Evaluating Watershed Vulnerability in Bernalillo County, New Mexico Using Expert Testimony, Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process, and GIS

Geographic Information System (GIS) software was used to create a watershed vulnerability model for Bernalillo County, New Mexico. Watershed vulnerability was investigated as a function of soil erosion and infiltration criteria: precipitation, land slope, soil erodibility (K-factor), vegetation cover (NDVI), land use, drainage density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and hydrologic soil group. Respective criteria weights were derived using a Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) supported by expert opinion. A survey of 10 experts, representing New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology (NMT), the New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources (NMBGMR), and the United States Geologic Survey (USGS), provided model input data for an integrated pair-wise comparison matrix for soil erosion and for infiltration. Individual criteria weights were determined by decomposing the respective fuzzy synthetic extent matrix using the centroid method. GIS layers were then combined based on criteria weights to produce maps of soil erosion potential and infiltration potential. A composite watershed vulnerability map was generated by equal weighting of each input map. Model results were categorized into five vulnerability categories: not vulnerable (N), slightly vulnerable (SV), moderately vulnerable (MV), highly vulnerable (HV), and extremely vulnerable (EV). The resulting FAHP/GIS model was used to generate a watershed vulnerability map of discrete areas in Bernalillo County, which may be vulnerable to stormwater run-off events and soil erosion. Such high volume run-off events can cause erosion damage to property and infrastructure. Alternatively, in areas near urban development, stormwater run-off may contribute non-point-source pollutant contamination of New Mexico’s surface water resources. The most problematic areas in Bernalillo County are present in the Eastern and Northwestern portions. However, less than 1% of the total area lies within the lowest and highest vulnerability categories with the majority centered around moderate vulnerability. The results of the model were compared with a previously published crisp AHP method. Both methods showed similar regional vulnerability trends. This MCDS/GIS approach is intended to provide support to local governments and decision makers in selection of suitable structural or nonstructural stormwater control measures.

An overview of proven Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment tools for forests and forest-dependent communities across the globe：a literature analysis

Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment（VA） tools for forest ecosystems and forest-dependent communities are important for making decisions and understanding the impact of climate change on both social and natural systems.However,the tools are poorly coordinated,making it difficult for policymakers to carry out VAs properly.The aim of this study was to analyze VA literature worldwide to find representative case studies in terms of methods and tools applied and which have been successful in performing VAs on forests and forest-dependent communities.All successful VA studies analyzed had common characteristics such as significant funding,data availability and technical capacity.An additional characteristic was the development of an integrated approach that considered the vulnerability of both ecosystems and communities by combining qualitative and quantitative methods.Community members and relevant stakeholders were significantly involved in a participatory process that concluded with the identification of adaptation measures.The case studies also revealed how policymakers need to choose suitable methods and tools to undertake efficient assessment of vulnerabilities.They need to consider several aspects of the VA process such as subject matter,availability of resources,time and scale.

Care and Support Programmes for Orphans and Vulnerable Children: Achievements and Implications of HIV/AIDS Funded Project in Osun State, Nigeria

Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC) and their families face many challenges but there are opportunities to provide care and support programmes for them in their communities. This paper presents the achievements and implications of HIV Programme Development Project (HPDP) funded by World Bank on care and support services for OVC in Osun State, Nigeria. Eight Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) were engaged by Osun State Agency for the Control of AIDS (OSACA) as part of HPDP to provide care and support services for OVC between year 2013 and 2015. Using reporting tools, data collected by the CSOs were entered into District Health Information System 2 (DHIS2) platform and analysed using Microsoft Excel. In addition, Key Informant Interviews (KII) were conducted among the selected CSOs, OVC and the caregivers who were beneficiaries of HPDP in Osun State, Nigeria. A total of 12,353 OVC were reached and about half of them were female. There was an increase in the trends of number of OVC seen and the support services provided from the year 2013 to 2015. Of the 12,353 OVC that benefitted from this programme, 1905 (15.4%) received health care services, 5383 (43.6%) received nutritional services, 5317 (43.0%) received educational services and 9861 (79.8%) were provided with psychosocial support services. About 503 (4.1%) of the OVC received economic strengthening services while 270 (2.2%) of household heads were provided with economic support. However, 3 OVC were lost to follow-up, 14 OVC voluntarily withdrew from the project and 6 OVC died. The FGD and KII revealed that the project was very impactful in transforming the lives of the OVC. Programmes for children orphaned and made vulnerable by HIV/AIDS will contribute to the achievement of HIV/ AIDS prevention and control efforts. The HIV/AIDS free generation can be built by responding to the physical, social and mental needs of these children and their families in their communities. There is a need to scale-up this programme.

