Modern approaches for detection of volatile organic compounds in metabolic studies focusing on pathogenic bacteria:Current state of the art

Pathogenic microorganisms produce numerous metabolites,including volatile organic compounds(VOCs).Monitoring these metabolites in biological matrices(e.g.,urine,blood,or breath)can reveal the presence of specific microorganisms,enabling the early diagnosis of infections and the timely implementation of tar-geted therapy.However,complex matrices only contain trace levels of VOCs,and their constituent com-ponents can hinder determination of these compounds.Therefore,modern analytical techniques enabling the non-invasive identification and precise quantification of microbial VOCs are needed.In this paper,we discuss bacterial VOC analysis under in vitro conditions,in animal models and disease diagnosis in humans,including techniques for offline and online analysis in clinical settings.We also consider the advantages and limitations of novel microextraction techniques used to prepare biological samples for VOC analysis,in addition to reviewing current clinical studies on bacterial volatilomes that address inter-species in-teractions,the kinetics of VOC metabolism,and species-and drug-resistance specificity.

Identification of breath volatile organic compounds to distinguish pancreatic adenocarcinoma,pancreatic cystic neoplasm,and patients without pancreatic lesions

BACKGROUND Volatile organic compounds(VOCs)are a promising potential biomarker that may be able to identify the presence of cancers.AIM To identify exhaled breath VOCs that distinguish pancreatic ductal adenocar-cinoma(PDAC)from intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm(IPMN)and healthy volunteers.METHODS We collected exhaled breath from histologically proven PDAC patients,radiological diagnosis IPMN,and healthy volunteers using the ReCIVA®device between 10/2021-11/2022.VOCs were identified by thermal desorption-gas chromatography/field-asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry and compared between groups.RESULTS A total of 156 participants(44%male,mean age 62.6±10.6)were enrolled(54 PDAC,42 IPMN,and 60 controls).Among the nine VOCs identified,two VOCs that showed differences between groups were dimethyl sulfide[0.73 vs 0.74 vs 0.94 arbitrary units(AU),respectively;P=0.008]and acetone dimers(3.95 vs 4.49 vs 5.19 AU,respectively;P<0.001).After adjusting for the imbalance parameters,PDAC showed higher dimethyl sulfide levels than the control and IPMN groups,with adjusted odds ratio(aOR)of 6.98(95%CI:1.15-42.17)and 4.56(1.03-20.20),respectively(P<0.05 both).Acetone dimer levels were also higher in PDAC compared to controls and IPMN(aOR:5.12(1.80-14.57)and aOR:3.35(1.47-7.63),respectively(P<0.05 both).Acetone dimer,but not dimethyl sulfide,performed better than CA19-9 in PDAC diagnosis(AUROC 0.910 vs 0.796).The AUROC of acetone dimer increased to 0.936 when combined with CA19-9,which was better than CA19-9 alone(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Dimethyl sulfide and acetone dimer are VOCs that potentially distinguish PDAC from IPMN and healthy participants.Additional prospective studies are required to validate these findings.

Advanced Technologies for Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Emission Treatment: An Overview

This paper presents a comprehensive overview of various advanced technologies employed in the treatment of volatile organic compounds(VOCs),which are crucial pollutants in industrial emissions.The study explores different methods,including direct combustion,thermal combustion,catalytic combustion,low-temperature plasma purification,photocatalytic purification,membrane separation,and adsorption methods.Each technology is critically analyzed for its operational principles,efficiency,and applicability under different conditions.Special attention is given to adsorption concentration and catalytic combustion parallel method,highlighting its efficiency in treating low-concentration,high-volume VOC emissions.The paper also delves into the advantages and limitations of each method,providing insights into their effectiveness in various industrial scenarios.The study aims to offer a detailed guide for selecting appropriate VOC treatment technologies,contributing to enhanced environmental protection and sustainable industrial practices.

