Shear flow induced vibrations of long slender cylinders with a wake oscillator model

A time domain model is presented to study the vibrations of long slender cylinders placed in shear flow. Long slender cylinders such as risers and tension legs are widely used in the field of ocean engineering. They are subjected to vortex-induced vibrations（VIV） when placed within a transverse incident flow. A three dimensional model coupled with wake oscillators is formulated to describe the response of the slender cylinder in cross-flow and in-line directions. The wake oscillators are distributed along the cylinder and the vortex-shedding frequency is derived from the local current velocity. A non-linear fiuid force model is accounted for the coupled effect between cross-flow and in-line vibrations. The comparisons with the published experimental data show that the dynamic features of VIV of long slender cylinder placed in shear flow can be obtained by the proposed model,such as the spanwise average displacement,vibration frequency,dominant mode and the combination of standing and traveling waves. The simulation in a uniform flow is also conducted and the result is compared with the case of nonuniform flow. It is concluded that the flow shear characteristic has significantly changed the cylinder vibration behavior.

Near Wake of a Horizontal Circular Cylinder in Stably Stratified Flows

The near wake of a circular cylinder in linearly stratified flows of finite depth was experimentally investigated by means of flow visualization and measurements of vortex shedding frequencies, at Reynolds numbers 3.5 × 103-1.2 × 104 and stratification parameters kd 0-2.0. The non-dimensional parameter kd is defined as kd = Nd/U, where N is the Brunt-Vaisala frequency, d, the diameter of the cylinder, and U, the approaching flow velocity. The study demonstrates that as kd increases from zero, the vortex shedding from a circular cylinder progressively strengthens, while the Strouhal number gradually becomes lower than that for homogeneous flow. This phenomenon can be explained by the effect of the increasingly stable stratification which enhances the two-dimensionality of the near-wake flow of the circular cylinder;the enhanced two-dimensionality of the flow strengthens the roll-up of the separated shear layer. Above a certain value of kd, however, vortex formation and shedding are strongly suppressed and the Strouhal number rises sharply. This observation is attributable to the development of stationary lee waves downstream of the circular cylinder because the lee waves strongly suppress vertical fluid motions.

Vortex-Induced Vibrations of A Long Flexible Cylinder in Linear and Exponential Shear Flows

A numerical study based on a wake oscillator model was conducted to determine the response performance of vortex-induced vibration(VIV) on a long flexible cylinder with pinned-pinned boundary conditions subjected to linear and exponential shear flows. The coupling equations of a structural vibration model and wake oscillator model were solved using a standard central finite difference method of the second order. The VIV response characteristics including the structural displacement, structural frequency, structural wavenumber, standing wave behavior,travelling wave behavior, structural velocity, lift force coefficient and transferred energy from the fluid to the structure with different flow profiles were compared. The numerical results show that the VIV displacement is a combination of standing waves and travelling waves. For linear shear flow, standing waves and travelling waves dominate the VIV response within the low-velocity and high-velocity zones, respectively. The negative values of the transferred energy only occur within the low-velocity zone. However, for exponential shear flow, travelling waves dominate the VIV response and the negative energy occurs along the entire length of the cylinder.

INVESTIG ATIONS OF WAKE FLOWS OF A FLAT PLATE IN STEADY, OSCILLATORY AND COMBINED FLOWS

Numerical study on near wake flows of a flat plate in three kinds of oncoming flows is made by using the discrete vortex model and improved vorticity creation method. For steady oncoming flow, both gross and detailed features of the wake flow are calculated and discussed. Then, in harmonic oscillatory oncoming flow two different wake flow patterns with K_c=2,4 and 10 are obtained respectively. Our results present a new wake flow pattern for low K_c numbers (K_c<5) describing vortex shedding, pairing and moving in a period of the oscillatory flow starting from rest. The calculated drag and inertia force coefficients are closer to experimental data from the U-tube than the previous results of vortex simulation. For in-line combined oncoming flow the vortex lock-in and dynamic characteristics are simulated. The results are shown to be in good agreement with experiments.