维持性血液透析患者心理脆弱现状及影响因素分析

目的:探讨维持性血液透析患者心理脆弱现状及影响因素。方法:采用便利抽样方法选取2023年3—7月桂林医学院附属医院血液净化中心收治的380例维持性血液透析患者。收集所有患者一般资料,评价所有患者心理脆弱情况、社会支持情况。比较不同一般资料患者心理脆弱量表(mental vulnerability questionnaire,MVQ)评分,统计所有患者MVQ评分及领悟社会支持量表(perceived social support scale,PSSS)评分情况。分析维持性血液透析患者MVQ评分及PSSS评分相关性。分析维持性血液透析患者心理脆弱的影响因素。结果:不同文化程度、婚姻状况、居住情况、家庭人均月收入、透析时长、有无并发症患者MVQ评分比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。维持性血液透析患者心理脆弱呈中等水平,其各维度条目均分由高到低为人际问题、身心症状、精神症状;领悟社会支持呈中等水平。心理脆弱总分、身心症状、精神症状、人际问题评分与社会支持总分、家庭支持、朋友支持、其他支持评分均呈负相关(P<0.05)。居住情况、有无并发症、社会支持是维持性血液透析患者心理脆弱的主要影响因素(P<0.05)。结论:维持性血液透析患者心理脆弱呈中等水平,其中独居、伴有并发症、社会支持是维持性血液透析患者心理脆弱的主要影响因素,应积极制订有效性、针对性的干预措施帮助其降低心理脆弱程度,提高心理健康水平,从而提高生活质量。

软岩隧道支护让压体系优化及安全状态易损性评价

软岩隧道围岩参数变异性大,支护体系与围岩相互作用不确定性强,易发生大变形等安全问题,为此国内外开展了隧道让压支护优化等工作以应对上述风险,但对其安全状态评价仍面临诸多难题。设计了一种新型柔-刚型让压接头,并基于可靠度分析方法,从易损性出发,综合拱顶沉降及初衬强度破坏准则,提出了基于概率的隧道开挖安全状态易损性评价方法。其通过利用概率有限元分析围岩‒支护相互作用,拟合形成极限状态功能函数响应面,经由随机抽样获得隧道开挖失效概率与可靠度指标;以此为基础,建立拱顶沉降与结构应力响应之间的拟合关系,提出了基于拱顶沉降的结构极限状态条件概率计算方法,并根据概率分布区间划定易损区进行支护安全性评价。基于上述理论方法,结合工程实际,开展了新型让压支护与传统刚性支护的易损性对比分析,验证了让压支护体系在大变形承载可靠性方面的优势。

长江流域生态退捕渔民生计脆弱性评价及生计风险预测

渔民作为长江十年禁渔的参与主体,其后续生计发展将直接决定此生态保护政策的实施成效。在重构非自愿生态移民生计脆弱性评价体系的基础上,结合长江流域重点禁渔水域典型退捕渔民的抽样数据,测度渔民生计脆弱性指数(LVI)并找出影响后续生计恢复的主要障碍因子,最后跨领域的引入支持向量回归(SVR)预测模型动态分析了不同区域渔户生计脆弱性的演变趋势。结果表明:(1)渔民弃船上岸后呈现出生计脆弱性的比例较高,但不同类型区域间存在明显差异,其中内湖保护区最高,干流非保护区次之而干流保护区最低;(2)敏感性维度在诱发渔民生计脆弱性上起着主导作用,即个体禀赋比安置区条件更为重要,特别是成员年龄大但无基本社保兜底,受教育程度低且“双转”难的渔民家庭更易陷入生计困境;(3)自然和金融资本是推动渔民生计恢复的主要生计资本,而阻碍渔民生计脆弱性降低的共性因子主要有上岸后的收支失衡,社会支持不足及过分依赖原有生计方式等,同时各区域在脆弱性各维度上还有特殊的障碍因子;(4)推动安置区经济社会发展和家庭转产增收后,并不一定能确保缓解未来五年中的渔户生计脆弱性程度,上岸后完成社会融入并有效降低生产生活成本也至关重要,而干流保护区则还需加强人力资本建设,否则后续将面临极高的返贫风险;(5)长江临近区域的同类渔民生计脆弱性现状、面临的生计风险、后续生计恢复的进程具有一定的相似性和规律性,生计监测和帮扶政策可进行协同统筹。

