EMS诱变对大麦种子萌发及M_(1)代植株成熟期主要性状的影响

为探究甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)对大麦种子萌发及M_(1)代植株成熟期主要表型性状突变的影响,以啤酒大麦品种新啤6号为材料,分别用0.00%、0.05%、0.10%、0.15%和0.20%的EMS浸种10 h,分析各浓度EMS处理对种子发芽势、发芽率、致死率、畸变率、幼苗叶绿素含量、根系活力和形态指标的影响,记录0.10%EMS诱变后M_(1)代成熟期植株主要性状的突变类型和突变频率。结果表明,EMS明显抑制种子萌发和幼苗生长,并产生了大量的性状突变。与对照相比,0.10%EMS浸种显著降低了种子发芽势、发芽率、幼苗叶绿素含量和根系活力,致死率和畸变率显著提高;0.15%和0.20%EMS浸种显著降低了幼苗根和芽的长度、鲜重和干重,胚芽鞘干重显著提高。田间统计发现,0.10%EMS处理的M_(1)代植株主要突变性状集中在茎秆、叶片、穗形和育性等方面,产生了红秆、矮秆、红叶、芒卷、穗畸形、结实率低和分蘖少等性状,突变频率分别20.17%、4.87%、1.08%、16.67%、0.94%、14.00%和6.02%。因此,通过EMS诱变构建大麦突变体库和创制种质资源。

Foeniculum vulgare Mill.inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced microglia activation and ameliorates neuroinflammation-mediated behavioral deficits in mice

Objective:To investigate the effect of Foeniculum vulgare extract against lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced microglial activation in vitro as well as cognitive behavioral deficits in mice.Methods:LPS-activated BV-2 cell viability was measured using MTT assay and reactive oxygen species(ROS)was studied using DCF-DA assay.The antioxidative enzymes and pro-inflammatory mediators were analyzed using respective ELISA kits and Western blotting.For in vivo testing,LPS(1 mg/kg,i.p.)was given daily for five days in male Swiss albino mice to produce chronic neuroinflammation.Cognitive and behavioral tests were performed using open-field,passive avoidance,and rotarod experiments in LPS-induced mice.Results:Foeniculum vulgare extract(25,50 and 100μg/mL)significantly attenuated the LPS-activated increase in nitric oxide(NO),ROS,cyclooxygenase-2,inducible NO synthase,IL-6,and TNF-alpha(P<0.05).Moreover,LPS-induced oxidative stress and reduced antioxidative enzyme levels were significantly improved by Foeniculum vulgare extract(P<0.05).The extract also regulated the NF-κB/MAPK signaling in BV-2 cells.In an in vivo study,Foeniculum vulgare extract(50,100,and 200 mg/kg)markedly mitigated the LPS-induced cognitive and locomotor impairments in mice.The fingerprinting analysis showed distinctive peaks with rutin,kaempferol-3-O-glucoside,and anethole as identifiable compounds.Conclusions:Foeniculum vulgare extract can ameliorate LPS-stimulated neuroinflammatory responses in BV-2 microglial cells and improve cognitive and locomotor performance in LPS-administered mice.

The transcriptional landscape of the developmental switch from regular pollen maturation towards microspore-derived plant regeneration in barley

Plant formation from in vitro-cultivated microspores involves a complex network of internal and environmental factors.Haploids/doubled haploids(DHs)derived from in vitro-cultured microspores are widely used in plant breeding and genetic engineering.However,the mechanism underlying the developmental switch from regular pollen maturation towards microspore-derived plant regeneration remains poorly defined.Here,RNA-sequencing was employed to elucidate the transcriptional landscapes of four early stages of microspore embryogenesis(ME)in barley cultivars Golden Promise and Igri,which exhibit contrasting responsiveness to microspore-derived plant formation.Our experiments revealed fundamental regulatory networks,specific groups of genes,and transcription factor(TF)families potentially regulating the developmental switch.We identified a set of candidate genes crucial for genotype-dependent responsiveness/recalcitrance to ME.Our high-resolution temporal transcriptome atlas provides an important resource for future functional studies on the genetic control of microspore developmental transition.

