Modeling framework of voltage-source converters based on equivalence with synchronous generator

Along with the increasing penetration of distributed generation with voltage-source converters(VSCs),there are extensive concerns over the potential virtual rotor angle stability, which is characterized by oscillations of power and frequency during the dynamic process of synchronization in the grid. Several control strategies have been developed for VSCs to emulate rotating inertia as well as damping of oscillations. This paper classifies these strategies and provides a small-signal modeling framework including all kinds of VSCs in different applications for virtual rotor angle stability. A unified perspective based on the famous Phillips–Heffron model is established for various VSCs. Thus, the concepts of equivalent inertia and the synchronizing and damping coefficients in different VSCs are highlighted, based on the similarities with the synchronous generator(SG) system in both physical mechanisms and mathematical models. It revealed the potentiality of various VSCs to achieve equivalence with the SG. This study helps promote the unity of VSCs and traditional SGs in both theories and methods for analyzing the dynamic behavior and enhancing the stability. Finally,future research needs and new perspectives are addressed.

Modeling and Stability Issues of Voltage-source Converter-dominated Power Systems:A Review

With the substantive increase in the proportion of voltage-source converter(VSC)-based equipment,traditional power systems that primarily constituted of synchronous generators(SGs)gradually evolved into VSC-dominated ones.At the same time,there is an urgent need for modeling and stability assessment of such systems,since low inertia and weak damping features impair the ability of the systems to resist random disturbances.Existing works model the system dynamic processes from various domains(i.e.,time,frequency and energy),and analyze/determine the system stability under small or large disturbances.Among them,small-signal stability assessments mainly adopt the time-domain analysis based on the state-space model while frequency-domain methods include the impedance model,phase-amplitude dynamics model,and static synchronous generator model.Large-signal stability assessments mainly exploit the time-domain simulation with detailed models(i.e.,continuous/discrete-time mixed model with differentialdifference-algebraic equations),and the energy-domain analysis is based on energy function models.This paper presents a comprehensive review of existing modeling and stability analysis methods for VSC-dominated power systems,including their basic principles,key features,application scenarios and development tendencies.Key technical issues related to modeling and stability analysis are also summarized.

Vector Control of Three-Phase Solar Farm Converters Based on Fictive-Axis Emulation

In this paper,a new method for adjusting the current of three-phase voltage source DC-AC converter in orthogonal(DQ)reference frame is presented.In the DQ reference system,AC variable appears in the constant form of DC,making the controller design the same as the DC-DC converter[1].It provides controllable gain benefits at the steady-state operating point,and finally realizes zero steady-state error[2].In addition,the creative analytical model is dedicated to building up a series of virtual quantities orthogonal to the actual single-phase system.In general,orthogonal imaginary numbers get the reference signal by delaying the real quantity by a quarter period.However,the introduction of such time delay makes the dynamic response of the system worse.In this paper,orthogonal quantities are generated from a virtual axis system parallel to the real axis,which can effectively improve the dynamic performance of traditional methods without increasing the complexity of controller structure.Through PSCAD simulation,the ideal experimental results are obtained.

Sequential auto-reclosing strategy for hybrid HVDC breakers in VSC-based DC grids

The use of overhead lines for power transmission in the future high-voltage and large-capacity voltagesource converter(VSC)-based direct current(DC) grid will significantly increase the probability of temporary faults.To eliminate potential adverse impacts such as erroneous protection, line-insulation failure, and even damage to power electronic devices resulting from a DC breaker reclosing operation with the traditional sequential autoreclosing strategy, a new sequential auto-reclosing strat-egy for hybrid HVDC breakers(HHBs) in VSC-based DC grids is proposed. This strategy is based on the step-by-step operation of the transfer branch in the HHB. As a result,du/dt resulting from the HHB reclosing operation is greatly reduced, and therefore those potential negative impacts can be eliminated. Several other advantages are also presented.The feasibility and validity of the proposed strategy are verified in a four-terminal annular VSC-based DC grid electromagnetic transient model.

Integrated Optimal Siting and Sizing for VSCHVDC-link-based Offshore Wind Farms and Shunt Capacitors

It is economic and secure to determine the optimal siting and sizing of the offshore wind farms(OWFs)integrated into the AC system through voltage-source converter high-voltage direct current(VSC-HVDC)links.In this paper,an integrated planning model for the VSC-HVDC-link-based OWFs and the capacitors is proposed,where a decomposition technique is presented to solve the proposed mixed-integer nonlinear programming(MINLP)problem and obtain the optimal solution.This model can optimize the siting and sizing of the OWFs to improve the voltage profile and reduce the adverse influence of the reactive power of the OWFs.With the proposed planning model,the total investment costs,operation costs and maintenance costs of the OWFs,VSC-HVDC links,and the capacitors can be minimized.Simulations on the modified IEEE 118-bus system show that the proposed integrated planning model can provide more economic scheme than the independent planning scheme,in which the capacitors are planned after the OWFs.Besides,a series of sensitivity analysis on certain equipment costs are studied to obtain the regular pattern for sizing VSC stations.

Online Measurements of High-band Grid Impedance Using Variable Frequency Carrier Based PWM Schemes

Grid-connected power electronic devices, such asvoltage-source inverters (VSIs), are increasingly installed in thegrid for the utilization of renewable energy sources. Under highpenetration, the weak grid contains plentiful harmonics and complexgrid impedance values, which have deep impacts on systemstability as well as its control performance. Online impedancemeasurement is needed for impedance based adaptive controland analysis. This paper proposes a variable carrier frequencyPWM (VCFPWM) based online grid impedance measurementtechnology. This method broadens the available working rangein the high frequency band without increasing the low bandperturbations. Through good analysis and design of the carrierfrequency, the VCFPWM method injects sufficient harmonicenergy at specified high frequency points and guarantees lowTHDs at the same time. The detailed design considerations ofthe carrier frequency are clarified and the characteristics of theVCFPWM based excitations are analyzed in this paper. Finally,the simulation and experimental results based on a three-phasegrid-connected VSI are presented to verify the effectiveness ofthe proposed method.

Planar Magnetic Integrated Harmonic Filter with Reduced EMI Noise

Through the analysis of the circuit structure and electromagnetic interference(EMI)conduction path,the structure of the traditional harmonic filter is optimized so that it has the ability to suppress EMI.Using the structure of planar magnetic integration not only ensures the basic harmonic suppression ability of the harmonic filter,but also improves the EMI suppression effect.With a single-phase voltage source 500-W SiC inverter as the platform,the feasibility and effectiveness of the design scheme are experimentally verified.The results indicated that the planar magnetic integrated harmonic EMI filter satisfies the design requirements.Additionally,the proposed planar magnetic integration scheme can significantly reduce the volume and weight of the filter and increase the power density of the entire system.