Research on the strain gauge mounting scheme of track wheel force measurement system based on high-speed wheel/rail relationship test rig

Purpose-This paper aims to analyze the stress and strain distribution on the track wheel web surface and study the optimal strain gauge location for force measurement system of the track wheel.Design/methodology/approach-Finite element method was employed to analyze the stress and strain distribution on the track wheel web surface under varying wheel-rail forces.Locations with minimal coupling interference between vertical and lateral forces were identified as suitable for strain gauge installation.Findings-The results show that due to the track wheel web’s unique curved shape and wheel-rail force loading mechanism,both tensile and compressive states exit on the surface of the web.When vertical force is applied,Mises stress and strain are relatively high near the inner radius of 710 mm and the outer radius of 1110mmof the web.Under lateral force,high Mises stress and strain are observed near the radius of 670mmon the inner and outer sides of the web.As the wheel-rail force application point shifts laterally toward the outer side,the Mises stress and strain near the inner radius of 710 mm of the web gradually decrease under vertical force while gradually increasing near the outer radius of 1110 mm of the web.Under lateral force,the Mises stress and strain on the surface of the web remain relatively unchanged regardless of the wheel-rail force application point.Based on the analysis of stress and strain on the surface of the web under different wheel-rail forces,the inner radius of 870 mm is recommended as the optimal mounting location of strain gauges for measuring vertical force,while the inner radius of 1143 mm is suitable for measuring lateral force.Originality/value-The research findings provide valuable insights for determining optimal strain gauge locations and designing an effective track wheel force measurement system.

Stress-Strain Relationship and Failure Criterion for Concrete after Freezing and Thawing Cycles

The research of the failure criterion and one-dimensional stress-strain relationship of deteriorated concrete were carried out. Based on the damage mechanics theory, the dsmage which reflects the alternation of internal state of material were introduced into the formula presented by Desayi and Krishman and the weighted twin-shear strength theory. As a nondestructive examination method in common use, the ultrasonic technique was adopted in the study, and the ultrasonic velocity was used to establish the damage variable. After that, the failure criterion and one-dimensional stress-strain relationship for deteriorated concrete were obtained. Eventually, tests were carried out to study the evolution laws on the damage. The results show that the more freezing and thawing cycles are, the more apparently the failure surface shrinks. Meanwhile, the comparison between theoretical data and experimental data verifies tile rationality of tile damage-based one-dimensional stress-strain relationship proposed.

Nonlinear model characterizing stress-strain relationship and permeability change of contact compression fracture at closing stage

Understanding the stress-strain relationship and permeability change for contact compression fracture at closing stage has been a hot issue for a long time.Previous investigations of this topic were mainly focused on experimental tests;however,theoretical approaches were rarely reported.Based on this,this paper focuses on the contact fracture at closing stage when rock is uniaxially loaded,and then a theoretical model is proposed.Based on the change of fracture elasticity modulus,it shows that as crack apertures are gradually reduced in the loading process,the permeability of rock sample will decrease progressively.This scenario shows that theoretical computation matches well with the experimental results.Finally,the effects of ratio of sample size to fracture aperture(n).pore pressure(P),and initial aperture(b) on stress-strain relationship and permeability change for contact compression fracture at closing stage are analyzed.

Relationships among hamstring muscle optimal length and hamstring flexibility and strength

Background:Hamstring muscle strain injury(hamstring injury) due to excessive muscle strain is one of the most common injuries in sports.The relationships among hamstring muscle optimal lengths and hamstring flexibility and strength were unknown,which limited our understanding of risk factors for hamstring injury.This study was aimed at examining the relationships among hamstring muscle optimal length and flexibility and strength.Methods:Hamstring flexibility and isokinetic strength data and three-dimensional kinematic data for hamstring isokinetic tests were collected for11 male and 10 female recreational athletes.The maximal hamstring muscle forces,optimal lengths,and muscle lengths in standing were determined for each participant.Results:Hamstring muscle optimal lengths were significantly correlated to hamstring flexibility score and gender,but not to hamstring strength.The greater the flexibility score,the longer the hamstring muscle optimal length.With the same flexibility score,females tend to have shorter hamstring optimal muscle lengths compared to males.Hamstring flexibility score and hamstring strength were not correlated.Hamstring muscle optimal lengths were longer than but not significantly correlated to corresponding hamstring muscle lengths in standing.Conclusion:Hamstring flexibility may affect hamstring muscle maximum strain in movements.With similar hamstring flexibility,hamstring muscle maximal strain in a given movement may be different between genders.Hamstring muscle lengths in standing should not be used as an approximation of their optimal lengths in calculation of hamstring muscle strain in musculoskeletal system modeling.