过量施磷下青稞生长发育和磷素利用的变化

为探讨青稞(Hordeum vulgare var.coeleste Linnaeus)新品种和新品系的磷肥施用上限,摸清过量施磷下青稞新品种(系)的生长发育和养分吸收利用特征,试验设置不施磷肥对照(CK)、常规施磷肥处理(P1)和过量施磷肥处理(P2、P3、P4),5个处理的P2O5施用量依次为0、56.2、138.5、220.8、277.0 kg/hm^(2),研究过量施磷下青稞生长发育和磷素吸收利用的变化。结果表明,青稞的最高茎蘖数随着施磷量的增加而增加;施磷可增加青稞成穗数,过量施磷反而会降低青稞成穗数;施用磷肥可增加青稞的株高,施磷量增加到一定程度后,青稞株高增加不显著;施磷肥可提高青稞平均灌浆速率和最大灌浆速率,且随着施磷量的增加先升高后降低;2个青稞品种(系)的磷肥利用率、磷肥农学利用率、磷肥偏生产力、产量均随着施磷量的增加呈递减趋势。以上分析表明,过量施用磷肥会导致青稞成穗数下降,磷肥利用率明显降低。

云南省啤酒大麦新品系适应性评价

为筛选适宜云南省种植的啤酒大麦(Hordeum vulgare L.)新品系,以云南省啤酒大麦区试品种S500为对照,对新选育的11个啤酒大麦新品系进行产量、农艺性状和抗逆性评价。结果表明,20YD(二)-3产量居第一位,抗逆性好,综合性状优,可以推荐进入啤酒大麦区域试验,并可作为优良亲本进一步加强利用。

不同硅处理方式对干旱胁迫下大麦萌发的影响

【目的】研究不同处理方式下不同浓度的硅对干旱胁迫下大麦萌发的影响,综合评价各处理下大麦幼苗的抗旱性,确定最佳处理。【方法】分别在种子发芽前使用硅溶液浸种(A处理)和在种子发芽的培养过程中向发芽盒里加硅培养液(B处理)两种方式处理新啤6号大麦种子,两种方式均设置0.0、0.5、1.0、1.5和2.0 mmol/L Na_(2) SiO_(3)·9H_(2)O浓度水平,研究对干旱胁迫下大麦发芽指标、形态指标和生长量的影响。【结果】A处理下随着硅浓度的增加发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、根长、芽长、芽鞘长、根数、根和芽的鲜重与干重均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,而根芽比呈先降低后增加的趋势,发芽率无显著变化。B处理下0.0和0.5 mmol/L Na_(2) SiO_(3)·9H_(2)O浓度下各指标均无显著差异,1.0~2.0浓度区间内根芽比随硅浓度增加呈降低趋势,其他各指标随硅浓度增加而增加。【结论】1.0 mmol/L Na_(2) SiO_(3)·9H_(2)O浸种处理的大麦幼苗抗旱性最佳。

青藏高原种植业碳排放量测度——以青海省青稞种植业为例

为研究青藏高原种植业碳排放量测度问题,以青海省青稞(Hordeum vulgare L.var.nudum Hook.f.)种植业产生的碳排放量、碳排放强度、碳成本为测算目标进行测定。通过对青海省1997—2019年的碳排放总量和农业碳排放量现状进行分析,发现青海省碳排放总量仍居高不下,农业碳排放量也始终处于较高水平。基于1997—2019年青海省农业碳排放数据,使用Matlab软件中GUI工具箱搭建非线性次回归神经网络模型,并使用神经网络时序工具对青海省农业2020—2026年碳排放进行多步预测,结果显示2020—2026年青海省农业碳排放量仍呈高位波动增长的趋势,迫切需要开展“双碳”减排。依据青稞种植业碳排放来源,建立了农用柴油、人工、化肥、农药、农膜、N2O排放6个测算指标。并基于2015—2020年各测算指标的数据建立IPCC清单估算模型,最终测得青海省青稞种植业2015—2020年碳排放总量、碳排放强度和碳成本,结果显示,2015—2020年青海省青稞种植业碳排放总量并未随着青稞种植面积的增大而出现大幅度增长,而青稞种植业碳排放强度和碳成本随着青稞种植面积的增大而有所降低。

