Gastrointestinal disease in end-stage renal disease

When kidney function declines to a point where it can no longer maintain life and requires renal replacement therapy(i.e.renal transplant or dialysis),it is called end-stage renal disease(ESRD).Patients with ESRD often experience a range of gastrointestinal(GI)symptoms,with prevalence rates reported as high as 77%-79%.These symptoms and pathologies arise from various factors,including electrolyte imbalance,fluid imbalance,toxin buildup,uremia,medications,dietary and lifestyle restrictions,and the effects of dialysis.GI diseases in patients with renal failure can be further categorized into upper GI,small bowel,and lower GI issues.Common conditions include gastroesophageal reflux disease,nausea and vomiting,dysmotility within the esophagus and stomach,upper GI bleeding,peptic ulcer bleeding,angioectasia,irritable bowel syndrome,mesen-teric ischemia,angiodysplasia,diverticular disease,constipation,pancreatitis,and diseases associated with peritoneal dialysis peritonitis and peritoneal stenosis.This review assesses the existing literature on the different GI diseases among individuals with ESRD,shedding light on their pathophysiology and prevalence.

Association between operative position and postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy

BACKGROUND Bariatric surgery is one of the most effective ways to treat morbid obesity,and postoperative nausea and vomiting(PONV)is one of the common complications after bariatric surgery.At present,the mechanism of the high incidence of PONV after weight-loss surgery has not been clearly explained,and this study aims to investigate the effect of surgical position on PONV in patients undergoing bariatric surgery.AIM To explore the effect of the operative position during bariatric surgery on PONV.METHODS Data from obese patients,who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy(LSG)in the authors’hospital between June 2020 and February 2022 were divided into 2 groups and retrospectively analyzed.Multivariable logistic regression analysis and the t-test were used to study the influence of operative position on PONV.RESULTS There were 15 cases of PONV in the supine split-leg group(incidence rate,50%)and 11 in the supine group(incidence rate,36.7%)(P=0.297).The mean operative duration in the supine split-leg group was 168.23±46.24 minutes and 140.60±32.256 minutes in the supine group(P<0.05).Multivariate analysis revealed that operative position was not an independent risk factor for PONV(odds ratio=1.192,95%confidence interval:0.376-3.778,P=0.766).CONCLUSION Operative position during LSG may affect PONV;however,the difference in the incidence of PONV was not statistically significant.Operative position should be carefully considered for obese patients before surgery.

Yield of alarm features in predicting significant endoscopic findings among hospitalized patients with dyspepsia

BACKGROUND Dyspepsia is a very prevalent upper gastrointestinal tract symptoms complex.Some of these symptoms might arise from serious underlying diseases,so the promotion of evidence-based guidelines could potentially better align evaluation and treatment.AIM To determine the value of alarm features as a predictive factor for significant endoscopic findings(SEFs)among hospitalized patients presenting with dyspepsia.METHODS We conducted a retrospective case-control study including information about 6208 endoscopic procedures performed for hospitalized patients.Patients were divided into two groups,with and without SEFs,and compared to elucidate the ability of the different alarm features to predict SEFs.RESULTS During the study,605 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria.When the demographics and clinical characteristics of the two groups were compared,tachycardia(P<0.05),normocytic anemia,(P<0.05),leukocytosis(P<0.05),and hypoalbuminemia(P<0.05)documented on admission prior to endoscopy were strong predictors of SEFs.Among the alarm features,upper gastrointestinal bleeding,persistent vomiting,odynophagia[odds ratio(OR)=3.81,P<0.05;OR=1.75,P=0.03;and OR=7.81,P=0.07,respectively]were associated with SEFs.Unexplained weight loss was strongly associated with malignancy as an endoscopic finding(OR=2.05;P<0.05).In addition,long-term use of anti-aggregate medications other than aspirin(P<0.05)was correlated to SEFs.CONCLUSION Novel predictors of SEFs were elucidated in this study.These parameters could be used as an adjunctive in decision making regarding performing upper endoscopy in hospitalized patients with dyspepsia.