个人信息权的弱势主体法理批判

法律和企业相关隐私政策须要以弱势群体而非消费者为叙事,关注其作为弱势权利主体的个人信息保护。既有法律对个人信息的保护忽视了弱势主体,他们难以有效地行使个人信息权利。依据情境一致理论的启发,分析个人信息权需要立足于信息关系中信息主体双方的情境要素以表达权利主体的角色及弱势要素。在我国个人信息保护法的语境下,进一步完善目的和同意原则需要反映弱势主体的真实期望,相关权利的实现需要企业的技术助推。

配偶支持感知对胰腺癌患者心理危机脆弱性及自我感受负担感中介效应分析

目的探究配偶支持感知对胰腺癌患者心理危机脆弱性及自我感受负担感中介效应分析。方法选取2021年5月至2022年6月南京医科大学第一附属医院胰腺中心治疗的120例胰腺癌患者作为研究对象。统计两组患者一般资料、配偶支持感知、心理危机脆弱性及自我感受负担感进行调查。并采用Pearson相关分析及Bootstrap法进行中介效应验证。结果本研究中患者配偶支持感知评分、心理危机脆弱性评分、自我感受负担感评分均处于中等水平;Pearson相关分析结果显示,配偶支持感知分别与心理危机脆弱性、自我感受负担感呈负相关(r=-0.558、-0.771,P<0.05),心理危机脆弱性与自我感受负担感呈正相关(r=0.541,P<0.05)。Bootstrap中介效应验证结果显示,心理危机脆弱性对自我感受负担感接效应为49.54%,同时配偶支持感知在心理危机脆弱性对自我感受负担感之间发挥部分中介效应为50.46%。结论配偶支持感知在胰腺癌患者心理危机脆弱性和自我感受负担感间存在部分中介效应。护理人员应以配偶支持感知作为切入点,消除患者自我感受负担感。

成年流动人口二代的生计脆弱性及影响因素

基于2018年中国流动人口动态监测调查(CMDS)数据,运用混合Logit回归模型实证分析成年流动人口二代的生计脆弱性及影响因素。研究发现:子女抚养、老人赡养、社会融入困难以及随迁成年劳动力数量增加会显著加大成年流动人口二代的生计脆弱性,健康状况较好、就医便利度和家庭月均纯收入较高会显著降低成年流动人口二代的生计脆弱性。此外,成年流动人口二代的生计脆弱性还存在着性别差异和婚姻状况差异。应防范成年流动人口二代家庭的社会风险,密切关注成年流动人口二代的健康风险,多渠道提升成年流动人口二代的资本水平。

主动健康理念、社会支持网络与社区脆弱群体健康促进

在老龄化加剧背景下,社区脆弱群体健康促进工作对增进社会福祉、改善公共卫生状况、促进社会稳定至关重要。目前,社区健康促进工作仍面临诸多挑战,包括主动健康理念传播与教育实践存在障碍、健康服务供给失衡、健康服务需求与社会支持网络不匹配,以及社区居民健康促进参与度不高等。产生这些问题的原因有:被动健康思想根深蒂固、社区健康促进政策不完善、社区健康工作者队伍建设滞后。基于此,结合上海市社区健康促进的实践案例,文章提出了系统的改进策略:全方位开展主动健康理念的宣传教育,整合社区健康促进资源以优化社会支持网络,构建以家庭为中心且多方力量参与的健康支持网络系统,建立社区健康促进效果评价体系。

物联网终端信道连续数据流脆弱点快速识别

物联网终端信道连续数据流中潜在的可以被旁路功耗攻击的节点被定义为脆弱点。该类节点一旦被攻击成功,将严重影响物联网终端的通信能力。为此,进行物联网终端信道连续数据流脆弱点快速识别研究。利用简单网络管理协议(Simple Network Management Protocol,SNMP)捕捉物联网终端信道连续数据流并实施离散化处理,提取信息熵、流入流出比、平均流长及单边连接密度四类特征。以提取特征为输入,利用支持向量机识别其是否为脆弱点,通过人工神经网络进一步确定脆弱点的脆弱程度,完成物联网终端信道连续数据流脆弱点快速识别。结果表明,所提方法的连续数据流脆弱点识别质量指数最大、时间复杂度最小,由此说明该方法的识别准确性更高,速度更快。