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Analysis of Barley Landraces from Shanghai Region Using Genotyping-by-Sequencing

Barley(Hordeum vulgare L.)is an important economic crop for food,feed and industrial raw materials.In the present research,112 barley landraces from the Shanghai region were genotyped using genotyping-by-sequencing(GBS),and the genetic diversity and population structure were analyzed.The results showed that 210,268 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms(SNPs)were present in total,and the average poly-morphism information content(PIC)was 0.1642.Genetic diversity and population structure analyses suggested that these barley landraces were differentiated and could be divided into three sub-groups,with morphological traits of row-type and adherence of the hulls the main distinguishing factors between groups.Genotypes with similar or duplicated names were also investigated according to their genetic backgrounds and seed appearances.This study provided valuable information on barley landraces from the Shanghai region,and showed that all these barley landraces should be protected and used for future breeding programs.

Appropriate Means to Vulgarize the Human Cytogenetics

Purpose: Insufficient epidemiological data on the prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities may hamper investments in research and interventions for better prevention and treatment of these major threats to the population in numerous countries. The aim of this literature review is to contribute to the popularization of cytogenetics. Methodology: This literature review is a text which contains, analyzes and organizes several referenced articles in French and English which have been selected from electronic databases. It provides a documentation of various activities and progress that have an interest in the field of cytogenetics. Results: In the context of cytogenetics, it is necessary to establish partnerships to strengthen infrastructures and produce quality results. The setting up of cytogenetic services and incentives for participatory research give space to the community in the production of knowledge and innovation, alongside researchers. It’s important to create biobanks, where samples of substances from the human body are collected for use in research into the causes and mechanisms of many diseases and their treatments. To carry out clinical trials aims at assessing the effectiveness of a therapeutic strategy, as is currently the case with the use of cytogenetic tests (karyotype, FISH, etc.) as tool of therapeutic decision and prognostic in cancer biology. The monitoring of the ethic of cytogenetic research projects allows protecting rights, security and welfare of subjects. To solve issues of data management and analysis such as the obstacle to the acquisition of tools and the insufficiency in the training of researchers. Furthermore, dissemination of research results will lead to better understanding of research results, greater public engagement in science and greater social respect for research. Conclusion: Cytogenetics can benefit from these actions such as the development of its research infrastructures and training programs for its workforce as well as the development of its clinical care. All this would have an impact on the population’s state of health.

Possible Nature of an Electron Dense Substance in the Thylakoid Lumen of Chloroplasts

The fixation of leaves of Tanacetum vulgare L. in glutaraldehyde makes it possible to isolate chloroplasts without sacrificing an electron dense substance in the thylakoid lumen. The extraction of lipids from the chloroplasts isolated from the leaves preliminarily fixed in glutaraldehyde has demonstrated that glycerolipids (galactolipids and phospholipids) are not manifested in TLC, whereas isoprenoid lipids (chlorophyll, carotenoids) are manifested. Presumably, isoprenoid lipids are not fixed with glutaraldehyde and are extracted from the thylakoid membrane. The ultrastructural control demonstrates that the electron dense substance from the thylakoid lumen is also extracted. It is possible that this substance is of isoprenoid nature.

