值;微观孔隙则在填充初始阶段开始形成,孔隙率随着填充距离增加逐渐减小。3条横向轴上两种尺度孔隙率的变化趋势相近;浇注压力影响宏观孔隙开始形成的位置及微观孔隙结束形成的位置,并影响填充结束时的最大宏观孔隙率和填充开始时的最大微观孔隙率。

封闭条件下温度对气隙放电影响的模拟研究

气隙缺陷往往导致局部放电(PD)现象,局放的发展过程与放电条件密切相关,通过放电的宏观表征来分析判断放电条件,是实现绝缘条件评估的重要途径。以温度对气隙缺陷下局放过程的影响为例,通过建立温度条件对放电过程的参数控制模型,研究了不同温度对其微观发展过程的影响,得到了不同温度条件下的宏观表征。仿真研究表明,在封闭条件下,温度的升高会影响放电过程中的电子密度分布以及电场分布。在303、323和343 K的条件下模拟放电过程,其电流峰值依次为0.479、0.356和0.261 A,随温度升高逐渐下降;此外其电流脉冲持续时间依次为19.261、15.516和13.438 ns,随温度升高逐渐变短。最后,实地测量了不同温度下的放电电流,获得了与仿真模型一致的结果。

汽泡边界层模型在矩形管道下的适用性分析

过冷流动沸腾中的流动和传热特性对反应堆的安全运行和经济性都具有重要意义。汽泡边界层模型是预测流动沸腾的一种新理论模型,它将流场沿径向划分为主流和汽泡边界层两个区域,能同时获得两个区域多个两相参数的变化规律,为空泡份额的预测提供了一种新的方法。然而,过冷沸腾段汽泡边界层模型目前仅在常规圆管中开展了验证,当管道类型和尺寸发生变化后,模型的准确度还有待进一步分析。基于此,本文将汽泡边界层模型进一步推广到长宽比较大的矩形管道中。为验证模型的准确性,将模型获得的空泡份额与现有实验数据进行对比,并同时与现有空泡份额预测模型进行了对比。结果显示,汽泡边界层模型不仅较现有模型的准确度更高,还能同时应用于矩形常规管道和窄缝通道,受管道结构和尺寸的影响较小。模型还描述了矩形窄缝通道内空泡份额、压力、流速、温度、滑速比等的变化情况,这些结果能为反应堆矩形燃料元件内的热工物理耦合分析提供基础数据。

正断层错动作用下矿山法隧道受力变形机理的模型试验研究

为研究正断层错动作用下矿山法隧道的受力变形机理,以胶州湾第二海底隧道穿越沧口断裂为工程背景,采用自研的大比尺穿越断层隧道结构破坏加载试验装置,针对设置柔性连接变形缝和变形缝间距对隧道结构抗错断效果的影响,开展几何相似比为1∶40的矿山法隧道穿越倾角70°的正断层错动模型试验,对错动试验过程中的隧道变形、应变分布、围岩接触压力和破坏特性等关键指标进行监测,分析获得了正断层错动作用下隧道变形和力学响应规律。研究结果表明:(1)隧道在正断层错动作用下,呈现纵向拉弯+竖向挤压的受荷模式,在下盘邻近断层面处拱顶部位和上盘邻近断层面处仰拱部位出现脱空区;(2)隧道开裂主要以纵向贯通裂缝为主,近断层面处衬砌还出现了部分斜向裂缝和环向裂缝;(3)节段间的连接形式和节段长度不会根本上改变隧道在断层错动作用下的受荷模式和变形模式,但节段间刚度越小,节段长度越小,结构对于地层强制位错的适应性就更好;(4)相比于刚性连接,节段间的柔性连接吸收了大部分地层强制位错,有效降低衬砌节段的荷载和变形,使结构趋于安全。