Several problems about strain calculation and analysis and correction of related deviation

There exists many kinds of calculation models of plane and spherical strain fields, but the results of these models are different. The representative models was analyzed, and got some useful conclusions, in which some models are unbiased, some have deviations that can be corrected, some can only be used to compute strain in a uniform medium and can not be extended, and some can be used in the calculation and analysis of continuous strain field as well. Meanwhile, the correction relationship for spherical difference movement （displacement） computed from strain results was given, and the meaning of the non - differential term in spherical strain model was demonstrated.

Plastic Flow Modeling of Ti-5 Al-2 Sn-2 Zr-4 Mo-4 Cr Alloy at Elevated Temperatures and High Strain Rates

The true stress-sWain relationships of Ti-5A1-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr（TC17） alloy with a wide range of strain rates were investigated by tmiaxial quasi-static and dynamic compression tests, respectively. Quasi- static compression tests were carried out with Instron 8874 test machine, while dynamic compression tests were performed with the split Hopkinson pressure bar （SHPB） which was installed with heating device and synchro- assembly system. The dynamic mechanical behaviors tests of TC17 were carded out from room temperature to 800 ℃ at intervals of 200 ℃ and at high sWain rates （5 500-1 9200 s-l）. The stress-strain curves considering temperature-sWain rate coupling actions were obtained. The Johnson-Cook constitutive model was developed through data fitting of the stress-sWain curves. The material constants in the developed constitutive model can be determined using isothermal and adiabatic stress-strain curves at different strain rates. The Johnson-Cook constitutive model provided satisfied prediction of the plastic flow stress for TC17 alloy.

A k·p analytical model for valence band of biaxial strained Ge on(001) Si_(1-x)Ge_x

In this paper,the dispersion relationship is derived by using the k·p method with the help of the perturbation theory,and we obtain the analytical expression in connection with the deformation potential.The calculation of the valence band of the biaxial strained Ge/（001）Si1-xGex is then performed.The results show that the first valence band edge moves up as Ge fraction x decreases,while the second valence band edge moves down.The band structures in the strained Ge/（001）Si 0.4 Ge 0.6 exhibit significant changes with x decreasing in the relaxed Ge along the [0,0,k] and the [k,0,0] directions.Furthermore,we employ a pseudo-potential total energy package（CASTEP） approach to calculate the band structure with the Ge fraction ranging from x = 0.6 to 1.Our analytical results of the splitting energy accord with the CASTEP-extracted results.The quantitative results obtained in this work can provide some theoretical references to the understanding of the strained Ge materials and the conduction channel design related to stress and orientation in the strained Ge pMOSFET.

Study on the Dynamic Behavior of Tungsten Alloy at Strain Rates up to 5 000 s^(-1)

The dynamic stress-strain curves of 93% tungsten (W) alloy in the forged state at strain rates up to (5 000 s^(-1)) and in the temperature range from 223 K to 473 K were measured with the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) technique. Based on the above experimental data a dynamic constitutive equation considering the effects of strain rate, temperature and the special microstructure of such a kind of W-alloy was proposed. The numerical simulation for the experimental process with this constitutive equation was also carried out, the results show that the constitutive relationship constructed in this paper is very satisfactory for representing the dynamic responsive behavior of material..

Experimental study on stress-strain-temperature models for structural steel

For the research on steel structure in fire,it is very important to determine the properties of structural steel at elevated temperature.Up to now,the high-temperature properties of material is believed to be related to only temperature state,which is not precise enough to simulate the behavior of steel structures under different combinations of heating,cooling,loading,and unloading.To analyze the influence of the temperature-load history on the steel properties,a series of tests were carried out under different temperature-load paths about steel Q235,which is widely used in steel structures in China.In this paper,the method to set the temperature-load paths was introduced;the variety regulation of steel properties changing with temperature was analyzed under different paths;according to experimental results,the formulas of elastic modulus and yield strength at elevated temperature were fitted,and the stress-strain-temperature 3D relationships of structural steel under different paths were presented.

Johnson-Cook dynamic constitutive relationship for TC16 titanium alloy

The true stress-strain curves of TC16 alloy with a wide range of strain rates were investigated under uniaxial quasi-static tension and uniaxial dynamic compression with the Instron 8032 test machine and the split Hopkinson bar respectively. The results indicate that the true stress increases with increasing strain rate,while decreases with increasing temperature. Under the 105 s-1 high strain rate and temperature higher than 673 K,the true stress would even be less than that under quasi-static condition. A new method incorporating TC16's stress-strain curve developing item was proposed to determine the coefficients in J-C model easily and to avoid the estimation of the adiabatic temperature rising. The Johnson-Cook dynamic constitutive relationship for TC16 was obtained for the first time. Good agreement was obtained between the model prediction and the experimental stress-strain curves for TC16 under both quasi-static and dynamic loadings.

