In Mediterranean regions drought is the major factor limiting spring barley and durum wheat grain yields. This study aimed to compare spring barley and durum wheat root and shoot responses to drought and quantify rela...In Mediterranean regions drought is the major factor limiting spring barley and durum wheat grain yields. This study aimed to compare spring barley and durum wheat root and shoot responses to drought and quantify relationships between root traits and water uptake under terminal drought.One spring barley（Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Rum） and two durum wheat Mediterranean cultivars（Triticum turgidum L. var durum cvs Hourani and Karim） were examined in soil‐column experiments under well watered and drought conditions. Root system architecture traits, water uptake, and plant growth were measured. Barley aerial biomass and grain yields were higher than for durum wheat cultivars in well watered conditions. Drought decreased grain yield more for barley（47%） than durum wheat（30%, Hourani）. Root‐to‐shoot dry matter ratio increased for durum wheat under drought but not for barley, and root weight increased for wheat in response todrought but decreased for barley. The critical root length density（RLD） and root volume density（RVD） for 90% available water capture for wheat were similar to（cv. Hourani） or lower than（cv. Karim） for barley depending on wheat cultivar. For both species, RVD accounted for a slightly higher proportion of phenotypic variation in water uptake under drought than RLD.展开更多
Participating media are frequent in real-world scenes,whether they contain milk,fruit juice,oil,or muddy water in a river or the ocean.Incoming light interacts with these participating media in complex ways:refraction...Participating media are frequent in real-world scenes,whether they contain milk,fruit juice,oil,or muddy water in a river or the ocean.Incoming light interacts with these participating media in complex ways:refraction at boundaries and scattering and absorption inside volumes.The radiative transfer equation is the key to solving this problem.There are several categories of rendering methods which are all based on this equation,but using different solutions.In this paper,we introduce these groups,which include volume density estimation based approaches,virtual point/ray/beam lights,point based approaches,Monte Carlo based approaches,acceleration techniques,accurate single scattering methods,neural network based methods,and spatially-correlated participating media related methods.As well as discussing these methods,we consider the challenges and open problems in this research area.展开更多
基金EU-Framework 6 Program for funding the WatNitMed project 509107-Management Improvements of WUE and NUE of Mediterranean Strategic Crops
文摘In Mediterranean regions drought is the major factor limiting spring barley and durum wheat grain yields. This study aimed to compare spring barley and durum wheat root and shoot responses to drought and quantify relationships between root traits and water uptake under terminal drought.One spring barley（Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Rum） and two durum wheat Mediterranean cultivars（Triticum turgidum L. var durum cvs Hourani and Karim） were examined in soil‐column experiments under well watered and drought conditions. Root system architecture traits, water uptake, and plant growth were measured. Barley aerial biomass and grain yields were higher than for durum wheat cultivars in well watered conditions. Drought decreased grain yield more for barley（47%） than durum wheat（30%, Hourani）. Root‐to‐shoot dry matter ratio increased for durum wheat under drought but not for barley, and root weight increased for wheat in response todrought but decreased for barley. The critical root length density（RLD） and root volume density（RVD） for 90% available water capture for wheat were similar to（cv. Hourani） or lower than（cv. Karim） for barley depending on wheat cultivar. For both species, RVD accounted for a slightly higher proportion of phenotypic variation in water uptake under drought than RLD.
文摘Participating media are frequent in real-world scenes,whether they contain milk,fruit juice,oil,or muddy water in a river or the ocean.Incoming light interacts with these participating media in complex ways:refraction at boundaries and scattering and absorption inside volumes.The radiative transfer equation is the key to solving this problem.There are several categories of rendering methods which are all based on this equation,but using different solutions.In this paper,we introduce these groups,which include volume density estimation based approaches,virtual point/ray/beam lights,point based approaches,Monte Carlo based approaches,acceleration techniques,accurate single scattering methods,neural network based methods,and spatially-correlated participating media related methods.As well as discussing these methods,we consider the challenges and open problems in this research area.