CIMMYT不同棱型大麦产量构成因素及其对产量的影响

对2004年至2007年云南省6个试点共计146品种次不同棱型大麦进行产量构成因素变化及其与产量的相关分析和通径分析。结果表明,不同类型大麦的平均产量是六棱>二棱高秆>二棱矮秆;有效穗二棱矮秆最高且变异系数(c.v.%)最小,六棱最低但c.v.%较大;穗粒数是二棱矮秆最低且c.v.%最小,六棱大麦最高但c.v.%最大;千粒重最高的是二棱高秆且c.v.%最小,六棱大麦的千粒重最低。3种类型大麦3因素与产量的相关性大小都是千粒重>有效穗>穗粒数;3因素间的相关性有正有负。偏相关分析同样表明千粒重与产量的偏相关系数最大,所有材料、二棱矮秆、二棱高秆和六棱大麦千粒重每增加1个单位(g),产量分别增加102.9、68.7、61.8和73.8 kg/hm2;同时二棱高秆大麦穗粒数对增产作用也较显著,穗粒数每增加1个单位(1粒),产量增加86.5 kg/hm2。通径分析表明,产量构成三因素的增加均对产量有正向效应,其中千粒重对产量的贡献在3种大麦类型中都居第1位;二棱矮秆产量三因素对产量的间接效应只有穗粒数和千粒重相互间是正值其余均为负值,二棱高秆和六棱大麦三因素对产量的间接通径系数都为负值。

Relationship Between Polyamine Metabolism in Roots and Salt Tolerance of Barley Seedlings

Plant growth rate (GR), contents of free polyamines (fPAs) and bound polyamines (bPAs) and activities of some key enzymes involved in polyamine (PA) metabolism in the roots of two barley (Hordeum valgare L.) cultivars differing in salt sensitivity were investigated with 0-300 mmol/L NaCl treatments. With 0-200 mmol/L NaCl treatments, activities of arginine decarboxylase (ADC) and transglutaminase (TGase) and PA oxidase (PAO) in the roots of barley seedlings all increased, while TGase and PAO activities decreased slightly at 300 mmol/L NaCl. As a result, free Put (fPut) content increased continuously with increasing concentrations of NaCl, while levels of free Spd (fSpd) and an unknown PA (fPAx) and bPAs (bPut, bSpd and bPAx), as well as (fSpd + fPAx)/fPut ratio rose at 50-200 mmol/L NaCl and reduced at 300 mmol/L NaCl. However, no significant change in the tetra-amine spermine (Spin) content was observed. Statistical analysis showed that GR was very significantly positively correlated with (fSpd + fPAx)/fPut ratios and the contents of bPAs, whereas a significant inverse correlation existed between GR and the ratios of fPA contents to bPA levels. These results showed that, under salt stress, the balance between fSpd, fPAx and fPut levels and an equipoise between fPA and bPA contents in roots were important to salt tolerance of barley seedlings.

水分胁迫下水杨酸对大麦幼苗抗氧化能力的影响

水杨酸是一种与植物逆境生理密切相关的生长调节物质。研究选取普通大麦为实验材料,通过不同浓度的外源水杨酸处理,考察其在水分胁迫下对大麦幼苗抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,水杨酸的作用具有双重性:低浓度的水杨酸(<0.30 mmol/L)可以改善水分胁迫下大麦幼苗的水分状况,并且降低丙二醛含量,维持较低水平的蛋白质羰基含量,减小了幼苗所受氧化伤害的程度;而高浓度的水杨酸(>0.30 mmol/L)却起到了相反的作用,加重了大麦幼苗的水分胁迫程度,明显提高了丙二醛和蛋白质羰基的水平,加重了幼苗所受的胁迫伤害。造成这一现象的原因很有可能是高浓度的水杨酸影响了水分胁迫下大麦幼苗中多种抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT和APX)的活性,诱导了活性氧自由基的过多积累从而加重了氧化伤害。

