Vortex structure simulation for supersonic mixing layers using nonlinear PSE method

The method of nonlinear parabolized stability equations（PSE） is applied in the simulation of vortex structures in compressible mixing layer.The spatially-evolving unstable waves,which dominate the vortex structure,are investigated through spatial marching method.The instantaneous flow field is obtained by adding the harmonic waves to basic flow.The results show that T-S waves do not keep growing exponentially as the linear evolution,the energy transfer to high order harmonic modes,and that finally all harmonic modes get saturated due to nonlinear interaction.The mean flow distortion induced by the nonlinear interaction between the harmonic modes and their conjugate harmonic ones,makes great change of the average flow and increases the thickness of mixing layer. PSE methods can well capture the two- and three-dimensional large scale nonlinear vortex structures in mixing layers such as vortex roll-up,vortex pairing,and A vortex.

Low-Frequency Vortex Pair over the Tropical Eastern Indian Ocean and the South China Sea Summer Monsoon Onset

In this paper,the relationship between a pair of low-frequency vortexes over the equatorial Indian Ocean and the South China Sea(SCS) summer monsoon onset is studied based on a multi-year(1980-2003) analysis.A pair of vortexes symmetric about the equator is an important feature prior to the SCS summer monsoon onset.A composite analysis shows that the life cycle of the pair of vortexes is closely associated with the SCS summer monsoon onset.The westerly between the twin cyclones is an important factor to the SCS summer monsoon onset process.

Tight Focusing Properties of Azimuthally Polarized Pair of Vortex Beams through a Dielectric Interface

Tight focusing properties of an azimuthally polarized Gaussian beam with a pair of vortices through a dielectric interface is theoretically investigated by vector diffraction theory. For the incident beam with a pair of vortices of opposite topological charges, the vortices move toward each other, annihilate and revive in the vicinity of focal plane, which results in the generation of many novel focal patterns. The usable focal structures generated through the tight focusing of the double-vortex beams may find applications in micro-particle trapping, manipulation, and material processing, etc.

ON THE FORMATION OF VORTEX RINGS AND PAIRS

The axisymmetric vortex sheet model developed by Nitsche and Krasny had been extended to study the formation of vortex rings (pairs) at the edge of circular (2D) tube and opening. Computations based on this model were in good agreement with the experiments (Didden (1979) for circular tube and Auerbach (1987) for 2D tube and opening). Using this new model, evidences are provided to show that the main failure of the similarity theory (the false prediction of axial trajectory of vortex ring) is due to its ignorance of the self-induced ring velocity (mutual induction for vortex pair). The Glezer (1988)'s summary on the influence of piston speed upon the shedding circulation was also discussed, and finally the variation of core distribution of vortex ring with turning angle and piston speed was given. (Edited author abstract) 22 Refs.

Atmospheric Circulation Characteristics Associated with the Onset of Asian Summer Monsoon

The onset of the Asian summer monsoon has been a focus in the monsoon study for many years. In this paper, we study the variability and predictability of the Asian summer monsoon onset and demonstrate that this onset is associated with specific atmospheric circulation characteristics. The outbreak of the Asian summer mol）~soon is found to occur first over the southwestern part of the South China Sea （SCS） and the Malay Peninsula region, and the monsoon onset is closely related to intra-seasonal oscillations in the lower atmosphere. These intra-seasonal oscillations consist of two low-frequency vortex pairs, one located to the east of the Philippines and the other over the tropical eastern Indian Ocean. Prior to the Asian summer monsoon onset, a strong low-frequency westerly emerges over the equatorial Indian Ocean and the low-frequency vortex pair develops symmetrically along the equator. The formation and evolution of these low-frequency vortices are important and serve as a good indicator for the Asian summer monsoon onset. The relationship between the northward jumps of the westerly jet over East Asia and the Asian summer monsoon onset over SCS is investigated. It is shown that the northward jump of the westerly jet occurs twice during the transition from winter to summer and these jumps are closely related to the summer monsoon development. The first northward jump （from 25°-28°N to around 30°N） occurs on 8 May on average, about 7 days ahead of the summer monsoon onset over the SCS. It is found that the reverse of meridional temperature gradient in the upper-middle troposphere （500-200 hPa） and the enhancement and northward movement of the subtropical jet in the Southern Hemispheric subtropics are responsible for the first northward jump of the westerly jet.

