Chemical Analysis Method for Carbon Bearing Refractory Products——Determination of the Total Carbon by Combustion Gravimetric Method

GB/T 13245-91 1 Theme and Scope This standard specifies the method abstract, reagents, apparatus, specimen, analyzing procedure, result calculation and permissible tolerance used for determination of the total carbon with combustion gravimetric method.

Chemical Analysis Method for Carbon Bearing Refractory Products——Determination of Magnesium Oxide Content by CyDTA Volumetric Method

This standard specifies the method summary, reagents, apparatus, sampling, procedure, test results calculation and permissible tolerance of the determination of magnesium oxide by CyDTA volumetric method.

Volumetric lattice Boltzmann method for pore-scale mass diffusionadvection process in geopolymer porous structures

Porous materials present significant advantages for absorbing radioactive isotopes in nuclear waste streams.To improve absorption efficiency in nuclear waste treatment,a thorough understanding of the diffusion-advection process within porous structures is essential for material design.In this study,we present advancements in the volumetric lattice Boltzmann method(VLBM)for modeling and simulating pore-scale diffusion-advection of radioactive isotopes within geopolymer porous structures.These structures are created using the phase field method(PFM)to precisely control pore architectures.In our VLBM approach,we introduce a concentration field of an isotope seamlessly coupled with the velocity field and solve it by the time evolution of its particle population function.To address the computational intensity inherent in the coupled lattice Boltzmann equations for velocity and concentration fields,we implement graphics processing unit(GPU)parallelization.Validation of the developed model involves examining the flow and diffusion fields in porous structures.Remarkably,good agreement is observed for both the velocity field from VLBM and multiphysics object-oriented simulation environment(MOOSE),and the concentration field from VLBM and the finite difference method(FDM).Furthermore,we investigate the effects of background flow,species diffusivity,and porosity on the diffusion-advection behavior by varying the background flow velocity,diffusion coefficient,and pore volume fraction,respectively.Notably,all three parameters exert an influence on the diffusion-advection process.Increased background flow and diffusivity markedly accelerate the process due to increased advection intensity and enhanced diffusion capability,respectively.Conversely,increasing the porosity has a less significant effect,causing a slight slowdown of the diffusion-advection process due to the expanded pore volume.This comprehensive parametric study provides valuable insights into the kinetics of isotope uptake in porous structures,facilitating the development of porous materials for nuclear waste treatment applications.

Evaluation of natural gas hydrate resources in the South China Sea by combining volumetric and trend-analysis methods

Natural gas hydrate(NGH),considered as a type of premium energy alternative to conventional hydrocarbons,has been broadly studied.The estimate of the total NGH resources in the world has decreased by more than 90%since the first evaluation in 1973.Geographic and geophysical conditions of the South China Sea(SCS)are favorable for the formation of NGH,which has been proved by drilling results up to date.The recoverability of the NGH in the SCS has been confirmed by the production tests using both vertical and horizontal wells.Since 2001,35 estimates of NGH resources in the SCS have been made,with relatively stable results varying between 600 and 900×109 ton oil equivalent.In these estimations,the volumetric method was commonly adopted,but the geological conditions,the migration-accumulation mechanisms of NGH,and the practical recoverability were not considered.These estimates cannot be regarded as evaluated resources according to the international resource evaluation standards,but are at most about prospective gas content of NGH,thus inefficient for guiding explorations and developments.To solve these problems,this study divides the past NGH surveys in the SCS into seven stages,acquires key geological parameters of every stage based on previous studies and analogy with other areas,evaluates the NGH resources of these seven stages by using the volumetric method,then adopts a new trend-analysis method to simulate the downward trend of these estimates,and finally predicts the NGH resources in the SCS at 2025 and 2030.The downward trend is because of the continuous improvement of NGH understanding over time,which is consistent with the trend of global NGH estimates.At the present stage(from 2019 to 2021),the average technically recoverable resource(ATRR)is 7.0×10^(12)m^(3),and the estimates of 2025 and 2030 ATRR are 6.46×10^(12)m^(3) and 4.01×10^(12)m^(3)respectively,with a difference of less than 40%.Therefore,it can be inferred that the ATRR of NGH in the SCS is between 4.0 and 6.5×10^(12)m^(3),with an average of 5.25×10^(12)m^(3).