Comprehensive interventions for adult cyclic vomiting syndrome complicated by superior mesenteric artery syndrome:A case report

BACKGROUND Cyclic vomiting syndrome(CVS)is a chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder involving the gut–brain interaction that is characterized by recurring episodes of nausea,vomiting,abdominal pain,and interspersed complete normal periods.Superior mesenteric artery(SMA)syndrome(SMAS)is a vascular condition in which the horizontal portion of the duodenum is compressed due to a reduced angle between the aorta and the SMA.This condition presents with symptoms similar to CVS,posing challenges in distinguishing between the two and often resulting in misdiagnosis or inappropriate treatment.CASE SUMMARY A 20-year-old female patient presented with recurrent episodes of vomiting and experienced a persistent fear of vomiting for the past 2 years.She adopted conscious dietary restrictions,which led to severe malnutrition.Initially,she was diagnosed with SMAS,as revealed by computed tomography angiography.Despite efforts to increase the angle between the aorta and the SMA through weight gain,her vomiting did not improve.Finally,she was diagnosed with comorbidities including CVS,SMAS and anxiety disorder.She underwent comprehensive interventions,including enteral and parenteral nutritional supplementation,administration of antiemetic and anti-anxiety agents,and participation in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.The patient eventually experienced a notable improvement in both body weight and clinical symptoms.CONCLUSION We present a rare case of CVS in an adult complicated with SMAS and propose additional treatment with nutritional support,pharmacological intervention,and psychotherapy.

Correct understanding and intervention of postoperative nausea and vomiting can provide reference for clinical practice

In this editorial,we reviewed the article by Li et al.We aimed to explore various perspectives to further mitigate the risk factors for postoperative nausea and vomiting(PONV),which could significantly reduce its incidence and related post-operative complications.PONV is highly prevalent among patients undergoing bariatric surgery,yet there are relatively few related studies.Currently,the main-stream bariatric surgery methods include laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.Despite the effectiveness of surgery in helping patients lose weight,postoperative PONV may occur,potentially leading to various complications(such as aspiration and wound dehiscence).A retro-spective study by Li et al has compared the impact of different operative positions during laparoscopic sleeve gastroplasty on the incidence of PONV,providing new insights into the clinical practice aimed at reducing PONV incidence and thereby improving patient’s postoperative experience.

Clinical application of reserved gastric tube in neuroendoscopic endonasal surgery for pituitary tumor

BACKGROUND The neuroendoscopic approach has the advantages of a clear operative field,convenient tumor removal,and less damage,and is the development direction of modern neurosurgery.At present,transnasal surgery for sphenoidal pituitary tumor is widely used.But it has been found in clinical practice that some patients with this type of surgery may experience post-operative nausea and vomiting and other discomforts.AIM To explore the effect of reserved gastric tube application in the neuroendoscopic endonasal resection of pituitary tumors.METHODS A total of 60 patients who underwent pituitary adenoma resection via the endoscopic endonasal approach were selected and randomly divided into the experimental and control groups,with 30 in each group.Experimental group:After anesthesia,a gastric tube was placed through the mouth under direct vision using a visual laryngoscope,and the fluid accumulated in the oropharynx was suctioned intermittently with low negative pressure throughout the whole process after nasal disinfection,during the operation,and when the patient recovered from anesthesia.Control group:Given the routine intraoperative care,no gastric tube was left.The number of cases of nausea/vomiting/aspiration within 24 h post-operation was counted and compared between the two groups;the scores of pharyngalgia after waking up,6 h post-operation,and 24 h postoperation.The frequency of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage and intracranial infection were compared.The hospitalization days of the two groups were statistically compared.RESULTS The times of postoperative nausea and vomiting in the experimental group were lower than that in the control group,and the difference in the incidence of nausea was statistically significant(P<0.05).After the patient woke up,the scores of sore throat 6 h after the operation and 24 h after operation were lower than those in the control group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The number of cases of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage and intracranial infection was higher than that of the control group,but there was no statistically significant difference from the control group(P>0.05).The hospitalization days of the experimental group was lower than that of the control group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Reserving a gastric tube in the endoscopic endonasal resection of pituitary tumors,combined with intraoperative and postoperative gastrointestinal decompression,can effectively reduce the incidence of nausea,reduce the number of vomiting and aspiration in patients,and reduce the complications of sore throat The incidence rate shortened the hospitalization days of the patients.