基于BP神经网络的胶结砂砾石应力-应变关系预测

在前期宏观试验基础之上,采用离散元模拟和BP神经网络相结合的方法获取不同胶凝材料掺量和围压下胶结砂砾石的应力-应变关系。根据前期胶凝材料掺量分别为20、40、60、80、100 kg/m3的胶结砂砾石三轴排水剪切试验结果,开展离散元数值模拟。以试验数据为学习样本,开展BP神经网络模型训练,预测胶凝材料掺量分别为30、50、70、90 kg/m3的胶结砂砾石应力-应变关系,并将预测结果和离散元模拟结果进行对比。研究结果表明,BP神经网络能够实现胶结砂砾石应力-应变关系的预测,并在较低围压下具有较好的精度。

钢渣与橡胶混合细集料混凝土力学性能与本构关系研究

文中采用橡胶颗粒替换部分钢渣细集料,分别制备出了橡胶含量为0%、10%、20%、30%、40%的钢渣与橡胶混合细集料混凝土.对钢渣与橡胶混合细集料混凝土的标准立方体抗压强度、轴心抗压强度、劈裂强度、抗折强度、弹性模量和本构关系等力学指标进行系统的分析与试验研究.结果表明:当橡胶掺量从0%~40%增大时,钢渣与橡胶混合细集料混凝土的抗压强度、抗折强度、弹性模量等均呈现下降的趋势.提出了钢渣与橡胶混合细集料混凝土的本构关系模型,理论值与试验值吻合较好,可应用于钢渣与橡胶混合细集料混凝土结构的受力分析.

橡胶粗细集料含量对FRP约束橡胶混凝土应力-应变关系的影响

为研究橡胶粗细集料体积分数对纤维增强复合材料(fiber reinforced polymer, FRP)约束橡胶混凝土应力-应变关系的影响,提出了橡胶粗细集料体积替换率的概念,并通过收集已发表文献的110组应力-应变关系试验曲线,分析了橡胶粗细集料体积替换率对FRP约束不同截面橡胶混凝土柱应力-应变关系关键参数的影响,基于分析结果建立了FRP约束橡胶混凝土的应力-应变关系模型和抗压强度模型,两个模型中均考虑了橡胶粗细集料体积替换率和橡胶混凝土截面形状的影响.模型评估结果表明:随着橡胶粗细集料体积替换率、FRP约束应力比和截面倒角半径比的增加,FRP约束橡胶混凝土的抗压强度均呈增大的趋势;建立的抗压强度模型可准确预测橡胶颗粒取代部分细集料或粗细集料的FRP约束橡胶混凝土抗压强度,平均误差仅为1.03;建立的应力-应变关系模型能够较好预测FRP约束橡胶混凝土的应力-应变关系曲线变化.

粉煤灰再生混凝土力学性能试验研究

利用试验检测机构废弃的混凝土试块作为再生粗骨料的原材料,配制不同粗骨料取代率的混凝土,再加入适量粉煤灰,制成试件(取代率分别为0、30%、60%和100%),用于混凝土立方体抗压、劈裂抗拉、轴心抗压和弹性模量试验,通过观察其破坏过程和破坏形态,获取荷载-位移全过程曲线,研究并提出了本构方程。试验结果表明,粉煤灰再生骨料混凝土与天然骨料混凝土相比,各项力学指标随着再生骨料取代率的增大先是呈现增长趋势,当达到峰值后,各项力学指标均下降;两者的应力-应变曲线具有相似的形状,在上升阶段,再生混凝土与天然混凝土的应力-应变曲线变化不大,但在下降段再生混凝土的应力-应变曲线急剧下降。

碱渣-电石渣激发混凝土的基本力学性能与应力-应变关系

碱渣、电石渣等碱性工业固废的大面积堆置引发了严重的环境污染问题,亟需拓展资源化利用渠道。本工作以先前开发的碱渣-电石渣协同激发矿渣-粉煤灰胶凝材料替代水泥制备了新型混凝土,研究了其抗压、抗拉、抗折等基本力学性能与单轴受压应力-应变关系。结果表明:新型混凝土的早期抗压强度相比水泥混凝土发展缓慢,可通过适宜的热养护(60~75℃@12 h)进行改善,且对后期强度不会产生不利影响。新型混凝土拉压比和折压比分别为0.102±0.006、0.137±0.007,均高于同等级的水泥混凝土。新型混凝土在单轴受压下具有比水泥混凝土更短的弹性上升段,更长的塑性上升段,峰值应力后延性略差。通过统计回归分别建立了标准抗压、轴心抗压、劈裂抗拉、抗折强度的预测模型以及单轴受压应力-应变关系,均与试验值吻合性较好,为这类新型混凝土的配合比设计、强度预测及工程应用奠定了理论基础。