Effects of the computational domain on the secondary flow in turbulent plane Couette flow

A series of direct numerical simulations of the fully developed plane Couette flow at a Reynolds number of 6000（based on the relative wall speed and half the channel height h） with different streamwise and spanwise lengths are conducted to investigate the effects of the computational box sizes on the secondary flow（SF）. Our focuses are the number of counter-rotating vortex pairs and its relationship to the statistics of the mean flow and the SF in the small and moderate computational box sizes. Our results show that the number of vortex pairs is sensitive to the computational box size, and so are the slope parameter, the rate of the turbulent kinetic energy contributed by the SF, and the ratio of the kinetic energy of the SF to the total kinetic energy. However, the averaged spanwise width of each counter-rotating vortex pair in the plane Couette flow is found, for the first time, within 4（1 ± 0.25）h despite the domain sizes.

Planar laser scattering visualization of streamwise vortex pairs in a Mach 6 flow

A series of cross-sectional flow fields of Counterrotating Vortex Pairs(CVPs) generated by a large-scale ramp vortex generator is observed using an ice-cluster-based Planar Laser Scattering(PLS) method in a shock tunnel with a nominal flow Mach number of 6. Combined with a numerical simulation, two streamwise CVPs with opposite rotating directions are identified in the wake flow of the vortex generator with an absence of a boundary layer, namely, a Primary CVP(PCVP) and a Secondary CVP(SCVP). The wake flow is divided into two stages with different features of the PCVP and SCVP. In Stage Ⅰ, the PCVP and SCVP gradually mature, and the flow is relatively stable. In Stage Ⅱ, the PCVP and SCVP depart from each other, and the flow becomes unstable. The profiles of the transverse velocity in the spanwise symmetry plane induced by the PCVP and SCVP do not obey the scaling law of CVPs immersed in the boundary layer. A new scaling law is proposed, in which the transverse distances between adjacent saddle points in the cross-sectional flow field are used as the characteristic lengths for the PCVP and SCVP. After this new scaling procedure, the profiles of transverse velocity induced by the PCVP and SCVP at different streamwise locations collapse well. Moreover, the PLS images show that the mixing between the CVPs and the outside high-momentum flow becomes evident at approximately 5.5 times the height of the vortex generator, which is earlier than that immersed in the boundary layer. These findings enrich the knowledge of CVPs in the hypersonic regime, especially in the absence of the boundary layer.

ASIA-PACIFIC WINTER LFO STRUCTURE AND LOWFREQUENCY VORTEX ACTIVITY FEATURES

Based on the winter 1984/ 1985 ECMWF grid point data subjected to the 30-60 day band-pass filtering and composite analysis,a study is undertaken of the LFO (low-frequency oscillation) structure in the eastern Asian westerly jet entrance and exit regions and the Asia-Pacific low-frequency vortex activity characteristics.Results show that zonal wind oscillations on both sides of the jet core are in anti-phase,in close relation to the E-W displacement of the core. Ranging in NW-SE direction is a low-frequency vortex train (LFVT) emanating from Ural via central Asia to East Asia.A low-frequency vortex of Ural origin,when reaching around 50,80,is split into two parts,one travelling eastward and the other southward,and finally they arc connected cyclonically or anticyclonically at low latitudes,form- ing a vigorous low frequency cyclone or anticyclone in the eastern part of China mainland,completing a full cycle of the LFVT.Further,observed in the central Pacific are a meridional LFVT and a cyclone/anticyclone couplet looping in a counterclockwise sense,giving rise to the LFVT phase shift over this region.