基于激光雷达探测的飞机尾流融合预测方法

为提高基于激光雷达的飞机尾流探测反演精度,根据扫描出的径向风速数据,建立了基于Kolmogorov结构函数的大气背景湍流耗散率(EDR)估计方法;然后基于两阶段消散预测模型,计入湍流对尾流消散过程的影响,实现基于历史探测数据的尾涡强度环量和涡核运动趋势的预测;通过环境探测数据与预测模型的结合,提高尾涡特性参数的反演精度。研究表明,相较于反演算法,采用本文模型预测的尾涡轨迹在径向距离和角度的精度上分别提高了59.5%、64.8%。

Flow structure around high-speed train in open air

According to the analysis of the turbulent intensity level around the high-speed train, the maximum turbulent intensity ranges from 0.2 to 0.5 which belongs to high turbulent flow. The flow field distribution law was studied and eight types of flow regions were proposed. They are high pressure with air stagnant region, pressure decreasing with air accelerating region, low pressure with high air flow velocity region I, turbulent region, steady flow region, low pressure with high air flow velocity region II,pressure increasing with air decelerating region and wake region. The analysis of the vortex structure around the train shows that the vortex is mainly induced by structures with complex mutation and large curvature change. The head and rear of train, the underbody structure, the carriage connection section and the wake region are the main vortex generating sources while the train body with even cross-section has rare vortexes. The wake structure development law studied lays foundation for the train drag reduction.

Underlay mechanism in lift-drag phase diagrams for shear flow over cylinder

The characteristics of a uniform-shear flow over a circular cylinder are in- vestigated numerically by using the alternative-direction implicit （ADI） algorithm and a fast Fourier transform （FFT） one in the exponential-polar coordinates for Re = 150 and 0 ≤ K ≤ 0.46. The diagram of lift-drag phase, implying the detail information about the fluctuations of drag and lift as well as the flow patterns in the wake and fluctuating pres- sure on the cylinder surface, is used to describe the effects of the shear rate on the flow. Results show that the upper （or lower） closed curve of a phase diagram corresponds to the first （or second） half shedding cycle. The lift-drag phase diagram will move down-left with the increase of shear rate K such that the lift is exerted from the upper side to the lower side, and the drag on the first half shedding cycle is smaller than that on the second half.

Numerical Simulation of Wake Deflection Control around NACA0012 Airfoil Using Active Morphing Flaps

This study demonstrates an active flow control for deflecting a direction of wake vortex structures behind a NACA0012 airfoil using an active morphing flap. Two-dimensional direct numerical simulations are performed for flows at the chord Reynolds number of 10,000, and the vortex pattern in the controlled and noncontrolled wakes as well as the effect of an actuation frequency on the control ability are rigorously investigated. It is found that there is an optimum actuation-frequency regime at around F + = 2.00 which is normalized by the chord length and freestream velocity. The wake vortex pattern of the well-controlled case is classified as the 2P wake pattern according to the Williamson’s categorization [1] [2], where the forced oscillation frequency corresponds to the natural vortex shedding frequency without control. The present classification of wake vortex patterns and finding of the optimum frequency regime in the wake deflection control can lead to a more robust design suitable for vortex-induced-vibration (VIV) related engineering systems.

基于CVG的滑跃甲板尾流抑制

滑跃甲板对于提高舰载机起飞性能有重要意义,但是滑跃甲板会加剧舰尾流的湍流度,造成甲板上方和下滑线附近气流高度不稳定,影响舰载机起降安全。本文采用RANS/LES混合的DES方法,对平直甲板和滑跃甲板尾流进行数值模拟。结果表明,滑跃甲板后方存在巨大的分离区,对甲板上表面和着舰下滑线附近气流产生很大的影响,导致甲板附近x方向风速度降低,提高了对舰载机起飞和降落速度的要求。同时,速度波动幅值增大,对舰载机精准航迹控制有不利影响。为有效抑制滑跃甲板造成的舰尾流影响,提出了一种基于柱状涡流发生器(cylindrical vortex generators,CVG)的滑跃甲板尾流抑制方法,可有效降低滑跃甲板产生的影响。柱状涡流发生器可以有效减弱滑跃甲板导致的前甲板分离区,使得甲板流场更加稳定。相比无CVG时,有CVG时甲板x方向风速更高,风速波动功率谱密度(PSD)降低20~40 dB,恢复到与平直甲板相当的程度,可有效提高舰载机的起降安全性。

Generation of large-scale vortex dislocations in a three-dimensional wake-type flow

Numerical study of three-dimensional evolution of wake-type flow and vortex dislocations is performed by using a compact finite diffenence-Fourier spectral method to solve 3-D incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. A local spanwise nonuniformity in momentum defect is imposed on the incoming wake-type flow. The present numerical results have shown that the flow instability leads to three-dimensional vortex streets, whose frequency, phase as well as the strength vary with the span caused by the local nonuniformity. The vortex dislocations are generated in the nonuniform region and the large-scale chain-like vortex linkage structures in the dislocations are shown. The generation and the characteristics of the vortex dislocations are described in detail.