Geophysical Study: Estimation of Deposit Depth Using Gravimetric Data and Euler Method (Jalalabad Iron Mine, Kerman Province of IRAN)

Mineral exploration is done by different methods. Geophysical and geochemical studies are two powerful tools in this field. In integrated studies, the results of each study are used to determine the location of the drilling boreholes. The purpose of this study is to use field geophysics to calculate the depth of mineral reserve. The study area is located 38 km from Zarand city called Jalalabad iron mine. In this study, gravimetric data were measured and mineral depth was calculated using the Euler method. 1314 readings have been performed in this area. The rocks of the region include volcanic and sedimentary. The source of the mineralization in the area is hydrothermal processes. After gravity measuring in the region, the data were corrected, then various methods such as anomalous map remaining in levels one and two, upward expansion, first and second-degree vertical derivatives, analytical method, and analytical signal were drawn, and finally, the depth of the deposit was estimated by Euler method. As a result, the depth of the mineral deposit was calculated to be between 20 and 30 meters on average.

Chemical Analysis of Magnesia and Magnesia-Alumina Refractory Materials——Gravimetric method for determination of loss on ignition

1 Scope This standard specifies the gravimetric method for determination of loss on ignition.

A novel twice-interpolation finite element method for solid mechanics problems

Formulation and numerical evaluation of a novel twice-interpolation finite element method （TFEM） is presented for solid mechanics problems. In this method, the trial function for Galerkin weak form is constructed through two stages of consecutive interpolation. The primary interpolation follows exactly the same procedure of standard FEM and is further reproduced according to both nodal values and averaged nodal gradients obtained from primary interpolation. The trial functions thus constructed have continuous nodal gradients and contain higher order polynomial without increasing total freedoms. Several benchmark examples and a real dam problem are used to examine the TFEM in terms of accuracy and convergence. Compared with standard FEM, TFEM can achieve significantly better accuracy and higher convergence rate, and the continuous nodal stress can be obtained without any smoothing operation. It is also found that TFEM is insensitive to the quality of the elemental mesh. In addition, the present TFEM can treat the incompressible material without any modification.

Vibration Fatigue Probabilistic Life Prediction Model and Method for Blade

Vibration fatigue is one of the main failure modes of blade.The vibration fatigue life of blade is scattered caused by manufacture error,material property dispersion and external excitation randomness.A new vibration fatigue probabilistic life prediction model(VFPLPM)and a prediction method are proposed in this paper.Firstly,as one-dimensional volumetric method(ODVM)only considers the principle calculation direction,a three-dimensional space vector volumetric method(TSVVM)is proposed to improve fatigue life prediction accuracy for actual threedimensional engineering structure.Secondly,based on the two volumetric methods(ODVM and TSVVM),the material C-P-S-N fatigue curve model(CFCM)and the maximum entropy quantile function model(MEQFM),VFPLPM is established to predict the vibration fatigue probabilistic life of blade.The VFPLPM is combined with maximum stress method(MSM),ODVM and TSVVM to estimate vibration fatigue probabilistic life of blade simulator by finite element simulation,and is verified by vibration fatigue test.The results show that all of the three methods can predict the vibration fatigue probabilistic life of blade simulator well.VFPLPM &TSVVM method has the highest computational accuracy for considering stress gradient effect not only in the principle calculation direction but also in other space vector directions.

A modified discrete element method for concave granular materials based on energy-conserving contact model

The development of a general discrete element method for irregularly shaped particles is the core issue of the simulation of the dynamic behavior of granular materials.The general energy-conserving contact theory is used to establish a universal discrete element method suitable for particle contact of arbitrary shape.In this study,three dimentional(3D)modeling and scanning techniques are used to obtain a triangular mesh representation of the true particles containing typical concave particles.The contact volumebased energy-conserving model is used to realize the contact detection between irregularly shaped particles,and the contact force model is refined and modified to describe the contact under real conditions.The inelastic collision processes between the particles and boundaries are simulated to verify the robustness of the modified contact force model and its applicability to the multi-point contact mode.In addition,the packing process and the flow process of a large number of irregular particles are simulated with the modified discrete element method(DEM)to illustrate the applicability of the method of complex problems.