Propofol with Varied Functions: A Potential Therapeutic Opportunity for Postoperative Nausea, Vomiting and Pruritus—A Narrative Review

Background: Despite the advances in anesthetics and non-pharmacological techniques, the prevalence of postoperative nausea and vomiting in all patients remains high. It is one of the most common distressing symptoms that cause dissatisfaction among patients after anesthesia and surgery. A sub-hypnotic dose of propofol has been shown to reduce morphine-induced postoperative nausea, vomiting, and pruritus. This review article will provide sufficient knowledge on the role of propofol in minimizing opioid-induced postoperative nausea, vomiting, and pruritus by providing detailed information on propofol antiemetic and antipruritic effects, as well as discussions based on empirically available data. Method: We conducted a narrative review of the literature published between 1990 and 2023 from a range of databases;PubMed, BioMed Central, Biosis Previews, Nature, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Springer-Link, and Elsevier. Discussion and Conclusion: The literatures reviewed in this study have demonstrated that propofol may have diverse therapeutic effects including antiemetic and antipruritic. The antiemetic effect of propofol may be an effective therapeutic approach for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. The literature also demonstrated that the use of propofol for sedation during surgery may as well ameliorates opioids induced postoperative pruritus, which may be beneficial to surgical patients. Also, it was demonstrated that prophylactic use of propofol may be an effective way of preventing nausea and vomiting and pruritus during opioid use.

Application of PC6 Stimulation in the Prevention and Treatment of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Ambulatory Surgery

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a common complication in ambulatory surgery patients, which affects their quality of life and recovery process. In recent years, acupuncture stimulation as a non-pharmacological therapy has shown significant efficacy in the prevention and treatment of PONV. This review mainly discusses the current research on using PC6 stimulation to prevent PONV in ambulatory surgery patients, elucidates the various effects and mechanisms of PC6 stimulation, analyzes the advantages and disadvantages, safety, and feasibility of different stimulation methods, aiming to improve the postoperative recovery quality of ambulatory surgery patients, reduce medical costs, and promote the application of integrative medicine in the prevention and treatment of PONV.

The Effects of Acupressure on Vomiting, Stress, and Anxiety in Chinese Pregnant Women with Hyperemesis Gravidarum

Objective:To investigate the role of acupressure therapy in helping pregnant women with HG reduce the frequency or severity of vomiting and relieve stress and anxiety.Method:A quantitative study with a quasi-experimental design and non-equivalent group design was used.Sixty-six valid data points were obtained from pregnant mothers diagnosed with HG in a general hospital in Linyi City.These pregnant women received either acupressure(n=33)or general therapeutic care(n=33).They completed standardized questionnaires designed to assess vomiting,anxiety,and stress levels.Results:Data showed no differences between the experimental and control groups before the intervention.After the intervention,there were significant differences in anxiety(P≤0.05)and stress(P≤0.05)scores between the two groups.However,there was no significant difference in vomiting scores(P>0.05)between the two groups after the intervention.The anxiety and stress scores of the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the control group post-intervention,while the vomiting scores of the two groups were similar.Conclusion:The findings suggest that acupressure significantly reduces anxiety and stress in pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum(HG)and also helps reduce vomiting.Acupressure presents a viable clinical option for pregnant women seeking relief from HG symptoms.

A Case of Diabetic Nephropathy with Refractory Gastroparesis and Review of the Literature

Background: Gastroparesis is one of the complications of diabetes mellitus, and long-term gastroparesis seriously affects patients quality of life. Most of the patients can be relieved after lifestyle improvement and medication, but refractory gastroparesis is difficult to relieve, and is still a challenge in clinical treatment. Aim: To report a case of a patient with diabetic nephropathy combined with refractory gastroparesis, and to analyse the mechanism, diagnosis, severity grading, treatment of refractory gastroparesis in conjunction with a review of the literature, and to investigate the causes of recurrent nausea and vomiting in diabetic nephropathy patients with refractory diabetic gastroparesis and the possible effective treatment options. Case Presentation: The patient was hospitalised for recurrent nausea and vomiting and diagnosed with diabetic nephropathy and gastroparesis. Symptoms recurred after medication and peritoneal dialysis, and the patients symptoms were relieved after multifaceted interventions. Conclusion: Diabetic nephropathy and refractory gastroparesis can both manifest as digestive tract symptoms, and in the face of this complex disease, it is necessary to analyse the various etiological factors and take comprehensive treatment measures.