Exhaled volatile organic compounds for diagnosis and monitoring of asthma

The asthmatic inflammatory process results in the generation of volatile organic compounds(VOCs),which are subsequently secreted by the airways.The study of these elements through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS),which can identify individual molecules with a discriminatory capacity of over 85%,and electronic-Nose(e-NOSE),which is able to perform a quick onboard pattern-recognition analysis of VOCs,has allowed new prospects for non-invasive analysis of the disease in an"omics"approach.In this review,we aim to collect and compare the progress made in VOCs analysis using the two methods and their instrumental characteristics.Studies have described the potential of GC-MS and e-NOSE in a multitude of relevant aspects of the disease in both children and adults,as well as differential diagnosis between asthma and other conditions such as wheezing,cystic fibrosis,COPD,allergic rhinitis and last but not least,the accuracy of these methods compared to other diagnostic tools such as lung function,FeNO and eosinophil count.Due to significant limitations of both methods,it is still necessary to improve and standardize techniques.Currently,e-NOSE appears to be the most promising aid in clinical practice,whereas GC-MS,as the gold standard for the structural analysis of molecules,remains an essential tool in terms of research for further studies on the pathophysiologic pathways of the asthmatic inflammatory process.In conclusion,the study of VOCs through GC-MS and e-NOSE appears to hold promise for the noninvasive diagnosis,assessment,and monitoring of asthma,as well as for further research studies on the disease.

Effective technology for processing industrial volatile organic compounds by the atmospheric pressure microwave plasma torch

In this study,we investigated the abatement of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)by the atmospheric pressure microwave plasma torch(AMPT).To study the treatment efficiency of AMPT,we used the toluene and water-based varnish to simulate VOCs,respectively.By measuring the compounds and contents of the mixture gas before/after the microwave plasma process,we have calculated the treatment efficiency of AMPT.The experimental results show that the treatment efficiency of AMPT for toluene with a concentration of 17.32×10^(4) ppm is up to 60 g/kWh with the removal rate of 86%.For the volatile compounds of water-based varnish,the removal efficiency is up to 97.99%.We have demonstrated the higher potential for VOCs removal of the AMPT process.

Remove volatile organic compounds(VOCs) with membrane separation techniques

Membrane separation, a new technology for removing VOCs including pervaporation, vapor permeation, membrane contactor, and membrane bioreactor was presented. Comparing with traditional techniques, these special techniques are an efficient and energy saving technology. Vapor permeation can be applied to recovery of organic solvents from exhaust streams. Membrane contactor could be used for removing or recovering VOCs from air or wastewater. Pervaporation and vapor permeation are viable methods for removing VOCs from wastewater to yield a VOC concentrate which could either be destroyed by conventional means, or be recycled for reuse.

Research Progress on Environmental Ecology and Human Health Benefits of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds(BVOCs)

Biogenic volatile organic compounds(BVOCs)have positive impact on environmental ecology and human physical and mental health.In this paper,the collection methods and components analysis,dynamic release mechanism,ecological function and the impact on human health of BVOCs were summarized.The purpose of this paper is to provide reference and suggestions for further study on the infl uence mechanism of BVOCs on human health,and to provide a theoretical basis for its application in landscape environment.

苹果等6种经济林不同时期果实BVOCs成分分析

为探究常见经济林树种不同时期果实在自然状态下释放植物源挥发性有机物(BVOCs)组成成分差异,并分析其香气类型,选取苹果、桃、李、梨、山楂和枣6种经济林树种为研究对象,采用动态顶空采集法收集释放的BVOCs,结合自动热脱附-气相色谱/质谱联用技术进行BVOCs分析。结果表明,6种果实膨大期和成熟期均检测出12类BVOCs,组分总数量前者(305)大于后者(275),2个时期果实释放烷烃类、烯烃类、芳香烃类、酯类和醛类BVOCs占比最大;不同时期6种果实有10种共有BVOCs为2,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷、正十九烷、a-柏木烯、正戊醛、庚醛、辛醛、天然壬醛、癸醛、苯乙酮和庚胺醇;苹果、桃、李和梨随着果实生长发育BVOCs成分数量减少;不同时期6种果实香韵涵盖香型有差异,并随果实生长发育,青草香、果香、檀木香、醛香和柑橘香占比明显增加。表明不同时期6种经济林植物果实释放BVOCs组成成分和相对含量差异明显,在果实成熟期,主要香气BVOCs成分相对含量较高,是果实香精开发的最佳时期。