Numerical Study of Vortex Interactions in Bose-Einstein Condensation

The dynamics and interaction of quantized vortices in Bose-Einstein condensates(BECs)are investigated by using the two-dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii equation(GPE)with/without an angular momentum rotation term.If all vortices have the same winding number,they would rotate around the trap center but never collide.In contrast,if the winding numbers are different,their interaction highly depends on the initial distance between vortex centers.The analytical results are presented to describe the dynamics of the vortex centers when β=0.While if β≠0,there is no analytical result but some conclusive numerical findings are provided for the further understanding of vortex interaction in BECs.Finally,the dynamic laws describing the relation of vortex interaction in nonrotating and rotating BECs are presented.

Study on the flow field and concentration characteristics of the multiple tandem jets in crossflow

The characteristics of single and multiple tandem jets(n=2,3,4) in crossflow have been investigated using the realizable k-ε model.The results of this model agree well with experimental measurements using PIV(Particle Image Velocimetry) or LIF(Laser Induced Fluorescence).We analyzed the calculated results and obtained detailed properties of velocity and concentration of the multiple jets in the pre-merging and post-merging regions.When the velocity ratio is identical,the bending degree of the leading jet is greater than that of the rear jets.The last jet penetrates deeper as the jet number increases,and the shielding effect of the front jet declines with jet spacing increase.Interaction of the jet and crossflow induces formation and development of a counter-rotating vortex pair(CVP).CVP makes the distribution of concentration appear kidney-shaped(except in the merging region),and maximum concentration is at the center of the counter-rotating vortex.Concentration at the CVP center is 1.03-1.4 times that of the local jet trajectory.Post-merging velocity and concentration characteristics differ from those of the single jet because of the shielding effect and mixing of all jets.This paper presents a unified formula of trajectory,concentration half-width and trajectory dilution,by introducing a reduction factor.

Tomography-like flow visualization of a hypersonic inward-turning inlet

The flow field in a typical inward-turning inlet was visualized using the Planar Laser Scattering(PLS)method in a shock tunnel with a nominal Mach number of 6.The opaque inlet,which is truncated at a series of sections,and the following transparent isolator,are combined to enable the optical access at different streamwise locations.The sequential PLS images provide a tomography-like flow visualization,which confirm the existence of streamwise Counter-rotating Vortex Pairs(CVPs)in both external and internal flow field of the inlet.Generation mechanisms of these CVPs are unraveled with the help of a numerical simulation,among which the cowl notch plays an important role in the generation of surface trailing CVPs along the centerline of the cowl.Moreover,the cowl shock sweeps the internal boundary layer towards the body side,which ultimately accumulates low-momentum flow on the body side in forms of a large CVP propagating downstream through the isolator.The CVPs formed in the shape-transition are responsible for the nonuniform flow field of the inward-turning inlet.This study indicates that the V-shaped cowl notch affects the downstream flow significantly and,therefore,should be examined thoroughly in practical applications.

A STUDY OF CIRCULATION CHARACTERISTICS AND INDEX OF SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON

Based on height and wind data of NCEP/NCAR and OLR data,patterns of upper air circulation from April to October have been analyzed,and the South China Sea (SCS) Summer Monsoon Onset (SMO) and retreat have been defined.The empirical formula fitting to the onset index of the SCS SMO has been established,and the onset and ending time of monsoon,together with the intensity index sequence during 1953—1999 are given by the analysis of characteristics of thermodynamic and dynamic factors during the process of SMO.The emergence and development of symmetric vortex pair at both sides of the equator in tropical East Indian Ocean,which may excite the SCS SMO,can be taken as a short-term prediction indicator of SMO.

Numerical investigation of efficient synthetic jets generated by multiple-frequency actuating signals

The synthetic jets generated by multiple-frequency actuating signals composed of a basic sinusoidal wave and a superposed high-frequency signal is investigated by two-dimensional simulation in the present study.The effect of the frequency and amplitude of the high-frequency signal on the synthetic jet in the quiescent flow is investigated in detail with stroke length ratio L and Reynolds number Re_(U0)kept as constant.It is found that,with the high-frequency signal superposed,the vortex pairs induced by the synthetic jets are strengthened and accelerated.The distance that the vortex pairs can propagate downstream is also elongated.The entrainment of the synthetic jets is thus enhanced as well.The optimal design is reached when the frequency ratio,defined as the ratio between the superposed signal frequency and the basic signal frequency,is fixed at f^(+)=2.At this optimal frequency ratio,the jet entrainment increases monotonously with the amplitude of the high-frequency signal.