前向多翼离心风机叶片尾迹和蜗壳二次流动的试验研究

对前向多翼式离心风机建立了性能及流场测试台位 性能试验及流场测试表明,性能试验重复性良好,曲线符合理论性能曲线.用粒子图像速度场仪技术对叶片尾迹区及蜗壳出口横截面上的二次流做了详细的变工况测量与分析.结果表明:叶片尾迹区脉动强度达20%～70%;在设计工况附近叶片尾迹影响区域小,在非设计工况下叶片尾迹影响区域大,尾迹区域占到蜗壳径向宽度的15%～25%,约是叶片弦高的2～3倍;在蜗壳横截面上明显存在二次流旋涡;沿着蜗壳旋出方向二次流对称分布,但是到达出口时,小流量下两侧旋涡结合成一个旋涡,大流量下两侧旋涡一直保持到蜗壳出口.

用多重网格方法计算旋翼跨声速无粘流场

发展了一种加快悬停旋翼无粘流场计算收敛速度的多重网格方法。由于悬停旋翼流场中存在不可压区域,同时旋翼尾涡系统的发展需要较长的时间,使得旋翼流场的收敛速度远低于固定翼流场,因此研究旋翼流场的多重网格算法具有重要意义。空间离散格式采用了中心有限体积方法,时间推进应用了五步龙格 库塔法。采用3层网格的V循环,对一跨声速悬停旋翼无粘流场进行了数值计算。计算结果表明:尽管多重网格方法对旋翼流场的加速收敛作用不如对固定翼流场的加速收敛效果,但是多重网格方法仍然可以显著地加快旋翼流场收敛。

飞机尾涡流场参数的仿真计算方法研究综述

作为缩减尾流间隔、提高运行效率的研究基础,尾涡流场的仿真计算技术是国内外民航空管研究领域的一个研究热点。在飞机尾涡流场的数值模拟方面,介绍了雷诺平均、大涡模拟和分离涡模拟方法在流场数值模拟方面的研究现状及存在问题;在尾涡流场参数的快速仿真计算方面,综述了典型计算模型的特点及存在的主要问题,包括CROW不稳定性、Greene消散模型、APA消散模型、TDAWP消散模型、D2P消散模型和三阶段消散模型等,分析了上述模型的精度与应用情况。最后对国内外研究现状进行了总结分析,提出了该领域未来的研究方向。

圆柱尾迹流场中横向振荡翼型绕流的数值模拟

该文数值模拟了静止圆柱尾迹中横向振荡翼型绕流的涡结构、力及频谱特性,揭示前方尾迹流场对振荡翼绕流特性的影响,以了解鱼类游动时自主利用前方流场有利干扰的流体力学机理。研究表明圆柱尾迹的影响可导致翼型前缘涡脱落模态发生变化;翼型尾迹的频谱特性更加复杂;在一定的参数下翼型阻力系数可以整体下降。

侧风影响下的飞机尾流强度消散与涡核运动

利用有利的侧风条件适度缩减尾流间隔以提升空域容量已成为国际空管研究的热点问题之一。在建立了A320机翼尾涡流场上,基于RANS方法采用RKE涡粘模型对雷诺应力项进行二方程封闭,提出利用UDF(用户自定义函数)编程技术分别施加静风、1 m/s、4 m/s、7 m/s 4个不同侧风风场,在"天河一号"超级计算机上开展数值模拟实验。基于试验数据,分析了不同侧风影响下的尾涡下沉运动、涡量衰减、尾涡横向运动、涡心速度等参数的变化规律。结果表明:受到侧风扰动后,尾涡涡量快速上升,其滚转力矩在短时间内迅速增加,尾涡涡心间距快速减小后又迅速反弹分离。在垂直方向上,尾涡反复上下跳跃,呈现出不稳定性,强侧风时的诱导湍流形成的剪切梯度会造成涡核脱落,涡体迸裂进而快速消散。在水平方向上,尾涡会被强侧风快速吹离主航路,有利于缩减所需的尾流间隔、提高机场运行效率。