山楂和枣释放BVOCs组分生长季动态变化特征研究

【目的】探究北京地区经济林树种山楂和枣不同时期释放植物源挥发性有机物(BVOCs)组成成分的变化规律,以及两者释放有益BVOCs特征。【方法】采用动态顶空采集法收集释放的BVOCs,结合自动热脱附-气相色谱/质谱联用技术进行分析。【结果】在整个生长季从山楂叶中共检测出12类328种BVOCs,从枣叶中共检测出12类301种BVOCs,枣叶释放类别的数量与山楂叶相同,释放种类少于山楂叶,两树种均在9月释放类别最多;山楂叶和枣叶主要释放烷烃类、烯烃类和芳香烃类、酯类和醇类BVOCs;枣叶主要释放烷烃类、烯烃类、芳香烃类、酯类、醛类和醇类BVOCs,其中天然壬醛山楂叶和枣叶每月都有释放,但枣叶每月释放BVOCs的种类更加丰富;山楂是烯烃类夏季高释放量树种,枣是春季芳香烃高释放量树种;从山楂叶中共检测出烯烃类、芳香烃类、酯类、醛类、有机酸类、酮类、醇类和酰胺类8类43种有益成分,而枣叶不释放酮类,释放种类总数量比山楂叶多。【结论】两个树种释放烯烃类有益BVOCs在总有益BVOCs成分中占比最大,以释放对薄荷-1(7),3-二烯、α-蒎烯、罗汉柏烯、3-蒈烯、右旋萜二烯为主,夏季是山楂叶和枣叶释放有益BVOCs组分的主要季节,两者均在7月达到最大值。总之,树种释放BVOCs成分呈明显的季节性变化,尤其是山楂叶释放总有益BVOCs最大值超过60%。

胶黏剂产品中VOCs含量与类别的检测方法

可靠、高效的检测方法,能够准确测定胶黏剂产品中挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的含量及类别,进而为胶黏剂产品生产提供参考,不断提升胶黏剂产品的环保安全性。一般采用气相色谱法、气相色谱-检测器联用法、气相色谱-质谱法,通过优化顶空条件、色谱柱选择和质谱参数,实现对目标VOCs的高灵敏度、高选择性检测。这些方法能够有效分离和定量分析胶黏剂产品中的多种VOCs,包括烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃、醛类、酮类等,获得了VOCs含量和类别分布的详细数据,为胶黏剂产品中VOCs含量和类别的检测提供了一种可靠、高效的解决方案,可用于评估胶黏剂产品的环境友好性,并为制定相关标准和法规提供技术支持。