Top 10 research achievements of traditional Chinese medicine in 2023

In order to fulfill the requirements of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the Opinions on Promoting the Inheritance,Innovation and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine,regularly summarize the research achievements of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),present the academic progress of TCMdynamically,and give full play to the leadership of academic groups in research,the China Association of ChineseMedicine organized the selection of the top 10 academic achievements of TCMin 2023.The selection work adhered to the“4 orientations”;eliminated the“4 only”;highlighted the solution of clinical problems and scientific questions,the development of the industry,and the exploratory,forward-looking,innovative,and breakthrough research;and focused on new laws,new discoveries,new methods,new products,and new theories in the basic research and applied basic research of TCM.After dynamic collection,preliminary examination,review,and final judgment,the top 10 academic achievements of TCMin 2023 were determined.First,breakthroughs have been achieved in the treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction by Tongxinluo.Second,evidence has been gained regarding the efficacy of acupuncture in treating chronic spontaneous urticaria and vomiting in pregnancy.Third,evidence has been gained regarding the improvement of neurological function outcomes by Xuesaitong soft capsules in treating patients with ischemic stroke.Fourth,the mechanisms of Huashi Baidu Powder and Pien Tze Huang in clinical treatment have been revealed.Fifth,the pharmacodynamic mechanisms of astragaloside and capsaicin have been revealed for the first time.Sixth,new technologies represented by spatial metabolomics assist in elucidating the material basis of the complex systems ofTCM.Seventh,network medicine framework reveals the genericmechanism underlying the effectiveness of TCM treatment based on syndrome differentiation.Eighth,a comprehensive platform for multidimensional nucleic acid data of TCM promotes data sharing inmolecular pharmacognosy.Ninth,multiprocess transfer and information fusion provide solutions for digitalmanufacturing of big honeyed pills.Tenth,the scientific system of TCM regulatory science has been preliminarily built and applied.

日间手术的实施流程及标准

1909年,James Nicoll首次报道了有关小儿日间手术（Ambulatory Surgery）的应用。1995年由12个国家和地区共同组建了国际日间手术联盟（The International Association of Ambulatory Surgery,IAAS）,进一步加快了日间手术的发展。目前欧美许多国家日间手术比例已经高达60%,在丹麦、瑞典等国家日间手术比例甚至占到所有择期手术的80%左右。

乳腺癌化疗无呕规范化病房护理工作模式的建立与体会

化疗引起的恶心呕吐（chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting,CINV）是肿瘤患者在化疗过程中最常见的不良反应,其发生率可高达40%~80%以上。

地塞米松、雷莫司琼预防全身麻醉甲状腺根治术术后恶心呕吐的随机试验研究

术后恶心、呕吐（postoperative nausea and vomiting,PONV）是术后患者的普遍和主要的并发症,文献资料显示,在一些手术中PONV的发生率在25%-30%,控制PONV的发生率仍然是个难题[1,2]。纵使PONV不是危及生命的术后并发症,但是它是伤口裂开、电解质紊乱、躁动等并发症的危险因素[3,4]。一些预防性药物,例如抗组胺药、