煤焦油衍生模板碳孔隙重整及高体积电容性能

各类储能器件中,超级电容器因其功率密度高、充放电速度超快、循环寿命长等优点,是电化学储能技术的重要发展方向。其中,多孔碳电极是超级电容的核心材料。然而,传统多孔碳电极材料重点关注高孔隙率和高比面积的实现,从而导致疏松的碳骨架结构,使材料密度降低,进一步限制了超级电容器的体积性能。因此,具有合理孔隙结构和致密骨架的碳电极材料是提升双电层电容器体积性能的关键。以低成本煤焦油为碳源,对基于相转变过程制备的不同模板材料进行包覆后碳化,获得具有致密多孔结构的碳纳米片PCS。该材料中优化的分级孔结构降低了多余的中/大孔占比,使其具有高堆积密度(0.64 g/cm^(3)),可同时实现优异的质量和体积比电容性能。在水系双电层电容器中,制备的PCS电极在低质量负载2 mg/cm^(2)时可以获得277 F/cm^(3)的高体积比电容;在高质量负载8 mg/cm^(2)时,体积比电容仍保持244 F/cm^(3),且最大体积能量密度和功率密度分别为8.46 Wh/L和10.9 kW/L。此外,双电层对称电容器也表现出优异的循环稳定性(超过4万次循环),证明了PCS在双电层电容器高密度储能方面的应用潜力。

微波消解-钼酸铅重量法测定焙烧钼精矿中钼含量

采用微波消解方法对焙烧钼精矿样品消解,用乙酸铅沉淀溶液中的钼酸根生成钼酸铅沉淀,沉淀经过滤、洗涤、灼烧、称重。氨水分离后残渣中的钼用硫氰酸盐分光光度法进行测定后予以补正,计算得到钼含量,测定范围:40.00%~65.00%,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于5%。

混合型饲料添加剂中胆汁酸含量测定方法比较研究

本试验采用高效液相色谱-示差折光(HPLC⁃RID)和高效液相色谱-荧光(HPLC⁃FLD)法,研究建立混合型饲料添加剂中猪胆酸、猪去氧胆酸、鹅去氧胆酸含量的高效液相色谱测定方法,并对2种高效液相色谱法、重量法、容量法胆汁酸含量测定结果进行比较分析。HPLC⁃RID法:试样用甲醇-乙腈-水溶液提取,C18柱分离,HPLC⁃RID测定,3种胆汁酸的定量限为10.0~20.0 mg/g,平均回收率为82.54%~108.50%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.90%~7.61%;HPLC⁃FLD法:试样用甲醇提取,氢氧化钾甲醇溶液皂化,以1,4,7,10,13,16-六氧杂环十八烷乙腈液和4-溴甲基-7-甲氧基香豆素乙腈液衍生,C18柱分离,HPLC⁃FLD测定,3种胆汁酸的定量限为2.0~3.0 mg/g,平均回收率为70.43%~84.31%,RSD为4.82%~9.80%。结果表明:HPLC⁃RID法、HPLC⁃FLD法均可测定混合型饲料添加剂中的3种胆汁酸含量,但由于HPLC⁃FLD法胆汁酸需要衍生,易受样品基质影响,胆汁酸含量测定结果重现性、稳定性差;重量法、容量法测定的是混合型饲料添加剂中所有胆汁酸的总含量,但由于方法特性所限,容量法测定结果不能准确反映产品所有胆汁酸的总含量。本研究建立的HPLC⁃RID法重现性、稳定性、可信度高,适用于混合型饲料添加剂中猪胆酸、猪去氧胆酸和鹅去氧胆酸含量的测定;重量法适用于混合型饲料添加剂中胆汁酸总含量的测定。

自动化学滴定仪在冶金分析中的应用

介绍了一种自动化学滴定仪的分析原理和实验方法。以重铬酸钾滴定分析铁矿石中全铁含量为例,通过与传统化学容量法比较,得出该自动化学滴定仪在冶金分析中具有精密度和准确度高、滴定速度可控及滴定分析误差小等优点。

油藏型储气库库容影响因素及其变化规律研究

针对目前中、低含水饱和度对自由气库容量影响的研究较少的问题,开展室内实验模拟了多次注气-焖井-采气实验,并根据相似原理,利用实验数据建立了自由气库容量与初始含水饱和度、注采次数的量化表征模型。结果表明,自由气库容量随注采次数的增多而增大,但单次注采后的增幅快速降低;含水饱和度(初始含水饱和大于50%)的提高有利于油藏改建储气库,但是建库初期的注采能力和库容提高相对缓慢;当初始含水饱和度由50%提高到85%时,经过6次注采后,含气饱和度降低幅度约9.27%,而当注采次数分别增至20、30、50时,自由气库容量增加幅度分别为0.51%、3.34%、6.61%。研究结果可为油藏型储气库的注采能力及库容评价提供借鉴。