添加剂对堆肥过程中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的减排效果

为明确添加剂对堆肥挥发性有机物(Volatile organic compounds,VOCs)排放的减排效果和影响因素,通过文献筛选出吸附类添加剂(活性炭和沸石)与有机酸类添加剂(柠檬酸和草酸)开展实验研究。在鸡粪-玉米秸秆堆肥实验中,设置5个处理,分别为对照(CK)、添加活性炭、添加沸石、添加柠檬酸和添加草酸处理。研究对象包括115种VOCs、三甲胺和6种含硫有机挥发气体(二甲硫醚、二甲基二硫醚、二甲基三硫醚、甲硫醇、乙硫醇、乙硫醚)。结果表明:在28 d的好氧发酵中,所有处理均达到50℃并维持7 d,满足无害化标准。检出110种VOCs、三甲胺和3种含硫有机挥发气体(二甲硫醚、二甲基二硫醚,二甲基三硫醚)。VOCs的排放集中在前9 d,在第3天时VOCs达到峰值。5个处理在堆肥第3天检测到的VOCs浓度范围为169.22~548.26 mg·m^(-3)。4种添加剂对各类VOCs均有减排效果。在第3天,活性炭、沸石、柠檬酸和草酸对烷烃类的减排效率分别为79%、26%、77%和46%,对卤烃类的减排效率分别为96%、38%、93%和97%,对芳香烃类的减排效率分别为28%、11%、24%和53%。从堆肥第6天开始只有沸石对各类VOCs有减排效果,最高减排效率为30%。针对含硫有机挥发气体减排,减排效果依次是草酸>柠檬酸>沸石>活性炭。4种添加剂对含硫有机挥发气体均有减排效果,但是对三甲胺没有减排效果。综合堆肥前9 d VOCs的减排情况,4种添加剂中沸石对各类VOCs减排效果最好。堆肥过程中添加沸石有利于VOCs和其他气体的协同减排,并且对土壤和农作物不存在风险,所以沸石在堆肥工程中有广阔的应用前景。

碱处理改性ZSM-5分子筛孔结构对VOCs吸附性能的影响

采用氢氧化钠和四丙基氢氧化铵混合碱溶液处理制备一系列改性ZSM-5分子筛,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、N_(2)吸附、水接触角测定等手段对改性样品进行了分析表征,采用固定床吸附器对比评价5A、NaY和不同碱改性ZSM-5分子筛吸附剂对正己烷和乙酸乙酯的动态吸附性能。结果表明:氢氧化钠和四丙基氢氧化铵摩尔浓度均为0.2 mol/L的碱改性ZSM-5-G-3样品的比表面积及总孔体积分别为425 m^(2)/g和0.585 cm^(3)/g,比改性前高硅ZSM-5-G-1样品分别提高了17.7%和174.6%,介孔比表面积增加8.6倍,达到317 m^(2)/g,介孔体积增加12.3倍,达到0.531 cm^(3)/g;随着碱溶液浓度的增加,改性分子筛材料水接触角减小;25℃时,正己烷和乙酸乙酯在ZSM-5-G-3吸附剂床层上的穿透吸附量分别为76.99和101.08 mg/g,比改性前ZSM-5-G-1吸附剂床层分别提高了40.3%和17.4%。改性ZSM-5-G-3样品对挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)吸附性能的显著提高主要归因于碱改性提供了更多的吸附位和介孔结构。

杭州市大气VOCs组成特征及二次污染生成贡献

利用2021年1~12月杭州市城区大气VOCs的观测数据,分析了VOCs化学组成及其污染特征,运用正交矩阵因子分解法(PMF)进行VOCs来源解析,并利用最大增量反应活性(MIR)和气溶胶生成系数(FAC)估算VOCs的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势(AFP),量化评估其二次污染生成贡献.结果显示,观测期间杭州市大气VOCs体积分数均值为30.65×10^(-9),烷烃和卤代烃是其主要组分,分别占49.23%和24.47%,浓度排名前10的VOCs物种主要为C_(2)~C_(4)的烷烃、C_(7)~C_(8)的芳香烃和乙烯.源解析结果显示杭州市VOCs主要来源为燃烧源、溶剂使用源、工业排放源、油气挥发源和机动车尾气排放源.杭州市大气VOCs的总OFP为50.56×10^(-9),其中乙烯、1-乙基-3-甲基苯和甲苯是其主要贡献组分.芳香烃对AFP的贡献达到91.52%,是最重要的SOA前体物.因此,控制机动车尾气排放和溶剂使用过程中产生的VOCs对防控O_(3)污染以及SOA污染具有重要意义.