A novel optimal design for an application-oriented synthetic jet actuator

The evaluation indicator for the performance of a synthetic jet actuator （SJA） is well-defined because of its various applications, which require optimal design to improve its performance and extend its field of application. This paper presents a novel approach to the optimal design of an SJA applied to enhance fuel/air mixture. It optimizes the combination of an actuator＇s geometric parameters by selecting the strength of vortex pairs as the evaluation indicator, coupled with orthogonal experiments and analysis of variance （AOV）. The results indicate that slot width is the most notable factor influencing the strength of vortex pairs, followed by cavity height and slot depth. The optimal value of the strength of vortex pairs increases by 32.5%over the experimental data of the base case, and more than 8.4%compared with the simulation results of the orthogonal experiments. It is concluded that the optimal method can effectively improve the performance of an SJA applied in mixing enhancement, reducing the test numbers and the associated design cycle and cost.

Flow past polygons with an odd number of edges

In Tian and Wu (2009),the present authors studied the inviscid and viscous flow past polygons with an arbitrary but even number of edges and with one apex pointing to the free stream.Here we extend the results to the flow past polygons with an odd number of edges,and an arbitrary direction.Flow features such as the shape of stationary lines,stabilities of vortex pairs,1st critical Reynolds numbers,and flow patterns with separations,similar to or different from the results for even-sided polygons,are identified.

Flowfield of a helicopter submerged inlet with power output shaft

The submerged inlet is an attractive configuration for advanced helicopters due to its high stealth performance and low external drag.In this paper,a submerged inlet,integrated with a ROBIN helicopter fuselage and a simplified power output shaft,is experimentally and numerically investigated to obtain the basic flow characteristics under a freestream velocity of 23.6 m/s.The results indicate that the pylon ahead of the inlet induces a horseshoe vortex.Though the vortex is ingested into the inlet,it has little effect on the internal flows and can be neglected.When the airflow enters into the inlet,it interacts with the shaft with a large incidence angle,yielding a vortex pair.At the leeside of the shaft,the two side flows of the shaft impinge at the center plane,generating a local high-pressure region at the azimuthal angle of 180°,which forces the boundary layer to roll up a counter-rotating vortex pair.In addition,the airflow adjacent to the cowl lip accelerates rapidly,resulting in a local low-pressure region at the azimuthal angle of 0°.Therefore,the inlet duct has a strong circumferential pressure gradient,which originates from an azimuthal angle of 180°to 0°and induces a vortex pair at the azimuthal angle of 0°.The three vortex pairs are the main origins of the distortion at the duct exit plane,among which the one near the cowl lip with the azimuthal angle of 0°plays the dominant role.Additionally,as the velocity ratio increases from 3.9 to 5.5,the circumferential pressure gradient and the cowl lip vortex get intensified,which causes that the total-pressure recovery coefficient drops by 0.5%and the distortion index increases by 28%.

Dynamics and formation of vortices collapsed from ring dark solitons in a two-dimensional spin–orbit coupled Bose–Einstein condensate

We consider the dynamics and formation of vortices from ring dark solitons in a two-dimensional Bose–Einstein condensate with the Rashba spin–orbit coupling based on the time-dependent coupled Gross–Pitaevskii equation.Compared with previous results,the system exhibits complex dynamical behaviors in the presence of the spin–orbit coupling.With the modulation of the spin–orbit coupling,not only the lifetime of ring dark solitons is greatly prolonged,but also their attenuation kinetics is significantly affected.For two shallow ring dark solitons with the equal strength of the spin–orbit coupling,the radius of ring dark solitons increases to a maximum value over time and then shrinks into a minimum value.Due to the effect of the snake instability,ring dark solitons split into a series of ring-like clusters of vortex pairs,which perform complex oscillations.This indicates that the system is strongly dependent on the presence of the spin–orbit coupling.Furthermore,the effect of different initial modulation depths on the dynamics of ring dark solitons is investigated.