危重症患者肠内外营养作用的对比研究

目的探讨早期足量肠内外营养支持治疗对危重患者的重要作用及两者的疗效比较。方法选择我院重症监护室（ICU）2004年6月～2007年6月问（124）例危重症患者，随机分为肠内营养（EN）组、肠外（PN）组、混合营养组及对照组，前三组病人于入院24～48小时内开始予相应营养支持，同时均予其它综合治疗。观测各组病人人院10天治疗前后ALT、Cr、CK—MB、TNT、血总蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白、血红蛋白、呕吐物潜血等指标的变化。结果对照组血ALT、Cr、CK—MB、TNT明显高于EN组、PN组和混合营养组（P〈0．05），后三组治疗前后及组间ALT、cr均无显著性差异（P〉0．05）；EN组、混合营养组病人血白蛋白、前白蛋白、血红蛋白较之PN组和对照组升高明显（P〈0．05），而PN组较对照组亦有较明显升高（P〈0．05），EN组与混合营养组问无明显差异（P〈0．05）；对照组和PN组消化道出血发生率均为37％，明显高于混合营养组消化道出血发生率10．8％（P均〈0．05），以上三组又高于EN组的发生率6．45％（P均〈0．05）。结论重症患者及早给予营养支持治疗可以有效防止营养不良、免疫功能低下等情况的发生，EN比PN和单纯葡萄糖供能优势更加明显，有助于保护胃肠道和其他重要器官功能／防止肠道细菌及毒素移位／减轻全身炎症反应，防止多脏器功能不全发生。

依托咪酯复合丙泊酚诱导对术后恶心呕吐的影响

术后恶心呕吐（postoperative nausea and vomiting,PONV）是围手术期常见的并发症,它的发生率达全部住院手术患者的20%~37%,大手术发生率达到35%~50%,高危患者PONV发生率高达70%~80%[1]。很多患者认为,与术后疼痛相比,PONV带来的不适更加让人难以忍受。PONV可以引起伤口裂开、食管破裂、皮下气肿、气胸等严重并发症,影响患者术后恢复。

肿瘤相关性恶心呕吐的处理

1概述恶心(nausea)、呕吐(vomiting)是恶性肿瘤患者常见的临床症状,呕吐是机体较为复杂的反射动作,其过程可分为三个阶段,恶心、干呕、呕吐。恶心,是一种内脏不适感,可以伴或不伴呕吐,患者有将胃内容物经口吐出的感觉,常常会伴有头晕、心动过速、流涎增多等迷走神经兴奋症状,常常为呕吐的前兆。此时,近端胃部松弛,

温度对眼镜蛇(眼镜蛇科)消化曲线的影响

眼镜蛇 Na ja na ja atra 为外温动物,其生理功能状况必然受环境温度的强烈影响,消化生理也不例外。从摄取能量物质过程和生态习性的角度看,眼镜蛇的生理温度可划分为摄食温区和戒食温区。但区界温度是多少,尚未见具体数据。此外,温度对其消化曲线的影响如何也未见报道。当然蛇自身生理节律性对消化也有影响。本实验仅从不同环境温度探讨上述存在问题。弄清这些问题在理论上可丰富眼镜蛇消化生理学内容,在实践上对选择最佳温度投食饲养眼镜蛇也有指导作用.

鼻内镜下鼻腔鼻窦术后恶心 呕吐的原因分析及护理

现今,尽管麻醉药物和麻醉技术有了很大进步,但是,全身麻醉术后恶心呕吐（postoperative nausea and vomiting,PONV）仍然是外科手术后最常见的并发症,其发生率为20%~30%;而在鼻内镜手术中因其手术方式、麻醉用药及麻醉方法等影响导致术后恶心、呕吐发生率相对高一些,有报道发生率可高达46%[1]。

Gastroparesis: Current diagnostic challenges and management considerations

Gastroparesis refers to abnormal gastric motility characterized by delayed gastric emptying in the absence of mechanical obstruction. The most common etiologies include diabetes, post-surgical and idiopathic. The most common symptoms are nausea, vomiting and epigastric pain. Gastroparesis is estimated to affect 4% of the population and symptomatology may range from little effect on daily activity to severe disability and frequent hospitalizations. The gold standard of diagnosis is solid meal gastric scintigraphy. Treatment is multimodal and includes dietary modification, prokinetic and anti-emetic medications, and surgical interventions. New advances in drug therapy, and gastric electrical stimulation techniques have been introduced and might provide new hope to patients with refractory gastroparesis. In this comprehensive review, we discuss gastroparesis with emphasis on the latest developments; from the perspective of the practicing clinician.