早产儿母亲感知脆弱现状及其影响因素研究

目的:调查早产儿母亲感知脆弱现状,并探讨其影响因素。方法:2021年2月—2023年7月采用便利抽样法选取在广州市3所三级甲等医院新生儿科就诊的268例早产儿的母亲作为调查对象,采用一般资料问卷、感知脆弱程度量表、亲职压力短式量表和领悟社会支持量表对268例早产儿的母亲进行调查。结果:早产儿母亲感知脆弱得分为(12.67±2.70)分;多元线性回归分析显示,早产儿出生胎龄、母亲受教育程度、亲职压力总分和领悟社会支持总分是早产儿母亲感知脆弱的主要影响因素,可解释总变异的51.9%。结论:早产儿母亲感知脆弱总体处于高水平,医护人员应注意识别感知脆弱水平高的早产儿母亲,给予早产儿出生胎龄小和受教育程度低的早产儿母亲更多关注,降低其亲职压力水平并提升其领悟社会支持水平,从而降低其感知脆弱水平。

Kernel-based adversarial attacks and defenses on support vector classification

While malicious samples are widely found in many application fields of machine learning,suitable countermeasures have been investigated in the field of adversarial machine learning.Due to the importance and popularity of Support Vector Machines(SVMs),we first describe the evasion attack against SVM classification and then propose a defense strategy in this paper.The evasion attack utilizes the classification surface of SVM to iteratively find the minimal perturbations that mislead the nonlinear classifier.Specially,we propose what is called a vulnerability function to measure the vulnerability of the SVM classifiers.Utilizing this vulnerability function,we put forward an effective defense strategy based on the kernel optimization of SVMs with Gaussian kernel against the evasion attack.Our defense method is verified to be very effective on the benchmark datasets,and the SVM classifier becomes more robust after using our kernel optimization scheme.

Factors associated with financial support in old age for young and middle-aged rural residents in China

This study examined the factors associated with financial support in old age from three primary mechanisms-personal savings,family support,and social insurance-to explore the implications for the future development of China's rural social welfare system.Cross-sectional surveys of 1392 young and middle-aged rural residents were conducted in July and August2012.The results showed that while social insurance was increasingly acceptable,personal savings and family support still had fundamental value.Combining the three mechanisms,the rural old-age welfare system presented nontraditional features.China's new rural endowment insurance is discussed as a means to address the need for financial support among the rural aging population.

基于ECE-FFTA法的舰船航空保障系统易损性评估方法研究

为合理地评估武器攻击下舰船毁伤效应,本文基于模糊集理论,将专家综合评价与模糊故障树分析相结合,建立了一种舰船航空保障系统易损性评估方法,解决了复杂系统分析过程存在的评价语言模糊性和认知不确定性问题。分析了航空保障系统组成与各子系统的毁伤逻辑,针对典型毁伤模式进行了模糊综合评价,构建并求解了航空保障系统模糊故障树,开展了爆炸冲击后航空保障系统的易损性评估。结果表明:以系统失效率和基本事件重要度作为易损性评估指标,可以定量地表征武器攻击后航空保障系统的毁伤程度。研究成果对于舰船航空保障系统防护设计和其他重要系统的易损性评估具有借鉴意义。

维持性血液透析病人心理脆弱现状及影响因素分析

目的:探讨维持性血液透析病人心理脆弱现状及影响因素。方法:便利选取2021年10月—2022年2月某省某三级甲等医院血液透析门诊就诊的维持性血液透析的病人,采用一般资料调查表、心理脆弱量表、焦虑评分量表、抑郁评分量表、简易应对方式量表、领悟社会支持量表对其进行调查。结果:共纳入169例病人,维持性血液透析病人心理脆弱总分为(54.98±30.74)分;心理脆弱与焦虑、抑郁水平呈正相关(P<0.05),与积极应对方式呈负相关(P<0.05),与消极应对方式呈正相关(P<0.05),与领悟社会支持呈负相关(P<0.05)。多元线性回归分析显示:病人家庭人均月收入、文化程度、透析时间、领悟社会支持是维持性血液透析病人心理脆弱的影响因素(P<0.05)。结论:维持性血液透析病人心理脆弱处于中等水平,有待于进一步提升;鼓励相关医护人员关注病人文化程度、主要照顾者等因素制定相应的干预措施,不断降低维持性血液透析病人的心理脆弱水平,从而提高病人生活质量。

民事检察支持起诉与弱势群体保护研究——以贵州省检察机关开展民事支持起诉工作为例

《民法典》的颁布为检察机关更好地开展民事检察支持起诉工作,保护未成年人、农民工、贫困群众等弱势群体的合法权益提供了新的思路,构建新时代民事检察支持起诉的新路径,应当以《民法典》的颁布为契机,进一步更新监督理念、拓展监督领域、强化外部宣传、提升检察机关内部协作,逐步破除工作理念、工作模式、工作机制、组织机构等方面的桎梏,提升监督质效。