茴香(Foeniculum Vulgare Mill)精油利用的研究进展

本文综述了茴香精油在抗菌、抗氧化、杀虫、医药、日化以及食品添加剂等方面的应用,简单介绍了茴香精油的开发现状和应用前景。

FTIR光谱主成分分析鉴别不同产地青稞

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱技术,通过主成分分析法对3个不同产地的19份青稞(Hordeum vulgareL.var.nudum Hook.f.)种子进行了聚类分析。结果表明,3个不同产地青稞的平均红外光谱图整体上相似,借助指纹特征区域800～1 600 cm-1红外光谱,利用DPS统计软件对其进行主成分分析,其中前3个主成分累计贡献率超过99%,同时从荷载图可知,3个主成分代表了样品在该段光谱上的主要信息,主成分空间中样品汇集成不同的类别,可基本鉴别不同产地的青稞。在某种程度上,样本分布密度稀疏,也反映了样本间的亲缘关系。该方法为无损鉴别不同产地青稞种子提供了一种简便快速的方法,可有效反映不同产地青稞种子主要化学成分的差异。

不同密度和播期对鄂大麦263产量相关性状的影响

通过大田试验研究了不同密度和播期对大麦(Hordeum vulgare L.)品种鄂大麦263产量相关性状的影响。结果表明,播期、密度对鄂大麦263产量均有显著影响,且主要通过调控有效穗数对产量产生影响。鄂大麦263生产上实现高产的栽培技术方案为前期促分蘖、中期保成穗、后期充分灌浆,基本苗以240万苗/hm^2为宜,播期以10月下旬为宜。

湿害胁迫下大麦生长抑制和产量损失的基因型差异(英文)

在分蘖期对15份大麦基因型进行12d的渍水处理,研究渍水条件下生长抑制和产量损失的基因型差异.结果表明,黄化指数(LCI)虽然不能完全反映所有基因型的产量损失程度,但作为耐湿性的一个指标对大多数基因型是可靠的.在渍水期间和撤水后,大部分大麦基因型新长的叶长和叶宽下降,但93-3143变化不大;渍水处理与对照相比,株高和干重平均降低29.2%和54.4%,基因型间差异显著,Franklin的降幅最大.渍水下导致籽粒产量显著下降,产量构成因子中以穗数下降最为明显,其次是每穗粒数,粒重变化较小,而穗数减少主要是分蘖及其成穗数下降的结果.渍水对产量影响的基因型差异很大,地方品种永嘉红六棱减产最小,两个澳大利亚主栽品种Franklin和Gairdner减产最为严重.产量构成因子对产量的直接通径系数大小依次为:穗数、粒数和粒重,穗数经粒数对产量的影响很小,经粒重的间接通径系数较大且为正值;粒数经穗数对产量的影响亦较小,经粒重的间接通径系数较大且为负值;粒重经穗数和粒数对产量的影响均较大,但作用方向不同.

花培大麦新品种鄂单303的选育及其特征特性

鄂单303是湖北省农业科学院粮食作物研究所与上海市农业科学院生物技术研究所合作通过花药培养选育而成的优质、高产、综合抗病(逆)性强的大麦(Hordeum vulgare L.)新品种,也是湖北省第一个采用花培技术育成的优良大麦新品种。介绍了鄂单303的选育过程、主要特征特性和栽培技术要点,旨在为该品种的大面积推广应用提供技术支撑。

大麦抗白粉病研究进展

综述了大麦白粉病病原菌(Blumeria graminisf.sp.Hordei L.)致病型鉴定及大麦抗白粉病基因的鉴定、定位与克隆的研究。同时探讨了我国大麦抗白粉病育种的研究策略。

大麦花药离体诱导的基因型稳定性和培养基的环境指数分析

本研究以湖北啤酒大麦优良新品种(系)为材料,分析了基因型的稳定性、培养基的环境指数以及基因型与培养基的互作效应.各基因型花药愈伤组织诱导率的稳定性分析表明, E_2具有较强的普遍适应性,但稳定性好的材料愈伤组织诱导率并不一定最高,各种配方培养基的环境指数值大小不同,方向也有正有负,基因型效应以及基因型和培养基的互作效应均达极显著水平.