城市商业建筑地下车库挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染特征及健康风险评价

为研究城市商业建筑地下车库中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的污染特征及潜在影响,在所选取盐城市3个典型商场的地下车库里进行了VOCs采样监测,获得了VOCs浓度水平、组成和日变化特征,评价了人体健康风险.观测期间,3个地下车库在9:00—13:00时间段内所有样品的总挥发性有机物(TVOCs)平均值分别为(2547.9±1595.2)μg·m^(−3)、(1376.7±122.7)μg·m^(−3)、(1689.1±93.1)μg·m^(−3);在所分析的75种VOCs中3个地下车库VOCs检出率分别为52.0%、36.0%和34.7%.各地下车库所测VOCs占前几位的组分分别为甲苯(30.5%—48.2%)、异丙醇(4.5%—27.2%)、2-丁酮(3.8%—12.4%)、甲基环戊烷(2.2%—2.8%)、苯(1.5%—2.6%)、1,2-二氯乙烷(1.7%—2.2%).VOCs日变化浓度主要与车流量有关,在11:00和21:00时刻出现浓度峰值,分别为3785.4μg·m^(−3)、8694.3μg·m^(−3).健康风险评价结果表明,3个地下车库内所监测的VOCs的非致癌风险危害指数(HI)分别为4.1、4.3和7.4,均超过了美国环境保护局推荐的最大可接受水平(HI=1);苯和乙苯的终生致癌风险因子值(Risk)分别在(1.2×10^(−4)—6.2×10^(−4))、(3.8×10^(−6)—2.5×10^(−5)),均超出了安全阈值范围(Risk≤1×10^(−6)),3个地下车库均存在一定健康风险.

Measurement of in-vehicle volatile organic compounds under static conditions

The types and quantities of volatile organic compounds （VOCs） inside vehicles have been determined in one new vehicle and two old vehicles under static conditions using the Thermodesorber-Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer （TD-GC/MS）. Air sampling and analysis was conducted under the requirement of USEPA Method TO-17. A room-size, environment test chamber was utilized to provide stable and accurate control of the required environmental conditions （temperature, humidity, horizontal and vertical airflow velocity, and background VOCs concentration）. Static vehicle testing demonstrated that although the amount of total volatile organic compounds （TVOC） detected within each vehicle was relatively distinct （4940 μg/m^3 in the new vehicle A, 1240 μg/m^3 in used vehicle B, and 132 μg/m^3 in used vehicle C）, toluene, xylene, some aromatic compounds, and various C7-C12 alkanes were among the predominant VOC species in all three vehicles tested. In addition, tetramethyl succinonitrile, possibly derived from foam cushions was detected in vehicle B. The types and quantities of VOCs varied considerably according to various kinds of factors, such as, vehicle age, vehicle model, temperature, air exchange rate, and environment airflow velocity. For example, if the airflow velocity increases from 0.1 m/s to 0.7 m/s, the vehicle＇s air exchange rate increases from 0.15 h^-1 to 0.67 h^-1, and in-vehicle TVOC concentration decreases from 1780 to 1201 μg/m^3.

Characterization and Source Apportionment of Volatile Organic Compounds in Urban and Suburban Tianjin, China

Tianjin is the third largest megacity and the fastest growth area in China,and consequently faces the problems of surface ozone and haze episodes.This study measures and characterizes volatile organic compounds （VOCs）,which are ozone precursors,to identify their possible sources and evaluate their contribution to ozone formation in urban and suburban Tianjin,China during the HaChi （Haze in China） summer campaign in 2009.A total of 107 species of ambient VOCs were detected,and the average concentrations of VOCs at urban and suburban sites were 92 and 174 ppbv,respectively.Of those,51 species of VOCs were extracted to analyze the possible VOC sources using positive matrix factorization.The identified sources of VOCs were significantly related to vehicular activities,which specifically contributed 60％ to urban and 42％ to suburban VOCs loadings in Tianjin.Industrial emission was the second most prominent source of ambient VOCs in both urban and suburban areas,although the contribution of industry in the suburban area （36％） was much higher than that at the urban area （16％）.We conclude that controlling vehicle emissions should be a top priority for VOC reduction,and that fast industrialization and urbanization causes air pollution to be more complex due to the combined emission of VOCs from industry and daily life,especially in suburban areas.