声空化条件下传动液体积弹性模量的时空演变

传动液体积弹性模量代表介质的抗压缩能力,其动态变化会影响传动系统的精准调控。以含有空气和蒸汽的ISO 4113试验油为研究对象,建立传动管内体积弹性模量均相流模型和动态模型,考虑由传动液压缩引起的温度变化以及空化效应(空气空化、蒸汽空化和伪空化),在Roe格式分解和Steger Warming通量分裂法的基础上提出一种新的数值求解方法来预测不同空化区中压力和含气率的变化,并预测体积弹性模量的时空演变。讨论压力、含气率和温度对动态体积弹性模量的影响,并比较两种模型之间的区别。结果表明:在低压区,两种模型对动态体积弹性模量的预测结果基本吻合;当压力小于1 MPa,动态体积弹性模量随压力增大而增大,随初始含气率增大而减小,而初始温度对其影响不明显;当压力在1~10 MPa内,动态体积弹性模量随压力增大而快速增大,随初始含气率和温度增大而减小,其变化率不断减小;在初始含气率小于5%的条件下,动态模型预测的动态体积弹性模量-压力曲线更平滑;当压力大于10 MPa,在均相流模型中,动态体积弹性模量随压力增大呈线性缓慢增长趋势,而在动态模型中,由于气体不断溶解,动态体积弹性模量随压力增大而趋于稳定。对比发现,均相流模型适用于低压条件,而动态模型在高压区也同样适用。

基于CT技术的水泥稳定碎石微裂程度控制模型

为探究水泥稳定碎石材料内部细观空隙特征变化对微裂程度的影响,借助CT无损检测技术提取微裂后水泥稳定碎石试件空隙特征参数,采用灰熵关联度探讨水泥稳定碎石空隙参数与微裂程度关联性,建立空隙数量与微裂程度灰色关系模型。结果表明:延长振动时间,面空隙率呈现先增大后减小趋势、微裂程度呈现先增长后降低趋势。微裂后水泥稳定碎石试件相比未微裂试件空隙数量有所增加,且微裂作用对面积在0~0.1 mm^(2)范围内的空隙影响最为显著。圆度在0~0.2范围内空隙占比随振动时间延长逐渐增大,微裂后空隙分形维数均大于未微裂试件,且材料内部空隙形状趋于复杂化。空隙数量与微裂程度关联度最高。基于上述结果建立的微裂程度GM(1,2)预测模型可为水泥稳定碎石微裂技术细观层面研究和应用提供理论参考。

Cosmic Bubbles

The present paper is inspired by the article “Ho’oleilana: An Individual Baryon Acoustic Oscillation?” published by R. B. Tully, C. Howlett, and D. Pomarède on Sep. 2023 [1]. They claim: Evidence is presented here for the discovery of a remarkably strong individual contribution to the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) signal at z = 0.068, an entity that is given the name Ho’oleilana. K. Dawson, co-spokesperson for Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument is more inclined to believe that this latest finding is something of a coincidence, a chance alignment that simply looks like a sphere with a radius around what you’d expect for a BAO [2]. In this paper, we provide a short summary of experimental observations of Boötes Void and Superclusters;discuss the main features of the developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model;introduce notions “Cosmic Voids” and “Cosmic Bubbles”;elaborate a mathematical framework for different types of Cosmic Bubbles (Hubble Spherical Bubble for the World, Disk Bubbles for Galaxies;Spherical Bubbles for Extrasolar Systems, Dark Matter (DM) Spherical Bubbles for Galaxies and Superclusters);make a conclusion that the Boötes is a DM Cosmic Bubble and suggest experiments, which confirm our conclusion.