纯应力主轴旋转下固有各向异性砂土力学特性

【目的】进一步揭示固有各向异性和偏应力q对砂土力学特性的影响,深化对土应力方向依赖性的认识。【方法】利用新型制样装置制备具有固有各向异性的砂土空心圆柱试样,结合空心圆柱扭剪仪,开展一系列不同沉积面倾角a3和q条件下的不排水纯应力主轴旋转试验。【结果】在纯应力主轴旋转条件下,砂土临界周数随着a3和q的改变而改变,其数值最大可相差9倍;孔压前期累积速率也与a3和q有关,但中期稳定后的孔压数值受两者的影响较小;随着a3和q增大,剪应变累积速度加快,滞回圈面积及倾角也会发生变化。【结论】砂土的应变发展规律、孔压变化、剪应力-剪应变关系等动力学特性均与固有各向异性和q密切相关,且q的改变也会引起固有各向异性与动力学特性之间关系的变化。

西北季节性冻土场地地震反应特性研究

我国西北地区被季节冻土全覆盖,且近年来该区域地震频发。为研究我国西北地区季节性冻土场地的地震反应特性,开展了季节性冻土场地振动台试验,并建立了不同冻结深度的三维实体有限差分模型,对比分析了不同地震激励作用下的季节性冻土场地的地震反应特征和土体的动剪应力—动剪应变规律。结果表明:在地震激励下,冻土层的存在虽然有效抑制了地震动能量,但冻结期场地的水平位移与非冻结期相比明显较大,且竖向位移呈显著的层状震陷特征;冻土场地的峰值放大系数呈先增大后减小然后再增大的规律,并且冻土层深度越大其峰值放大系数越小。此外,通过土体的动剪应力—动剪应变关系可以发现,冻土场地地震反应具有明显的非线性特征,且冻土层的存在对地震能量具有一定的削弱作用。

胶结充填体早期损伤对后期力学性能的影响

目的为了探明胶结充填体早期损伤对后期承载性能的影响,方法通过开展早期受损充填体经养护一定龄期后的单轴压缩试验,以损伤龄期和压损程度为变量,以受损充填体的后期变形特性、抗压强度、弹性模量为后期力学性能评价指标,分析充填体损伤龄期和压损程度对其后期力学性能的影响规律。结果结果表明:在同一损伤龄期下,充填体在80%压损下后期峰值应力及残余应力最低;压损程度对龄期3,7 d的充填体后期变形特性影响较小,对龄期14,21 d的充填体后期变形特性弱化作用较大;80%以下的压损程度对龄期3,7 d充填体后期抗压强度影响较小,各个压损程度对龄期14,21 d充填体后期抗压强度影响较大,压损程度越大,后期抗压强度越低;各龄期充填体后期弹性模量均随压损程度的增大而增大。养护龄期14 d之后的充填体受损后对其后期力学性能影响显著,且不同压损程度对龄期14 d之后的充填体后期力学影响显著。结论研究结果可为上向水平充填采矿方法中充填质量的控制提供理论指导。

石粉-钢渣混凝土单轴受压应力-应变全曲线实验研究

为了探究单轴受压下石粉-钢渣混凝土的本构关系,根据正交试验方案配制了不同掺量钢渣砂(30%、40%、50%)、钢渣石(30%、40%、50%)、石粉(0%、7.5%、15%)的石粉-钢渣混凝土,对石粉-钢渣混凝土的应力-应变关系进行了实验研究,建立了单轴受压下石粉-钢渣混凝土的本构关系模型。实验结果表明:当受到单轴压力时,石粉-钢渣混凝土的破坏模式与普通混凝土相似,表现出斜剪切的特征。石粉-钢渣混凝土峰值应力、峰值应变及弹性模量随着钢渣骨料掺量的增加而提高。为了更好地模拟无量纲应力-应变曲线,本工作采用了Carreira and Chu模型的上升段和过镇海模型的下降段进行了分段拟合。结果表明,实验曲线与分段模型曲线吻合较好。

聚丙烯纤维增强水泥基复合材料单轴拉伸损伤本构模型研究

聚丙烯纤维增强水泥基复合材料(PP-ECC)是具有良好性能且成本低、应用前景广的延性材料。本文通过单轴拉伸试验,讨论不同纤维掺量对PP-ECC受拉力学性能(初裂应力应变、峰值应力应变、应力-应变关系曲线和弹性模量)的影响。根据单轴拉伸的试验结果,参考现有的工程水泥基复合材料(ECC)损伤本构模型和损伤理论,定义损伤因子,构建PP-ECC抗拉特征的损伤本构模型,并对损伤因子拟合函数进行改进,损伤因子的拟合函数选用了一元六次函数,利用Origin和Matlab程序辅助计算和识别损伤因子函数中的相关参数。经过优化的本构模型与试验结果的一致性更高,模型的精确度有了显著提升。