双叶片离心泵内动静干涉的三维PIV测量

为研究叶轮与蜗壳的动静干涉作用,采用三维PIV对一双叶片离心泵最优工况下叶轮流道内3个截面内的流动进行了测量,每个截面内测量9个叶片位置.结果表明:随着叶片与隔舌距离的不同,叶轮流道内的相对速度场和轴向速度场发生了明显的变化;当叶片在隔舌与蜗壳1断面间时,流道内的流量最小,相对速度场分布最为均匀;在前盖板附近吸力面的流道出口出现了低速区,形成了射流-尾迹结构,并在流道进口发现较强的轴向速度;当叶片随着旋转方向远离隔舌时,流道内的流量逐渐增大,在叶片压力面进口出现了流动分离并产生了旋涡,而流道出口的相对速度变得平稳,同时流道进口的轴向速度减弱;当叶片随着旋转方向靠近隔舌时,叶轮流道内的流量逐渐减小,流道进口的旋涡减弱并消失,流道出口的压力面附近相对速度降低,吸力面附近的相对速度增大,同时流道进口的轴向速度继续减弱.

大尺寸风力机叶片流固耦合特性研究

随着大型风力机叶片尺寸增大,其柔性也越来越大,在运行中更容易出现大变形现象,进而导致叶片结构的几何非线性变形、流体的非定常特性以及独特的流固耦合现象,需要采用更准确的模型进行分析。该文采用基于几何精确梁方法和自由涡尾迹方法的流固耦合模型,研究了大尺寸叶片的耦合特性。针对叶片柔性变大、质量变轻的特点,分别采用缩小叶片刚度和质量的方法,研究叶片大变形和质量变轻对耦合响应的影响,结果表明刚度降低会大幅增大叶片变形和载荷,而质量降低对叶片变形和载荷的影响并不明显。当刚度和质量同时降低时,叶片在叶轮平面外变形量大幅增加,使叶轮功率下降。对叶片尺寸变大带来的影响也进行了研究,发现大尺寸叶片的根部应力和载荷波动会较明显高于小尺寸叶片。

叶栅流场尾迹中非定常涡系的数值模拟

叶栅通道内包含复杂非定常流动特征的涡系结构,二维直叶栅的尾迹涡系中粘性、尺寸效应十分明显,进行数值模拟时计算量较大,因此对分离涡产生与脱落过程的准确、清晰的捕捉要求有更高效率的数值解法。应用隐式格式、全场统一时间步长和Baldw in-Lom ax紊流模型求解二维N av ier-Stokes方程,对二维直叶栅流场非定常涡系进行了数值模拟分析,在大攻角、不同进口马赫数的2种工况下,通过对比分析不同时刻叶栅流场的熵和压力瞬态图,捕捉到分离涡产生与脱落过程,并合理地反映了紊流流动特征。通过计算结果看出,所采用的非定常粘性流动数值模拟方法有效,计算效率较高,能够较好地捕捉复杂的尾迹非定常涡系,较为清晰地反映叶栅流场涡系的形成、发展和消失过程,为进一步研究孤立转子和多叶排环境下的非定常流动效应提供了初步的基础。

蜂窝密封抑制叶尖密封激振的研究

针对叶片疲劳断裂问题,研究了蜂窝密封抑制叶尖密封气流激振的性能。将叶尖密封分别采用光滑密封和蜂窝密封,测量不同密封间隙下的叶片振幅。采用烟线法显示了叶尖密封尾流场,同时绘制了流场的速度分布图。实验结果表明用蜂窝密封替代光滑密封能够减小叶片振幅,且振幅随密封间隙的增大而减小。与光滑密封相比,蜂窝密封最佳可减小无冠叶片1/4的振幅、带冠叶片1/3的振幅。对蜂窝密封抑制叶片振动的机理进行分析,蜂窝密封能够降低密封腔内流体速度、耗散流体能量,从而流体对叶片的激振力减弱,叶片振动得到有效抑制。

高超声速层流尾迹的数值模拟

本文利用无波动、无自由参数、耗散的差分格式(NND格式),通过求解NS方程,数值模拟了高超声速层流尾迹的流动,清晰地给出了主激波、拐角膨胀波、迹激波及自由剪切层,所得流场物理量的分布与实验结果甚为一致。计算发现了底部迴流区由起始向定常的发展中,在瞬时流线图上经历了极限环形成、胀大、缩小、再胀大最后消失的演变过程。