移动荷载作用下跨越空洞加筋道路动力响应分析

为研究跨越空洞加筋道路系统的动力特性,将加筋道路系统视为跨越空洞的双层地基梁,推导出移动荷载作用下加筋道路系统动力响应解析解。通过与既有理论模型计算结果对比,验证所推导计算式的正确性。并探讨了空洞宽度、路面板抗弯刚度、加筋垫层抗弯刚度、回填土及路基弹性系数对加筋道路系统动力响应的影响。分析表明:加筋道路底部空洞宽度、路面板抗弯刚度以及路基弹性系数对移动荷载作用下加筋道路系统振动响应的影响较大,并且对加筋垫层中点振动位移的影响比对路面板的影响更显著。加筋垫层抗弯刚度对其自身中点振动位移影响较大,但对路面板中点振动位移的影响较小。而回填土弹性系数对路面板中点的振动位移影响较大,但对加筋垫层中点的振动位移影响较小。

基于RepVGG-A0改进的公路车型识别网络

针对当前车型识别过程中检测精度与实时性难以平衡的问题,提出了一种基于RepVGG-A0改进的公路车型识别网络,利用结构重参数化思想融合多分枝网络以提升网络推理速度。使用混合空洞卷积替换传统卷积,强化了模型对大目标的识别能力。在网络主干中插入融合残差结构的坐标注意力(RES-CA)模块,提升了网络对有效特征信息的提取能力,同时避免了梯度消失与梯度退化造成的影响。此外采用了标签平滑正则化方法对损失函数进行改进,降低了模型过拟合对检测结果的影响,提升了模型的泛化性。经验证,本方法在公路车辆数据集BIT-Vehicle上的识别准确率达到了97.17%,较原模型提升了2.67%,优于现有的ResNet-18,VGG等网络模型,同时保证了模型的检测速度。

基于数值模型的软基水闸底板脱空反演

本研究以基于数值模型的软基水闸底板脱空反演为研究对象,旨在通过数值模拟和分析,深入探讨软基水闸底板脱空对水闸结构动力特性的影响。通过建立有限元模型和响应面模型,对不同工况下的脱空参数进行了反演,并将反演结果与实际值进行了对比。研究结果表明,基于模态参数的软基水闸底板脱空反演是合理可靠的,为水闸结构损伤诊断技术提供了理论支持。

Numerical Investigation into the Effect of Air Voids on the Anisotropy of Asphalt Mixtures

The aim of this study is to investigate the asphalt mixture anisotropy of both the modulus and Poisson＇s ratio due to air voids using a discrete element modeling simulation method. Three three-dimensional cubic digital samples of asphalt mixture with different shapes of single air void were built using discrete element software PFC^（3D）. The aggregate gradation, air voids and mastic included in the digital samples were modeled using different contact models, with due consideration of the volumetric fractions of the different phases. Laboratory uniaxial complex modulus test and indirect tensile strength test were conducted to obtain material input parameters for numerical modeling. Simulation of the uniaxial cyclic compressive tests was performed on the three cubic samples loaded in three different directions. Dynamic modulus in three directions and Poisson＇s ratio in six directions were calculated from the compression stress-strain responses. Results show that both the modulus and Poisson＇s ratio are dependent on the preferential orientation of air voids. The anisotropy of the modulus and Poisson＇s ratio increases as the pressure loading on the asphalt mixture increases. Compared to the modulus, Poisson＇s ratio due to air voids has been shown to be more anisotropic. The maximum of Poisson＇s ratio and modulus is shown to be up to 80% and 11% higher than the minimum, respectively.

Constitutive description for casting magnesium alloy involving void evolution

In order to investigate the effect of microvoids on the mechanical behavior of casting magnesium alloy,a spherical void-cell model of the material was presented.The velocity and strain fields of the model were obtained from the assumption that the material matrix is homogeneous and incompressible.The hardening and softening functions,which respectively reflect the deformation-hardening and void-softening behaviors of the material,were presented and introduced to an endochronic constitutive equation for describing the mechanical behavior of the material including microvoids.The corresponding numerical algorithm and finite element procedure were developed and applied to the analyses of the elastoplastic response and the porosity of casting magnesium alloy ZL102.The computed results show satisfactory agreement with experimental data.