Release of volatile organic compounds during bio-drying of municipal solid waste

Three treatments were tested to investigate the release concentrations of volatile organic compounds （VOCs） during the bio-drying of municipal solid waste （MSW） by the aerobic and combined hydrolytic-aerobic processes.Results showed that VOCs were largely released in the first 4 days of bio-drying and the dominant components were：dimethyl disulfide,dimethyl sulfide,benzene,2-butanone,limonene and methylene chloride.Thus,the combined hydrolytic-aerobic process was suggested for MSW bio-drying due to fewer aeration quantities in this phase when compared with the aerobic process,and the treatment strategies should base on the key properties of these prominent components.Malodorous sulfur compounds and terpenes were mainly released in the early phase of bio-drying,whereas,two peaks of release concentrations appeared for aromatics and ketones during bio-drying.Notably,for the combined hydrolytic-aerobic processes there were also high concentrations of released aromatics in the shift from hydrolytic to aerobic stages.High concentrations of released chlorinateds were observed in the later phase.For the VOCs produced during MSW bio-drying,i.e.,malodorous sulfur compounds,terpenes and chlorinateds,their release concentrations were mainly determined by production rates;for the VOCs presented initially in MSW,such as aromatics,their transfer and transport in MSW mainly determined the release concentrations.

Emissions of volatile organic compounds from heated needles and twigs of Pinus pumila

A study was conducted to explore the mechanism that emissions of volatile organic compounds（VOC） from heated needles and twigs（200°C,within 15 min） of Pinus pumila affect fire behaviours using the technology of Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry（TD-GC-MS）.The results indicated that the main components of VOC from heated needles and twigs are terpenoids.Most of these terpenoids are monoterpenes.Terpenoids account for 72.93% for the needles and 92.40% for the twigs of the total VOC,and their emission ratios are 61.200 μg·g-1 and 217.060 μg·g-1 respectively.Heated twigs can emit more terpenoids than heated needles because twigs had more volatile oils than needles.In actual fires,these large amounts of terpenoid emissions,especially the monoterpene emissions,have strong effects on fire behaviors that are not only in the initial stage but also in the fast propagation stage of fires.These flammable gases are capable of causing violent combustion and creating crown fires.In addition,if these gases accumulate in an uneven geographical area,there will be a possible for eruptive fires and/or fires flashover to occur.

加油站及周边空气中VOCs物种构成与示踪特征

选择典型城市区域加油站,在汽柴油加油口及周边开展VOCs样品采集与物种构成分析,探究加油站排放VOCs的标识性物种,根据加油站周边区域VOCs物种浓度与比值在空间梯度上的变化评估关键物种的示踪作用与转化规律.结果表明:加注汽油排放VOCs主要组分为烷烃(70%~72%)、烯烃(13%~14%)和含氧有机物(11%~12%),主要物种为异戊烷(20%~24%),其它C4~C6类烷烃也是高占比物种;加注柴油排放VOCs中烷烃是主要成分,占VOCs总量的70%~72%,其次是烯烃和含氧有机物,分别贡献13%~14%和11%~12%,芳香烃占比为2%~3%,异戊烷(17%~21%)和正丁烷(15%~17%)含量较高,低碳C2~C4类烷烯烃和较重高碳C7~C12烷烃的比例高于汽油.加油站下风向受体区域受加油站排放影响明显,与单一物理扩散模型的结果对比,发现烯烃类物种在实际传输过程中已发生明显光化学反应,特征物种比值在距离加油站大于70m的区域外开始接近机动车尾气的比值范围并趋于稳定,超出此范围加油站排放贡献影响可能较小.