应急监测用多组分挥发性有机物气体标准物质研制

介绍了瓶装1μmol/mol氮中52组分挥发性有机物气体标准物质的研制过程。所选52种目标组分满足中国环境标准HJ 1223—2021《环境空气挥发性有机物的应急测定便携式气相色谱-质谱法》中所规定的环境空气中有害挥发性有机物的监测需求,建立质谱选择离子扫描(SIM)的分析方法。通过气瓶筛选实验,选取配备硅烷化阀门的特殊气瓶作为充装容器,使用GC-MS研究目标化合物的均匀性及长期稳定性。结果表明:该气体标准物质分析平衡时间短,大幅提高分析效率,1年内稳定性良好,满足现场应急测定需求。同时,严格按照GB/T 5274.1—2018中给出的不确定度计算公式评定研制标物的不确定度,其相对扩展不确定度为U=5%(k=2)。

氮中甲苯气体标准物质的研制

介绍了氮中甲苯气体标准物质的制备方法。以高纯氮气和高纯甲苯试剂为原料,采用液体注射法,将高纯甲苯试剂气化注射到钢瓶中,并采用重量法配制目标气体标准物质。采用气相色谱法(FID检测器)对制备的标准物质进行均匀性、稳定性检验,并对定值结果的不确定度进行评定。研制的氮中甲苯气体标准物质标称摩尔分数分别为0.999、5.01、9.23、50.38μmol/mol,相对扩展不确定度为3%(k=2),均匀性和稳定性良好,有效期为12个月。

基于容量法测量钒系产品中钒含量的不确定度对比分析

针对目前钒产品中钒含量测定的两种主流容量法(高锰酸钾氧化法和过硫酸铵氧化法),试验通过比较分析二者测量钒时的合成不确定度大小,分析在测定过程中影响不确定度的各因素,包括标准溶液、滴定过程、测量重复性等,对这些因素的不确定度进行评定,并计算测量的合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度。通过比较发现:采用高锰酸钾氧化测量数据比过硫酸铵氧化测量数据稳定,尤其是测量高含量钒时更为明显;当取置信水平为95%,包含因子取2时,采用高锰酸钾氧化法和过硫酸铵氧化法分别测量3种钒产品中钒含量时,扩展不确定度分别为:五氧化二钒(0.28%和0.29%)、钒氮合金(0.21%和0.26%)、钒铁(0.12%和0.13%)。

氟硅酸钾-滴定法及苦杏仁酸-重量法测定硅锆合金中硅和锆

快速准确检测硅锆合金中硅、锆含量对于生产具有重要意义,参考行业标准《出口硅铁中硅含量测定氟硅酸钾容量法》(SN/T 1014.1—2001)对硅含量进行测定,对于锆含量较高的硅锆合金,较难完全反应,测定结果偏低;采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定锆时,较适用于测定微量或痕量锆,而硅锆合金中锆质量分数大于10%,且含量范围宽,不适用于此方法,其他方法也均存在各种问题。本研究以硫酸、硝酸、盐酸、氢氟酸溶解硅锆合金,将硅转化为氟硅酸,然后与饱和硝酸钾溶液生成氟硅酸钾沉淀,用热水溶解沉淀,以氢氧化钠标准溶液滴定水解析出的氢氟酸,从而间接测得硅的含量;硅锆合金在酸液溶解下,在盐酸介质中,锆与苦杏仁酸生成苦杏仁酸锆沉淀,过滤,灼烧成二氧化锆,称重,通过氧化锆的含量间接换算出锆含量。6次平行测定试验表明硅和锆含量结果的相对标准偏差(n=6)为0.13%~1.39%,准确度试验中加标回收率为96.20%~104.60%,结果表明该方法具有较好的精密度和准确度,能够满足硅锆合金中硅和锆的测定要求。

气相色谱法检测大曲发酵力的方法探究

为了建立一种新的检测大曲发酵力的气相色谱法,本研究分析了新建方法的标准曲线、精密度、样品稳定性和加标回收率,并与传统称重法进行比较。结果显示,乙醇浓度在0.3156~15.78 g/L范围内,气相色谱法的线性关系良好;精密度RSD在0.33%~0.65%,高于称重法;加标回收率99.0%~100.0%,样品稳定性满足检测需求。气相色谱法检测结果精准可靠,适用于大曲发酵力检测,具有广阔的应用前景。